1)

“​A study to assess the effectiveness of

SIM regarding knowledge about
prevention of lung cancer among the
employers in selected industries.’’

NEED FOR THE STUDY

Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal
cells. Lung cancer is any type of malignant (cancerous) growth in the lungs.
Lung cancer is the most common leading cause of cancer death in both men
and women it ranks first in cancer. There will be 158,000 estimated deaths
from lung cancer in 1999, which represents 28 percent of all cancer deaths.
Cancer of the lung was nearly nonexistent in the early 1900's. By the
middle of the 20th century, however, an epidemic became apparent
throughout the U.S. and the rest of the world.
lung cancer is one of the commonest malignant neoplasms all over the world. It
accounts for more cancer deaths than any other cancer. It is increasingly being
recognized in India.
the history of lung cancer shows that about a century and a half ago, ​lung
cancer​was an extremely rare disease. Cases of malignant lung tumors began
to increase at the turn of the 20th century.
The causes of increase in lung cancer incidence were thought to have
included increased air pollution, ​cigarette smoking​, asphalting of roads,
increase in automobile traffic, exposure to gas in World War I, the influenza
pandemic of 1918 and working with benzene or gasoline.
“Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of death in both men and
women in the US, with over 158,900 deaths in 1999. Worldwide, lung cancer
kills over 1 million people a year. Extensive prospective epidemiologic data
clearly establish cigarette smoking as the major cause of lung cancer. It is
estimated that about 90% of male lung cancer deaths and 75–80% of lung
cancer deaths in the US are caused by smoking each year”

Lung cancer in non-smokers is more common than many people realize. In

fact, lung cancer in never-smokers is now considered the 6th most common
cause of cancer deaths in the United States.

Overall, 10-15% of lung cancers occur in non-smokers. (Another 50% occur

in former smokers.)

Two-thirds of the non-smokers who get lung cancer are women, and 20%
 of ​lung cancers in women​ occur in individuals who have never smoked.
In 2005, the most recent year where statistics on lung cancer are available:
● 107,416 men were diagnosed with lung cancer, and 90,139 died
● 82,271 women diagnosed with lung cancer, and 69,078 died
Lung Cancer Statistics – Lifetime Risk of Lung Cancer

The overall risk of developing lung cancer during your lifetime is 1 in 13 for
men, and 1 in 16 for women.

Lung Cancer Statistics – Cost of Lung Cancer

In 2004, 9.6 billion per year was spent on the diagnosis and treatment of
lung cancer in the United States.

Lung Cancer Statistics - Survival Rate

The overall 5-year survival rate for all stages of lung cancer is:
● 13.7% for white men
● 18.3% for white women
● 10.8% for black men
● 14.5% for black women
● The average age at which lung cancer is diagnosed is 71, with less than
3% of lung cancers diagnosed under the age of 45. That said, lung
cancer does occur in young adults and even children.

As of 2004, worldwide cancer caused 13% of all deaths (7.4 million). The leading
causes were: ​lung cancer​ (1.3 million deaths/year),
Lung cancer is responsible for 1.3 million deaths worldwide annually, and is the most
common cause of cancer-related death in men and the second most common in
women. The most common cause of lung cancer is long-term exposure to ​tobacco
smoke​. Lung cancer in non-smokers, who account for approximately 15% of cases, is
often attributed to a combination of ​genetic factors​, ​radon​ gas, ​asbestos​, and ​air
pollution​. The main types of lung cancer are small cell lung carcinoma and non-small
cell lung carcinoma, the two being largely distinguished by how they are treated;
non-small cell lung carcinoma is sometimes treated with ​surgery​, while small cell lung
carcinoma is frequently treated with ​chemotherapy​ and ​radiation​.
Causes and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
The number one cause of lung cancer is cigarette smoking, representing 85
to 90 percent of all cases. Cigar and pipe smoking are also associated with
lung cancer. Other causes include exposure to radon, asbestos, paint
chemicals (toxic) chloromethyl ether,​chromium​, beryllium and arsenic (a
byproduct of copper), as well as exposure to passive smoke or "secondhand"
smoke.
A person is "at risk" of developing lung cancer if they:
● smoke
● are over the age of 50
●
● work in industries where substances such as asbestos, nickel,
chloromethyl ether, chromium, beryllium and arsenic are used
● have or have had a lung disease
● have a family history of lung cancer
● are former smokers
● have been exposed to secondhand smoke over many years
● have been exposed to radon

impact of lung cancer on family

Fifteen lung cancer patients and their spouses were interviewed in order to determine the
effects of the diagnosis of lung cancer on family relationships. The major areas of investigation
were: 1) the immediate impact of the diagnosis of lung cancer, 2) changes in family
relationships since the diagnosis of illness, 3) intrapsychic changes since the diagnosis of the
illness, and 4) changes in relationships outside the nuclear family since the diagnosis. The
salient findings were: 1) most spouses reported not sharing their fears with the patients and
talking less often to the patients than their mates reported; 2) nine out of 15 couples reported a
discrepancy in the degree of closeness perceived in the marital relationship; 3) more spouses
than patients reported signs of stress and feeling alone; and 4) seven of the 15 couples reported
difficulty or disappointment with others outside the nuclear family. These findings suggest that
the physical and emotional well being of the cancer patient and of his or her family may be
markedly affected by the alert and responsive actions of the nurse.
Economic impact on lung cancer
The economic burden of lung cancer was examined with a retrospective case-control cohort
study on a database containing inpatient, outpatient and drug claims for employees, dependents
and retirees of multiple large US employers with wide geographic distribution. Patients were
followed for maximum of 2 years from first cancer diagnosis until death, health benefits
disenrollment or study end (31 December 2000). Compared with controls (subjects without any
cancer), patients with lung cancer (​n = 2040) had greater health care service utilization and
costs for hospitalization, emergency room visits, outpatient office visits, radiology procedures,
laboratory procedures and pharmacy-dispensed drugs (all ​P < 0.05). Regression-adjusted
mean monthly total costs were US$ 6520 for patients versus US$ 339 for controls (​P <
0.0001), and overall costs across the study period (from diagnosis to death or maximum of 2
years) were US$ 45,897 for patients and US$ 2907 for controls (​P < 0.0001). The main cost
drivers were hospitalization (49.0% of costs) and outpatient office visits (35.2% of costs).
Monthly initial treatment phase costs (US$ 11,496 per patient) were higher than costs during the
secondary treatment phase (US$ 3733) or terminal care phase (US$ 9399). Failure of initial
treatment was associated with markedly increased costs. Compared with patients requiring only
initial treatment, patients experiencing treatment failure accrued an additional US$ 10,370 per
month in initial treatment phase costs and US$ 8779 more per month after starting the
secondary and/or terminal care phase. Over the course of the study period, these patients had
total costs of US$ 120,650, compared with US$ 45,953 for those receiving initial treatment only.
Thus, the incremental costs associated with treatment failure were US$ 19,149 per month and
US$ 74,697 across the study period. Other types of clinical and epidemiological analysis are
needed to identify risks for treatment failure. The economic burden of lung cancer on the US
health care system is significant and increased prevention, new therapies or adjuvant
chemotherapy may reduce both resource use and healthcare costs. New strategies for lung
cancer that reduce hospitalizations and/or prevent or delay treatment failure could offset some
of the economic burden associated with the diseases.
So to prevent lung cancer in industries it is very essential to make awareness to the employees
about the prevention , hazards of lung cancer .

OBJECTIVES: