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Prepared by:
Nocum, Andrea Denise
Perreras, Ericca Louise
Rosano, Mary Irish
Sarvida, Virgilio
Vitor, Christian
 WHAT IS GLASS?
▪ A material made from liquid sand.
▪ It is the name given to any amorphous solid that
displays a glass transition near its melting point (around
1,700°C).
▪ It is a very commonly used material because while it is
still molten, it can be manipulated into forms suitable for
a very wide range of uses (e.g. packaging and household
objects to car windscreens, glazing and so on).
 Glazing
▪ The term 'glazing' refers to the glass component of building's
façade or internal surfaces. Historically, the installation of
glazing was generally undertaken by a specialist glazier.
▪ Refers to the panels that are fixed into the aluminum or other
types of frames to curtain wall construction. Commonly, there
are various techniques which can be used in the construction
or placement of glazing panels; glaze panels might be glass or
other materials.
 Glass vs. Glazing

Glass is (lb) an amorphous solid, often transparent substance

made by melting sand with a mixture of soda, potash and lime.
Glazing is the part of a window or wall made of glass or
another transparent material.
TYPES OF GLAZING
 Types of Glazing
SINGLE GLASS GLAZING
Single glazed glass windows are made up one layer of glass
and for a long time was the only viable glazing option
available. However single glass glazing has dwindled in
popularity. Moreover, they also let in the highest heat loss and
are unable to keep out cold, depending on the climatic
conditions, while also allowing for the highest daylight
transmission.
 Types of Glazing
DOUBLE GLASS GLAZING

Double glazing windows are made up of two panes of glass

and can help with insulation as well noise reduction. They also
help retain heat and keep out the cold more effectively and
efficiently. This, in turn, results in more energy savings which
in turn helps in lowering the environmental impact while also
leaving a smaller carbon footprint.
 Types of Glazing

TRIPLE GLASS GLAZING

Triple glazing simply means using three panes of

glass instead of a single pane or a double pane and the
extra pane helps in increasing efficiency while reducing
noise transmission.
OTHER TYPES OF
GLAZING
 Other Types of Glazing
ANNEALED GLASS

During the manufacturing process, annealed glass is slowly

cooled and left to rest. At this temperature, it’s too hard to
manipulate yet soft enough for stress points to melt away. As a
result, the glass becomes resistant to shattering and mechanical
shock during installation.
Other Types of Glazing
ANNEALED GLASS
 Other Types of Glazing
TEMPERED GLASS

Tempered glass is similar to annealed glass however

tempered glass goes through another stage of heating
for additional strength. Tempered glass shatters into
tiny pieces when it breaks, as opposed to the large
jagged fragments of annealed glass.
Other Types of Glazing
TEMPERED GLASS
 Other Types of Glazing
LOW-EMISSIVITY GLASS

The main property of low-emissivity glass (or low-e glass) is

that it reflects more heat than ordinary glass thanks to a thin
coating of metal, which bounces the sun’s rays back.
Therefore, its perfect if you want to better control the interior
temperature of your property.
 Other Types of Glazing
LOW-EMISSIVITY GLASS

There are two types of low-e glass available; passive

and solar control. Passive is designed to keep heat in
during winter, while solar-control keeps heat out
during summer. Double-glazed low-e windows perform
both functions.
Other Types of Glazing
LOW-EMISSIVITY GLASS
 Other Types of Glazing
FROSTED GLASS
Frosted or misted glass brings about more privacy, greater
security, and an elegant look. This is because it features tiny
bumps that diffuse light rays and obscure objects behind the
glass. However, frosted glass still allows for an abundance of
natural yet softer light.
Other Types of Glazing
FROSTED GLASS
GLAZING METHODS
 Glazing Methods
DRY GLAZED
▪ In this approach, compression stresses are applied to fix
metal panels or glass units into the glazing pocket of the
frames. The necessary compression force can be obtained using
rubber gaskets and occasionally structural tapes.
▪ Generally, the rubber gasket, which is compressed in
advance, are placed on either side of the glazed element, and
panels may be glazed from the exterior or interior based on the
system.
 Curtain Wall, Glaze Panels are Fixed into Frames Dry Glazed

Dry Glazed System with Rubber

Gasket used in the Oldcastle
Building, United States
 Glazing Methods
WET GLAZED
▪ In this technique, the infill element is placed and attached
to the frame using proper attaching agents such as silicone
sealant. The sealant application process should be
conducted properly otherwise the attachment agent would
not work suitably.
▪ Structural silicone glazing as shown in figure-4 is a
particular kind of wet glazed utilization that need utmost
attention and observation of the sealant.
Structural Silicone Glazing
Fig. 5: Structural Silicone Glazing
 Glazing Methods

