PROCESSES IN PLANTS

AND ANIMALS:
IMMUNE SYSTEMS

https://patch.com/img/cdn20/users/22916212/20190311/111445/styles/raw/public/processed_images/blog-difference-between-innate-and-
adaptive-immunity-astarte_1-1552316647-6672.jpg?width=725
OBJECTIVES:
a.compare innate and adaptive
immune responses.

b. describe how the innate

immune response helps protect
a person from illness.
Describe what is
immunity?
CLASS SURVEY:

1. What are the most common

diseases that you had?

2. Do you know or have you

heard of the following diseases:
chikungunya; smallpox;
leukemia
MOTIVATION:

Think about what happens to

you when you get sick.
Do you know the cause of
these diseases: common
colds, diarrhea, influenza?
DISCUSSION:

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES

OF IMMUNE SYSTEM?

innate and adaptive

 INNATE ADAPTIVE
Responsible for Help your body
rapid responses stave off attacks
to foreign from specific
bodies. antigens.
(is your body's
first line of
defense)
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

The innate immune response

consists of physical, chemical and
cellular defenses against pathogens.
The main purpose of the innate
immune response is to immediately
prevent the spread and movement of
foreign pathogens throughout the body.
 Internal defenses of the innate
immune response consist of
phagocytic cells, natural killer cells,
antimicrobial proteins (interferons;
the complement system) and the
inflammatory response (that
involves histamines, mast cells and
cytokines).
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

The second line of defense against

non-self pathogens is called adaptive
immune response. Adaptive immunity
is also referred to as acquired immunity
or specific immunity and is only found
in vertebrates. The adaptive immune
response is specific to the pathogen
presented.
 The adaptive immune response is
meant to attack non-self pathogens but
can sometimes make errors and attack
itself. When this happens, autoimmune
diseases can develop (e.g., lupus,
rheumatoid arthritis).
THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
IS MADE POSSIBLE BECAUSE OF:

I. The Humoral response- production and

secretion of antibodies or
immunoglobulins against specific
antigens (any foreign body/structure-
pollen, bacteria, virus, dust). Antibodies
are produced by cells that secrete them
in the bloodstream or display them in the
surface of some cells, ready to face and
combat any antigen
II. Cell mediated response-
occurs when cytotoxic cells
defend the body against
infection. The development of B
and T cells, memory cells and
plasma cells are important
aspects of cell mediated immune
mechanism.
B-cells and T-cells are also called
lymphocytes. “There are primary
and secondary lymphoid organs
involved in the complex
development of lymphocytes,

https://www.cancercenter.com/community/blog/2017/05/whats-the-
difference-b-cells-and-t-cells
What B-cells do?

B-cells fight bacteria and viruses by

making Y-shaped proteins called
antibodies, which are specific to each
pathogen and are able to lock onto the
surface of an invading cell and mark it for
destruction by other immune cells. B-
lymphocytes and cancer have what may be
described as a love-hate relationship.
What T-cells do?
There are two main types of T-cells: helper
T-cells and killer T-cells. Helper T-cells
stimulate B-cells to make antibodies and
help killer cells develop. Killer T-cells
directly kill cells that have already been
infected by a foreign invader.
https://patch.com/img/cdn20/users/22916212/20190311/111445/styles/raw/public/processed_images/blog-difference-between-innate-and-
adaptive-immunity-astarte_1-1552316647-6672.jpg?width=725
INFLAMMATION
The inflammatory response
(inflammation) occurs when tissues are
injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or
any other cause. The damaged cells release
chemicals including histamine, bradykinin,
and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause
blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues,
causing swelling. This helps isolate the
foreign substance from further contact with
body tissues.
The chemicals also attract white blood cells
called phagocytes that "eat" germs and dead
or damaged cells. This process is called
phagocytosis. Phagocytes eventually die.
Pus is formed from a collection of dead
tissue, dead bacteria, and live and dead
phagocytes.
There are five symptoms that may be
signs of an acute inflammation:

• Redness
• Heat
• Swelling
• Pain
• Loss of function
Examples of a loss of function include not being able to move an inflamed
joint properly, having a worse sense of smell during a cold, or finding it
more difficult to breathe when you have bronchitis.
IMMUNIZATION
Vaccination (immunization) is a way to
trigger the immune response. Small doses
of an antigen, such as dead or weakened
live viruses, are given to activate immune
system "memory" (activated B cells and
sensitized T cells). Memory allows your
body to react quickly and efficiently to future
exposures.
ENRICHMENT:

Describe when inflammation

is good and when it is bad
REFERENCES:
https://patch.com/washington/seattle/comparing-innate-adaptive-
immune-systems

https://www.cancercenter.com/community/blog/2017/05/whats-the-
difference-b-cells-and-t-cells

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000821.htm

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279298/

http://teachtogether.chedk12.com/teaching_guides/view/206#section1
TWO BASIC IMMUNE PATHWAYS
IN PLANTS:

1. Pattern Recognition Receptor

(PRR)
2. Pathogen-associated
Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
TWO BASIC IMMUNE PATHWAYS
IN PLANTS:

1. Pattern Recognition Receptor

(PRR)
2. Pathogen-associated
Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
Plants have two basic immune pathways. First, a
pattern recognition receptor (PRR) on the plant
cell’s surface recognizes pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs) released by
invaders—say, the flagellar proteins from
pathogenic bacteria. This jump-starts signaling
pathways inside the cell that spur the production of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antimicrobial
compounds, which are secreted to combat the
pathogen. PAMP-triggered pathways can also lead
to changes in gene expression and hormone
levels.
But bacteria can interfere with PAMP-
triggered immunity by injecting effector
molecules into the plant cell. Intracellular
plant protein complexes called nucleotide-
binding domain, leucine-rich repeat receptors
(NLRs) bind bacterial effectors and set off
secondary immune cascades that boost the
PAMP-triggered responses. NLR-binding can
also lead to plant cell death, limiting the
infection.
https://cdn.the-scientist.com/assets/articleNo/34130/iImg/9463/a0025c10-b76f-4d96-a312-16920dd50483-
febplant1-640px.jpg
 Plant immune systems must integrate a
diversity of factors to successfully fight off
pathogens
without harming the plant. Defense-related
changes in hormone signaling, for example, can
interfere with plant growth. Many species power
down their immune systems at night, when
growing ramps up. Plant immunity also fluctuates
with changes in temperature, humidity, and
light exposure, and is likely dependent on a
plant’s microbiota below and above the soil.
https://cdn.the-scientist.com/assets/articleNo/34130/iImg/9464/1c79aaa5-5ed1-44b5-b5c7-
43bad3e09aaf-febplant2-640px.jpg
REFERENCE:
https://www.the-scientist.com/infographics/plant-immunity-
34130