[BINDING COVER]

COMPLETE TITLE OF THE PROJECT IN ALL

BSEE

CAPS, TIMES NEW ROMAN, FONT SIZE 20

COMPLETE TITLE OF THE PROJECT IN ALL CAPS, TIMES NEW ROMAN

Color of Binding =
Navy Blue
Color of Text on Cover =
by Golden

<Student Name> in font size 16

<Reg. No. XX> in font size 15

A Project Report submitted to the

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
BACHELORS OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
[Font: Times New Roman, Size: 14]

Faculty of Engineering
Capital University of Science & Technology,
Islamabad
2014

<Month, Year>
[Font: Times New Roman, Size: 14]
COMPLETE TITLE OF THE PROJECT IN ALL
CAPS, TIMES NEW ROMAN, FONT SIZE 20

by

<Student Name> in font size 16

<Reg. No. XX> in font size 15

A Project Report submitted to the

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
BACHELORS OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
[Font: Times New Roman, Size: 14]

Faculty of Engineering
Capital University of Science & Technology,
Islamabad
<Month, Year>
[Font: Times New Roman, Size: 14]
 Copyright  2016 by CUST Student

All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part in any form requires the prior
written permission of <student name> or designated representative. [Font: Times New
Roman, Size: 12]

ii
This page should contain the dedication of the Project/Thesis. Try to be
as brief as possible in this dedication. Do not include half of world in the
dedication. [Font: Times New Roman, Size: 14, Italic]

(This page is optional)

iii
 DECLARATION

It is declared that this is an original piece of my own work, except where

otherwise acknowledged in text and references. This work has not been submitted in
any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution for
tertiary education and shall not be submitted by me in future for obtaining any degree
from this or any other University or Institution.
[Font: Times New Roman, Size: 12]

<Name of Student 1>

<Reg. No. XYX>

<Name of Student 2 (if any)>

<Reg. No. XYZ>

Month Year (e.g. March 2015)

iv
 C ER TI FICA TE O F AP PROVA L
It is certified that the project titled “xxxxxx” carried out by Muhammad Salman
Razzaq, Reg. No. ME073020, under the supervision of Dr. ______, Capital
University of Science & Technology, Islamabad, is fully adequate, in scope and in
quality, as a final year project for the degree of BS of Mechanical Engineering.

Supervisor: -------------------------
Dr.
Associate Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad

HOD: ----------------------------
Dr. Saif ur Rahman
Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad

v
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This page is intended to thank your supervisor, co-supervisor and all those (students,
teachers, TA/SA or any third party) who directly helped you out in the completion of
the project/thesis. [Font: Times New Roman, Size: 12]

vi
 ABSTRACT

The abstract is the most important part of a Project report. Any abstract will be
read by ten or twenty times more than any other words in the report. So, to make a
positive impression, or just convey information, here's where to really pay attention to
writing.

The purpose of abstract in not just to tell the reader about what was done: it is
to tell him/her what was done in the simplest, most informative way possible. Making
an abstract understandable for a non technical person should be the first priority.
Discussed below are the basic components of an abstract in any discipline and should
be handled in separate paragraphs.

First paragraph should be about Motivation/problem statement: Why do you

care about the problem? What practical, scientific, theoretical gap is your
research/project filling?

Methods/procedure/approach: What did you actually do to get your results?

(e.g. Designed something, developed your own algorithms/software/techniques, did
some survey, worked with some organization etc.)

Results/findings/product: As a result of completing the above procedure, what

did you learn/invent/create?

Conclusion/implications: What are the larger implications of your findings,

especially for the problem/gap identified in Motivation/problem statement paragraph?

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgment ..................................................................................................... v
Declaration .............................................................................................................. vi
Abstract. .................................................................................................................vii
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................viii
List of Figures .......................................................................................................... x
List of Tables .......................................................................................................... xi
List of Acronyms/Abbreviations............................................................................xii

Chapter 1 ........................................................................................... 7
Introduction........................................................................................... 7
1.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Statement of Problem ................................................................................... 7
1.3 Specifications of proposed Solution ............................................................ 7
1.4 Purpose of the project/research .................................................................... 8
1.5 Applications of the project/research ............................................................ 8
1.6 Project Plan .................................................................................................. 8
1.7 Report Organization ..................................................................................... 8

Chapter 2 ........................................................................................... 9
Literature review ................................................................................... 9
2.1 Related Technologies ................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Related Technology 1 ................................................................... 9
2.1.2 Related Technology 2 ................................................................... 9
2.2 Related Projects ......................................................................................... 10
2.3 Related Studies........................................................................................... 10
2.3 Limitations and Bottlenecks of earlier work .............................................. 10
2.4 Summary .................................................................................................... 10

Chapter 3 ......................................................................................... 11
Project Design ..................................................................................... 11
3.1 Project Design ............................................................................................ 11
3.2 Analysis procedures ................................................................................... 11
3.3 Development procedure/Methodology ...................................................... 11

viii
3.4 Details about proposed solutions ……………………………………11
3.5 Details about simulation / mathematical modeling……………… ……12
3.6 Details of working design prototype . ……………………………12
3.7 Summary .................................................................................................... 12

Chapter 4 ......................................................................................... 13
Tools and Techniques …………. ...................................................... 13
4.1 Solution with complete technical specifications ........................................ 14
4.2 Simulation tool(s) used .............................................................................. 14
4.3 Summary .................................................................................................... 14

Chapter 5 ......................................................................................... 15
Project Results & Evaluation .............................................................. 15
5.1 Presentation of the findings ....................................................................... 15
5.1.1 Hardware results ......................................................................... 15
5.1.2 Software results ........................................................................... 15
5.2 Verification of design functionalities......................................................... 16
5.3 Discussion of the findings .......................................................................... 16
5.3.1 Comparison with initial project specifications ........................... 16
5.3.2 Reasoning for short comings ...................................................... 16
5.4 Limitations ................................................................................................. 16
5.5 Recommendations ...................................................................................... 16
5.6 Summary .................................................................................................... 16

Chapter 6 ......................................................................................... 17
Conclusion .......................................................................................... 17

References........................................................................................... 18

Appendices(if included) ...................................................................... 18

Appendix – A, Final activity chart vs. initially planned ............................ 19
Appendix - B .............................................................................................. 19

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure-1.1 Figure Caption ........................................................................................ 2

Figure-2.1 Figure Caption ........................................................................................ 4
Figure-2.2 Figure Caption ........................................................................................ 6
Figure-3.1 Figure Caption ........................................................................................ 8

x
 LIST OF TABLES

Table-3.1 Caption of table ....................................................................................... 2

Table-3.2 Caption of table ....................................................................................... 2
Table-3.3 Caption of table ....................................................................................... 3
Table-4.1 Caption of table ....................................................................................... 4

xi
 LIST OF ACRONYMS

MAJU Mohammad Ali Jinnah University

FYP Final Year Project
MS Master of Science
MBA Masters in Business Administration
HOD Head of Department

xii
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

[All the information provided in this section is regarding the format of the
project report. Read it carefully and make sure that your report is according to
the required format. For your ease, the format is not only explained but also has
been demonstrated with proper font, font size, style and other formatting
requirements.]

Once the project/research work is complete, students are required to submit two hard
bound copies of project report. The report should be around 60 pages or according to
the limits set forth by your supervisor.

Contents/chapters of the Project Report should be in the format and order as given in
this document. Initially, we will discuss all the format requirements of the project
report. Then the contents to be included in the report will be briefly discussed

1.1 Formatting
The single-sided, normal character spaced manuscript is to be arranged as follows:

1.1.1 Submissions Required

Two hard-bound copies of the final project documentation must be submitted to your
supervisor before the Final Evaluation. Spine of binding must contain complete
Project/Thesis, level of work i.e. BS Project/MS Thesis/ PhD Dissertation and the
year of submission. Please keep in mind that the binding takes 3-4 days to complete

1.1.2 Binding

Color of binding should be Mahroon for PhD, Green for MS Thesis and Blue for BS
final year Projects with golden text. Use 80 grams paper; A4 (8.27 x 11.69) and make
sure that right paper is selected for both page setup and printer. All copies to be
submitted should be printed, photocopies will not be accepted.

1.1.3 Fonts and Spacing

The preferred font is Times New Roman; acceptable font size is 12; different
typefaces (e.g., italics) may be used only to show differences in captions and special

xiii
 Top
margin 1 inch

text. Starting from chapter 1, the line spacing must be 1.5 whereas the spacing both
before and after paragraph must be 6 points. For all the pages before “Chapter 1” e.g.
Table of Contents, Abstract, Declaration etc, Line spacing should be single i.e.1.

1.2 Chapter Heading

Chapters and section numbering should be same as given in Table of Contents.
Chapter should begin with ‘Chapter XX’ on the first line, in font size 18, Sentence
Case, left aligned and bold. Here XX refers to the chapter number. Spacing before
‘Chapter XX’ should be 6 points and after should be 24 points.

The following line should contain ‘CHAPTER HEADING TITLE’, all Upper case,
font size 18, center aligned and bold. Spacing before ‘CHAPTER HEADING TITLE’
should be 6 points and after should be 24 points.

1.3 Section Heading

Font size 16, Bold, Title case, left-aligned, spacing before and after 6 points.

1.3.1 Sub-Section Heading

Font size 14, Title case, left-aligned, spacing before and after 6 points.

1.3.1.1 Sub-Sub-Section Heading

Font size 12, Underlined, Sentence case, left-aligned, spacing before and after 6

Left points. Right

margin margin
If (Code has to be included)
1.5 inches { 1 inch
Use ‘Courier New’ with font size 10.
Use single line spacing and the spacing before and after the
paragraphs should be ‘0’ points.
}

1.4 Print Quality

Use laser printers or minimum 600 dpi inkjet printers.

1.4.1 Margins and Pagination

Left Margin 1.5 inches from the edge of paper.

Gutter 0 inches.

Top Margin 1 inch from edge of paper.

Bottom
margin 1.2 inches xiv
Bottom Margin 1.2 inches from edge of paper.

Right Margin 1 inch from edge of paper.

Pages before Chapter 1 must have lower case Roman numerals, right aligned ½ inch
from bottom of page, starting with the ‘Copyright’ page that is numbered “ii”. Title
page is unnumbered, but is implied as number “i”.

First page of text uses the Arabic number “1” and pages thereafter carry consecutive
Arabic numbers, including the pages in the Appendices and the Bibliography. Arabic
numbers are positioned in the bottom right-hand corner, ½ inch from the bottom and
one inch in from the right edge of the paper.

Note: If required, footer can be used to provide any additional information in font size 10.

1.5 Equations
Equations and formulas should preferably be type-written in good quality word-
processing or graphics package.

All equations should be numbered in the format ‘(XX.YY)’ where ‘XX’ is chapter
number and ‘YY’ is the sequence number within that chapter; e.g. equation appearing
seventh in chapter two will be numbered as ‘(Eq 2.7)’.
2
 Vgs 
I ds  I dss 1 
   tanh( Vds ) (1  Vds )
     
V
 (1 e ) (V V V ) 
gs
T T ds

where (Eq 1.1)

qN d a 2 2 L
VT  and VT  VT G
2 s 3 a

1.6 References and Citation

All references used in the report will be provided in a separate section of the report
after the last chapter and before the appendices. Harvard Style will be used for
referencing. In this style, when making reference to an author’s work in text, the
name(s) is followed by the year of publication of their work, in brackets (parentheses)
and forms part of the sentence:

e.g. Cormack (1994, pp.32-33) states that 'when writing for a professional readership,
writers invariably make reference to already published works'.

xv
The reference section in the end will then be used to provide the complete reference
detail e.g. book, journal, paper, weblink e.t.c. In this section, all the refrences should
be sorted alphabetically by the surname of the Author.

Font size: 12, Line Spacing: 1.0, Spacing before and after paragraphs: 6 Points.

Sample correct formats for various types of references are as follows.