POINT SUPPORTED GLASS SYSTEMS

▪ This system has been used since 1960s and it has undergone
some development but its basics remain the same. It consists of
strengthened or tempered glass through which holes are
provided to attach it to the structure using proper means such
as bolted fittings.
 Various Configuration of Point Supported Glass
Systems

Fitting in the Point Supported Glass System

 Glazing Methods
POINT SUPPORTED
GLASS SYSTEMS
It can be observed form these figures that
the fittings cause smallest obstruction of
views due to their small sizes. The glass is
commonly tempered by exposing it to high
degree of temperature during its
processing. This will reduce possible
damages during its life service.
 Glazing Methods
CABLE NET

▪ Cable is another type of glazing panel construction that provide

substantial views. It is an elegant glazing panels that does not need
framing but it could be costly and expensive.
▪ Due to the effect on loading on the panels, not only does cable net
structural analysis is required to be carry out accurately but also
construction works need massive coordination.
Glazing Methods
CABLE NET
 Glazing Methods
DOUBLE SKIN WALL

▪ Double skin wall construction is quite complex and consist of

two skin of glass or façade, and the space between the facades
is employed to manipulate energy comes from sunlight and
ventilation are installed that employs the warm air in the space
between glass walls.
 Glazing Methods
DOUBLE SKIN WALL
AVERAGE GLAZING
WORK PRICES IN
THE PHILIPPHINES
HISTORY OF GLASS
 History of glass
The use of glass itself goes back to our earliest
history, where obsidian was used to make spear
tips. The existence of manmade glass can be
traced back to 4000 BC, where it was used as
glazing for stone beads. The first glass container is
believed to have been made around 1500 BC.
 History of glass
GLASS BLOWING
The most popular way to make glass containers in 100 BC.
 History of glass
The glass produced
during this century was
poorly suited for window
applications because the
impurities in the raw
materials made it densely
colored.
 History of glass

ROMAN DOMINATION

It wasn’t until the fall of the Roman

Empire that the skill became accessible to
wider Europe and the Middle East.
 History of glass in Windows
WINDOW
▪ The word ‘window’ originates from the Old
Norse for ‘wind eye’ and the use of the word
‘window’ first appeared in the 13th century.

▪ The earliest windows were very different from

those of today.
History of glass in Windows
WINDOW
The first use of the word itself
referred to an unglazed hole in a
roof and early versions of the
window were simply a hole in the
wall that provided little
protection against the elements.
 History of glass in Windows
▪ The Romans were the first to experiment with
glass in their windows.

▪ As the trend for glass windows spread, craftsmen

began to develop glass that was clearer and better
shaped.
“Glazed windows were for many years a status symbol.”
 History of glass in Windows

▪ When glass was discovered in Roman-occupied

Egypt, it wasn’t only used for decoration but to
form small panes that were then set into those
openings.

▪ When Rome occupied Britain, they brought glass

making with them.
 History of glass in Windows
th
England (16 Century)
Most windows were of
stone or timber construction
with unglazed openings that
could be covered in various
ways: oiled cloth, paper,
shutters, or even thin sheets
of horn.
 History of glass in Windows
th
England (16 Century)
▪ Glazed windows were reserved for those buildings of the highest
stature, and they were generally small panes of glass set in lead strip
latticework.
▪ With the 16th century came the Tudor dynasty and a greater degree
of prosperity.
▪ Windows became larger, and more prosperous households used
window size and extravagance as a means of displaying their wealth.
▪ While glazed windows were still rare in smaller, more humble homes,
their use was definitely on the rise.
 History of glass in Windows
th
England (17 Century)
▪ Windows became taller than they
were wide and were often divided
into four by a mullion and
transom.
▪ As timber frames came into
fashion, the mullion and transom
became narrower and glazing was
placed near allowing for larger
glazed areas with less visible
frames.
History of glass in Windows
th
England (17 Century)

The sash window was also

introduced in the 17th
century as a result of the
introduction of crown
glass.
History of glass in Windows
th
England (17 Century)
Sash design evolved, over the
18th century, glazing bars
became thinner, and window
size became more
standardized, with the six
over six being the most
common arrangement.
 History of glass in Windows
th
England (19 Century)
In 1834, a cylinder sheet process for glass-making
was imported from Germany. Britain was able to
produce higher quality glass in larger sheets far less
expensively than previously-used methods. People, by
then, could afford to have windows in their homes.
This included opaque glass which was primarily
patterned and produced by machine rolling in 1888.
History of glass in Windows
th
England (19 Century)
TWO WINDOW STYLES:

