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Blood Physiology Gutyon 14th Edition Chapter 35 Immunity

Innate immunity provides non-specific protection against pathogens. It involves barriers like skin and mucous membranes, inflammatory responses, phagocytosis, and proteins like lysozyme and complement. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to pathogens and provides long-lasting, pathogen-specific protection. It involves humoral immunity through antibodies and cell-mediated immunity through T cell responses. Both innate and acquired immunity work together to defend the host against infection.

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Dr Alamzeb Jadoon
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895 views27 pages

Blood Physiology Gutyon 14th Edition Chapter 35 Immunity

Innate immunity provides non-specific protection against pathogens. It involves barriers like skin and mucous membranes, inflammatory responses, phagocytosis, and proteins like lysozyme and complement. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to pathogens and provides long-lasting, pathogen-specific protection. It involves humoral immunity through antibodies and cell-mediated immunity through T cell responses. Both innate and acquired immunity work together to defend the host against infection.

Uploaded by

Dr Alamzeb Jadoon
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  • Immunity Introduction
  • Innate and Acquired Immunity
  • Innate Immunity Details
  • Acquired Immunity
  • Lymphocytes and Lymphopoiesis
  • Tolerance and Cytotoxicity
  • Humoral Immunity
  • Antibodies
  • Memory Cells and Immunization
  • Mechanisms of Antibodies and Complement System
  • Lymphadenopathy and Antibiotics
  • Allergy and Hypersensitivity Reactions

IMMUNITY

CHAPTER 35
IMMUNITY
• INNNATE IMMUNITY
– generalized, non-specific type, non-antigen specific
• ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
– Humoral immunity
– cell mediated immunity
INNATE IMMUNITY
• Phago-cytosis of bacteria and other invaders by white blood
cells and tissue macrophage system
• Inflammation
• Acid secretions of the stomach and the digestive enzymes.
• Resistance of the skin
• Blood compounds are
– lysozyme, a mucolytic polysaccharide that attacks bacteria
and causes them to dissolute;
– The complement complex
– Natural killer lymphocytes that can recognize and destroy
foreign cells, tumor cells, and even some infected cells.
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
• Humoral &
• Cell-Mediated

• Both Types of Acquired Immunity Are


Initiated by Specific Antigens
• Lymphocytes Are Responsible for Acquired
Immunity
LYMPHOCYTES
• T- Lymphocytes
– Helper T cells Function
– Killer/Cytotoxic T cells
– Suppressor T cells
• B- Lymphocytes

• NK Cells ( Natural Killer Cells)


• Memory cells & immunization
Lympho-Poesis
• PHSC
• LSC (lymphoid stem cells)
• T cells; processed in the “Thymus”
• B cells; processed in the liver during fetal life and
bone marrow in late fetal life and after birth.

• lymphoid tissues; spleen, lymph nodes, peyer’s


patches, liver
• LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
TOLERANCE; ROLE OF prePROCESSING IN
THYMUS & BONE MARROW
CYTOTOXIC T CELL
• Killer cells
• TLR (Toll like receptors) recognizes Antigen
• Macrophages acting as APC may present
antigen via MHC
• Attach to infected (antigen containing) cell
(cell mediated immunity)
• perforins punch holes and leave
HELPER T CEL
• Most numerous ( affected in HIV)
• activated via MHC-II APC presentation
• Multiple functions of HELPing
– T cells
– B Cells &
– Macrophages.
MHC
(Major histo-compatability complex)
• MHC-I
– Present on WBCs (Macrophages)
– Activates Cytotoxic cells
• MHC-II
– Present on most body cells
– helper cells
SUPPRESSOR T Cell
• controls cytotoxic T cells function
• HOW?
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
• B lymphocytes with blood proteins systems
( Immuno-globulins & complements system).

Activation of B Lymphocytes
– Can recognize an intact Antigen
– Macrophages via IL-1
– Helper
Is there any link between innate and
acquired immunity ?
ANTIBODIES
• Formed by plasma cells
• Nature
• Classes (IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE , IgD)
• Specificity
What will be the life of antibodies in blood?

What is the Difference between active and


passive acquired immunity ?
• Serology tests (Antibody test)
MEMORY CELLS
• Formation
• importance

• Active acquired immunity


Immunization
Target of immunization?

Active (acquired) Immunity


Passive (acquired) Immunity
• Mother feeding is example of which type of
immunity ? Any other example ?

• Do we need to immunize (give vaccine) to a


person who had a past infection of that
disease?
Mechanisms of Action of Antibodies
• Direct attack on the invader and
– Agglutination
– Precipitation
– Neutralization
– Lysis

• Activation of the "complement system" that


then has multiple means of its own for
destroying the invader.
Complement System
Classic Pathway

Alternate Pathway
Effects of Complement system
• Opsonization and phagocytosis. C3b,.
• Lysis. lytic complex, C5b6789.
• Agglutination.
• Neutralization of viruses.
• Chemotaxis C5a
• Activation of mast cells and basophils. Fragments C3a, C4a,
and C5a
• Inflammatory effects
(1) increased blood flow
(2) the capillary leakage (Exudation) of proteins to be increased
(3) the interstitial fluid proteins to coagulate in the tissue spaces,
walling off
Lymph-adeno-pathy
• ANTIBIOTICS MOA
Allergy and HSR
• Allergy
• Atopic Allergy
• Types of HSR
– Type I HSR
– Type II HSR
– Type III HSR
– Type IV HSR
• Anaphylaxis
• Examples: Asthma, Hay Fever, Urticaria

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