1.6.1 Books

Young G. O., “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J.
Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.
Chen W. K., Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–
135.
1.6.2 Periodicals

Duncombe J. U., “Infrared navigation—Part I: An assessment of feasibility,” IEEE

Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34–39, Jan. 1959.
Wigner E. P., “Theory of traveling-wave optical laser,” Phys. Rev., vol. 134, pp.
A635–A646, Dec. 1965.
Miller E. H., “A note on reflector arrays,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., to be
published.
1.6.3 Articles from Conference Proceedings (published)

Payne D. B. and Stern J. R., “Wavelength-switched passively coupled single-mode

optical network,” in Proc. IOOC-ECOC, 1985, pp. 585–590.
1.6.4 Papers Presented at Conferences (unpublished)

Ebehard D. and Voges E., “Digital single sideband detection for interferometric
sensors,” presented at the 2nd Int. Conf. Optical Fiber Sensors, Stuttgart, Germany,
1984.
1.6.5 Standards/Patents

Brandli G. and Dick M., “Alternating current fed power supply,” U.S. Patent 4 084
217, Nov. 4, 1978.
1.6.6 Technical Reports

Reber E. E., Mitchell R. L., and Carter C. J., “Oxygen absorption in the Earth’s
atmosphere,” Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, CA, Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-46)-3,
Nov. 1968.

xvi
1.7 E. References—Electronic Sources
The guidelines for citing electronic information as offered below are a modified
illustration of the adaptation by the International Standards Organization (ISO)
documentation system and the American Psychological Association (APA) style.
Three pieces of information are required to complete each reference: 1) protocol or
service; 2) location where the item is to be found; and 3) item to be retrieved. It is not
necessary to repeat the protocol (i.e., http) in Web addresses after “Available” since
that is stated in the URL.

1.7.1 Books

Author. (year, month day). Title. (edition) [Type of medium]. volume (issue).
Available: site/path/file
Example:

Jones J. (1991, May 10). Networks. (2nd ed.) [Online].

Available: http://www.atm.com
1.7.2 Journals

Author. (year, month). Title. Journal. [Type of medium]. volume (issue), pages.
Available: site/path/file
Example:

Vidmar R. J. (1992, Aug.). On the use of atmospheric plasmas as electromagnetic

reflectors. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. [Online]. 21(3), pp. 876–880.
Available: http://www.halcyon.com/pub/journals/21ps03-vidmar
1.7.3 Papers Presented at Conferences

Author. (year, month). Title. Presented at Conference title. [Type of Medium].

Available: site/path/file
Example:

PROCESS Corp., MA. Intranets: Internet technologies deployed behind the firewall
for corporate productivity.
Presented at INET96 Annu. Meeting. [Online].
Available: http://home.process.com/Intranets/wp2.htp

xvii
1.7.4 Reports and Handbooks

Author. (year, month). Title. Company. City, State or Country. [Type of Medium].
Available: site/path/file
Example:

Talleen S. L. (1996, Apr.). The Intranet Architecture: Managing information in the

new paradigm. Amdahl Corp., CA. [Online].
Available: http://www.amdahl.com/doc/products/bsg/intra/infra/html
1.7.5 Computer Programs and Electronic Documents

ISO recommends that capitalization follow the accepted practice for the language or
script in which the information is given.

Example:

Harriman A. (1993, June). Compendium of genealogical software.

Humanist. [Online].
Available e-mail: HUMANIST@NYVM
Message: get GENEALOGY REPORT

1.8 Appendices
Title = ‘APPENDIX AA’ where ‘AA’ corresponds to A, B, C.... in sequential order,
font size 18, left-aligned, starting from line 1 of page.
Numbering will continue from references in a sequential order; e.g. if last page of
references is page 182, Appendix A will start from page 183 and so forth.
The text in appendices should be with single line spacing, and with 12 font size.
Solutions to some equations or Author’s publications or a list of publications arising
from MS work can be included in an appendix.

xviii
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The introduction chapter of your project report is the one in which you provide all of
the basic information that the reader will need to understand the report which is to
follow. Such things as the background of your research, how you came to research
your topic, what your topic is and how it relates to the world around it, and what kind
of general principles and methodology you will be using to research your topic and
evaluate your hypothesis, are all aspects of what you will cover in the introduction
chapter.