Arts & Crafts

Queen Ann
 History of glass in Windows
th
England (19 Century)

Arts and Crafts

brought with it a
return to leaded
lights set in timber
or stone mullions.
 History of glass in Windows
th
England (19 Century)
Queen Ann favoured sash
windows painted white,
usually with the bottom
sash being single paned
whilst the upper sash
featured several smaller
panes.
 History of glass in Windows
th
England (20 Century)
In 1903, laminated glass was introduced, which
greatly increased safety and allowed for wider
use of much larger panes of glass. Laminated
glass could also be glazed as a single sheet,
without the need for glazing bars.
 Pilkington manufacturing process
1. Raw materials (clear sand, calcium oxide, sodium carbonate) are
weighed and mixed proportionally along with the addition of
admixtures.

2. The mixture is heated in a gas-fired furnace or electric smelter, pot

furnace or kiln.

3. Molten glass is formed at around 1,700°C and is floated on molten tin to

form glass of the desired thickness.

4. The glass is cooled, the precise process determining its overall strength.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
GLASS
 Characteristics of Glass
HARDNESS &
BRITTLENESS
It is a hard material as it has
greater impact resistance
against applied load. But at
the same time it is brittle
material as its breaks
immediately when subjected to
load.
WEATHER RESISTANCE INSULATION
It can withstand the effect of An excellent insulator against
rain, sun and wind. It can heat, electricity and
absorb, reflect, refract light. It electromagnetic radiation. Has
has greater dimensional a good insulating response
stability as it has low thermal against visible light
expansion value. transmission.
 Characteristics of Glass

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE COLOR & SHAPE PROPERTY

VARIETIES MODIFICATION

It has excellent resistance to

most chemicals, including
solutions of inorganic alkalis It can be blown, drawn and It is also possible to change
and acids, such as ammonia pressed to any colour, shape, some of its properties to suit
and sulfuric acid. and varieties. different purposes.
 SURFACE
MODIFICATION
PROCESS OF GLASS
 Surface Modification Process of Glass
ANTI-FOGG COATING
Chemicals which prevent the
condensation of water in the
form of small droplets on a
surface which resemble fog.
ANTI-REFLECTIVE
COATING
Coating applied to the surface
of lenses and other optical
elements to reduce reflection.
In typical imaging systems,
this improves the efficiency
since less light is due to
reflection.
CHEMICALLY
STRENGTHENED GLASS
It is a type of glass that has
increased strength due to
post-production chemical
process.
 Surface Modification Process of Glass

ANTI-CORROSION DEALKALIZATION HYDROGEN DARKENING

COATING COATING LAYER

A type of coating applied to
increase the glass’ resistance
to water.
Surface modification
applicable to glasses
containing alkali ions. It It is a chemical process that
commonly alters the observed interferes with the passage of
properties of the surface, most light.
notably enhancing corrosion
resistance.
 Surface Modification Process of Glass

INSULATED COATING OR SAND BLASTING OR ACID LOW EMISSIVITY

DOUBLE GLAZING OR ETCHING PROCESS COATING
DOUBLE PANE
The process of forcibly
propelling a steam of abrasive
material against a surface
For heat and sound under high pressure to The process of reducing heat
insulation. smoothen a rough surface and transfer in glass.
vice versa, shape a surface or
remove surface contaminants.
 Surface Modification Process of Glass

PYROLYTIC COATING SELF-CLEANING SANDWICHABLE FILM OR

COATING SMART FILM COATING

Coating for excellent Divided into two categories

performance. Also known as namely: hydrophobic and
“on line” or “hard coatings”. hydrophilic.
It helps keep the surface of the
glass free of dirt and grime.
It alters the light transmission
property when voltage, light
or heat is applied.
Surface Modification Process of Glass

WATER-REPELLENT
COATING

It is a very hydrophobic
coating film that is usually
baked into the factory-fitted
glass on the front, rear, and
side windows of a vehicle to
maintain proper visibility in
wet weather.
PROPERTIES OF
GLASS
 Properties of Glass
The composition of glass and the cooling rate can be
varied to give a range of properties depending on the end
use required.

Visual transparency and

reflectance can be altered with
the addition of admixtures to
the initial batch mix. Glass can
be transparent, translucent,
tinted, reflective, stained,
opaque, etc.
Solar and optical properties
can be controlled to transmit,
absorb or reflect specific
wavelengths of the solar
spectrum.
Long wave infrared optical
properties can be varied to
affect emissivity, for example,
to create low-e glass.
 Properties of Glass
The composition of glass and the cooling rate can be
varied to give a range of properties depending on the end
use required.

Strength can be altered with

U value can be altered by the laminates and admixtures that Glass can be worked in many
R-value of layers of glass and increase the ability of glass to different ways, from blowing,
their surface heat transfers. resist deformation, shearing or drawing and pressing
shattering under load. to welding.

Glass is 100% recyclable.

Most Common Uses of Glass
Container Glass
Flat Glass
Glass Fibre
Scientific Hollow Glass
Domestic Glassware
Glass Beads
COMPOSITION OF
GLASS
 Composition of Glass
Sand Soda-Ash
 Composition of Glass
Limestone Dolomite
 Composition of Glass
Feldspar Sodium Sulfate
 Composition of Glass
These substances are themselves compounds of various elements and a chemical
analysis shows that flat glass is made up from the following materials, used in various
proportions:

Silica – 71.0 to 78.0%

Alumina – 0.5 to 1.5%
Iron Oxide – 0.05 to 0.15%
Calcium Oxide – 5.0 to 10.0%
Magnesium Oxide – 2.0 to 5.0%
Sodium Oxide – 13.0 to 16.0%
Potassium Oxide – 0.0 to 1.0%
Sulfur Trioxide – 0.0 to 0.5%
TYPES OF GLASS
 Glass Types
Float Glass Reflective Glass
Annealed Glass Tinted Glass
Heat Strengthened Glass Wired Glass
Fully Tempered Glass Patterned Glass
Heat Soaked Tempered Glass Glass Bricks
Laminated Glass Low-emissivity (Low-E) Glass
Insulating Glass Self-cleaning Glass
 Glass Types:
Float Glass
This is named after the
modern process used to create
large, thin, flat panels from
molten glass which is floated
onto a pool of molten metal such
as tin. This process produces a
very smooth sheet of glass with a
highly consistent thickness.
TYPES OF FLOAT
GLASS
 Glass Types:
Annealed Glass
This is a piece of float
glass that has been cooled in a
slow and controlled manner. The
internal stresses within the sheet
of glass are reduced by this
process making the
resulting glass stronger and less
likely to break than it would
otherwise be.
 Glass Types:
Annealed Glass

Properties:
▪ High light transmission
▪ Optical clarity
▪ Can be processed to produce
other glass types such as
tempered, laminated and
insulating.
 Glass Types:
Tinted Glass
Manufactured by adding a dye
at the molten glass stage. It is used
to minimize solar heat gain and
glare while it absorbs heat. It also
allows for increased control of
comfort and energy usage.
 Glass Types:
Clear Glass
It is clear and transparent
annealed glass. It usually has a
natural greenish hue or color
and is often used in doors,
windows, solar applications,
shelves, etc. It is also used for
further processing to other glass
types.
 Glass Types:
Patterned Glass
This is most often used as
a fire resistant glass because the
wire holds the glass in place if
high temperature causes it to
break. The wire mesh is better at
holding glass in place than the PVB
films used in laminated glass.
 Glass Types:
Wired Glass
This is most often used as
a fire resistant glass because the
wire holds the glass in place if
high temperature causes it to
break. The wire mesh is better at
holding glass in place than the PVB
films used in laminated glass.
 Glass Types:
Extra Clear Glass
A high quality glass which is
free from impurities such as iron.
It is often used for making table
tops, in the showroom of jewelry
items, watches, crystal ware items,
fine fabrics and art wares items for
a sparkling display.
TYPES OF PROCESSED
GLASS
 Glass Types:
Laminated Glass

Also known as “heat proof

glass” , “bulletproof glass” or
“safety glass”.
It is made by sandwiching a
layer of polyvinyl butyral
between two or more layers of
glass.
 Glass Types:
Laminated Glass
Laminated glass is used in
skylight glazing and
automobile windshields. It is
also used in exterior curtain
walls and windows,
balustrades, guardrails, etc.
 Glass Types:
Laminated Glass
 Glass Types:
Tempered Glass
Also known as “toughened glass”.
It is a strong glass which is heated to a
uniform temperature and rapidly
cooled to increase the strength.
It is often used in commercial
applications where wind, snow or
thermal loads exceed. These can be seen
as escalator side panels, handrails,
viewing partitions, etc.
 Glass Types:
Heat Strengthened Glass
It is processed with heat
treatment for durability and
safety reasons. Its mechanical
strength is twice that of normal
annealed glass and half of fully
tempered glass.
It is often used for structural
glazing as they safeguard against
thermal breakages.
 Glass Types:
Heat Strengthened Glass
 Glass Types:
Reflective Glass
Also called “mirror glass”.
A coating of metal oxide is
applied to one side of the clear
or body tinted glass in order
to increase the amount of
reflection.
It is used in office and high
rise building doors and
windows for privacy.
 Glass Types:
Reflective Glass
Properties:
▪ Increased aesthetic appeal.
▪ Gives enormous flexibility in
designing the exterior due to
availability of number of colors
and shades.
▪ Facilitates energy savings
through reduction in interior solar
heat gain and cost reduction in the
cost of heating and cooling systems.
 Glass Types:
Insulating Glass
It is moisture proof. Factory
assembled unit consisting of two or
more panes of glass separated by
air spaces which provide excellent
thermal and sound insulation
properties.
These are often used in
environments that need regulated
atmosphere and prevention of
condensation.
 Glass Types:
Insulating Glass
 Glass Types:
Ceramic Printed Glass
Also known as “silk-screened
glass” because of its appearance. It
is mostly used when it is important
to mask a part or whole of glass for
privacy.
It is often used for curtain
walls, shower installations, glass
doors, spandrels and partitions,
etc.
 Glass Types:
Lacquered Glass
Also known as “back painted glass”
because it is obtained by painting the
back surface of the glass with high
quality paint.
These are often used in architectural
spandrels, contemporary cupboards,
furniture, kitchen countertops,
backsplashes, etc.
 Glass Types:
Frosted Glass
It has a translucent or obscure
surface. One surface of the glass is
etched and has a rough finish.
It is often used as a decorative
glass where privacy is required
such as shower cubicles, conference
rooms, office partitions, windows
and doors of bedrooms, dressing
rooms, etc.
 TYPES OF GLASS
BASED ON PRINCIPAL
CONSTITUENT
(SILICA)
 Glass Types:

Nowadays glass has become versatile material to meet many

special requirements in engineering. Properties of glass are
suitably changed by changing the chemical composition of
principal constituents and adding few more ingredients.
 Glass Types:
Soda Lime Glass
Also known as “soda ash
glass”. It is obtained from the
fusion of a mixture of silica,
lime, soda and alumina.
It is widely used for glazing
of doors, windows, and for
making ordinary glass wares.
 Glass Types:
Potash Lead Glass
Also known as “flint glass”
or simply “lead glass”. It is
obtained from the fusion of a
mixture of silica, lead, and
potash.
It is used for high quality
decorative glassware, cut
glass, bulbs, lenses, prisms.
 Glass Types:
Borosilicate Glass
Also known as “Pyrex glass”.
It is obtained from the fusion of
silica, borax, lime, and feldspar.
It is used for making
laboratory equipment and
cooking utensil since it can
withstand high temperature.
 Glass Types:
Potash Lime Glass
It is also known as “hard
glass” or “bohemian glass”. It
is similar to soda lime glass
except that soda is replaced by
potash.
It is used for making
laboratory apparatus and
combustion tubes.
 Glass Types:
Common Glass
Also known as “bottle
glass” and is prepared from
cheap raw materials like
sodium silicate, silicate and
calcium silicate.
It is mainly used in the
manufacture of household
and medicine bottles.
 TYPES OF HIGH
PERFORMANCE GLASS
 Glass Types:
Solar Control Glass
It is a special oxide coated
glass which transfers less amount
of heat in the building and also
helps in reducing the glare of
light entering.
It is used in skyscrapers as
glass facades in modern
buildings, conservatory roofs, air
conditioned malls and
showrooms.
 Glass Types:
Low-Emissivity (Low-E) Glass
Has excellent thermal
insulation properties. It allows
only visible light to enter the
room and thus gives protection
from UV and infrared rays. In
cold climates, they help in
maintaining the temperature of
interior and provide energy
efficient solution.
 Glass Types:
Solar Control – Low E Glass
Solar Control Low-E glass
blocks solar radiation, as well
as provides thermal
insulation.
An interesting example of
its application is Burj Khalifa,
where this glass is used to
decrease the air conditioning
cost.
DETERMINATION
OF SAFE
THICKNESS OF
GLASS
 Determination of Safe Thickness
of Glass
▪ Once the type of glass to be used is selected, section deals with
the determination of appropriate thickness of glass. The
thickness of the glass to be used in window panels is governed
by the following factors:
i. Area to be covered by the window panel.
ii. Support conditions (supported on two sides or four sides).
iii. Aspect ratio of window panel (length/breadth).
iv. Effective wind pressure at the window height.
 Determination of Safe Thickness
of Glass
▪ Once the type of glass to be used is selected, section deals with
the determination of appropriate thickness of glass. The
thickness of the glass to be used in window panels is governed
by the following factors:
i. Area to be covered by the window panel.
ii. Support conditions (supported on two sides or four sides).
iii. Aspect ratio of window panel (length/breadth).
iv. Effective wind pressure at the window height.
 Determination of Safe Thickness
of Glass
v. Strength/load bearing capacity of glass to be used.
▪ The salient features of the procedure are as follows:
◦ The maximum area of glass panel is restricted to 15 sq.
meters.
◦ The maximum span of window is restricted to 4 meters.
◦ Aspect ratio of the glass panel should be greater than 1.5. If
it is less than 1.5, next higher available thickness should be
selected.
 Determination of Safe Thickness
of Glass
◦ The factor of safety used is 2.5 considering the variability in
strength of glass.
◦ Applicable to normal, reflective, laminated, tempered and
insulating glass.
◦ Applicable to rectangular panels properly fixed.
BASIC MEASURES IN
PROTECTING GLASS
STRUCTURES
 Basic Measures in Protecting
Glass Structures
▪ Application of chemically tempered glass with the
polycarbonate core, allowing additional safety and
durability.
▪ Application of multi-layered glass, with at least one
layer of semi-tempered glass, which will prevent the
unwanted displacement of glass panel in case of breakage.
 Basic Measures in Protecting
Glass Structures

▪ In case of point supported glass façades, prevention of

failure chain reaction by independent support of glass
panels in vertical rows, with regular distribution of stress
in case of breakage of some of the panels, transferring the
load horizontally to adjacent panels.
 Basic Measures in Protecting
Glass Structures
▪ In case of point supported glass façades, if possible,
provide a central suspension point for the topmost panel
in a row, providing an absolutely vertical position.
▪ In case of multi-layered glass, it is good practice to use
one additional layer on the glass than what is required by
the static design.
 ADVANTAGES OF
GLASS AS BUILDING
MATERIAL
Advantages of Glass as a building Material

1. Glass absorbs, refracts or emits light.

2. Glass transmits up to 80% of available natural day light in

both directions without any yellowing, clouding or weathering.

3. Glass is fully weather-resistant.

4. Glass does not rust.

5. Glass has a smooth glossy surface.

6. Glass allows natural light to enter the house even if doors/windows are closed.
 Advantages of Glass as a building Material

7. It is an excellent insulator against electricity.

8. Available in varieties of colors.

9. It can be blown, drawn and pressed to any shape.
10. Glass provides an ideal way to showcase a product.
11. It is 100% recyclable.
12. Glass is UV stable.
13. Glass is an excellent abrasion resistant.
14. Glass is stable over a wide range of temperature.
Advantages of Glass as a building Material

15. It is unaffected by noise, air, water and most of the acids.

16. Glass has the ability to make the structure look more stunning,
sophisticated and adds beauty to the building.

17. Glass saves space.

DISADVANTAGES OF
GLASS AS BUILDING
MATERIAL
 Disadvantages of Glass as a building
Material
1. Manufacturing of glass is high energy consuming.

2. Glass if a very rigid and brittle material.

3. Glass is less impact resistant.

4. Glass is affected by external hydrofluoric acid.

5. Glass is affected by alkalis ions.

6. Glass offers superior transparency of heat.

 Disadvantages of Glass as a building
Material
7. Use of glass also enhances the cost of security.

8. Glass is unsafe for earthquake prone areas.

9. Glass is poor in terms of heat preservation.
10. Glass provides an ideal way to showcase a product.
11. It is 100% recyclable.
12. Its cost as a façade is equal to painting expenses.
13. Glass absorbs heat.
14. Glare is a major problem in glass façade building.
 GLASS
STRUCTURES
The Botanical Garden of Curitiba, Brazil
The Botanical Garden of Curitiba, Brazil
Kanagawa Institute of Technology Workshop
Philip Johnson’s Glass House
Bloch Building at the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
National Grand Theater of China