1.1 Overview
To start writing your introduction chapter, first come up with a simple one sentence
summary of the goal of your research. The reader will come to the first chapter of
your project report expecting a statement of purpose. This statement should tell the
reader what the topic of the thesis/project is and what you hope to achieve. Then
elaborate the statement a little and explain it briefly [1].

1.2 Statement of Problem

Now tell the reader what your hypothesis is, as well as your basic reasons for
believing in the hypothesis. How does your knowledge of the reality of the field make
you lean towards one hypothesis or another? Explain to the reader how you will be
able to prove or disprove the hypothesis that you set out with through the course of
your research/work. Talk about any particular relevant issues that could affect the
course of the research, or any basic questions or problems that people might have
regarding the topic and how you will go about your research process. Try to anticipate
how people will react to your hypothesis and make sure that you are able to start your
project on a strong heading. It may be best to have the opening paragraph of your
report reviewed before you embark on the research process, to make sure that you are
on the right track (or at least that the track makes sense to others) before you set off
and put a lot of effort into collecting data.

xix
1.3 Specifications of proposed solution
Detailed specifications of your design

1.4 Purpose of the project/research

Next, you can talk about the background of the project. How did you choose the
project? What kind of greater historical context does the research that you are
engaged in exist within? You may want to talk about any related experiments or
research that specific people have done in the past, including landmark research cases
which are related to the topic at hand. This gives the reader a sense of how your
research fits into the greater scheme of things, and lets the reader compare what you
are about to present to the research which they may or may not already be familiar
with from leading figures in the history of the field.

1.5 Applications of the project/research

The subheading is self explanatory. Tell the reader what difference your work
can/will make in real life.

1.6 Project Plan

Given details of project plan. Project plan will contain details of how work is divided
into part I & II and how resource persons have been allocated. Use tables to give
details of project plan. You can also use Microsoft project to show project timeline
graphs.

1.7 Report Organization

Finally, give the reader a sense of how the project report is organized. Provide some
kind of chapter by chapter breakdown to tell the reader what can be expected so that
the reader will be able to scan the report at first and have a good sense of what ended
up happening. Use solid principles of organization throughout your report, in addition
to hitting all the above topics in your introductory paragraph, to make your report as
readable as possible.

xx
Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter will include all of you work before starting the core of your report. What
you studied and why you studied that particular article/paper or book.

2.1 Related Technologies

Write what technologies are related to your thesis/project work.

2.1.1 Related Technology 1

Go in detail of one technology very close to your work.

2.1.2 Related Technology 2

If required, select another appropriate technology related to your work and explain it.

2.2 Related Projects

Projects already done or currently being done related to your work.

2.3 Related Studies/Research

In what direction other researchers from your field are working. What is hot in
research these days and what is not?

2.4 Their Limitations and Bottlenecks

Whatever you discussed above, discuss their limitations and bottlenecks so that the
reader becomes aware of what needs to be done in this research area.

2.5 Summary
Summarize all what you have written in literature review.

xxi
Chapter 3

PROJECT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

This is the very core of your project/thesis/work. By now the reader is aware of your
goal, the relevant work going on and the tools you are going to use. Now explain from
beginning till very end all the methods you used to accomplish your results. Do not
hesitate in writing about all the techniques you applied but they were unable to give
you the required results. This is a part of learning process and should be included in
your report. The section headings in this chapter will be different for each report. Don
not hesitate in modifying/ adding/ removing any of these section headings as per your
requirement as you know best how you proceeded in your work and what were the
key steps features involved. Just make sure not to miss out on any of the steps. Some
sample section headings are given below. These won’t be explained as they are self
explanatory and most probably will be amended by you according to your report
requirements.

3.1 Design of the Project Hardware/ Software

3.2 Analysis procedures

3.3 Implementation procedure

3.4 Details about hardware

3.5 Details about software/ algorithms

3.6 Details of Simulations / Mathematical Modeling

3.7 Details of final working prototype

3.8 Summary
Summary of all your methodologies.

xxii
Chapter 4

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

In this chapter, you will be discussing in detail all the tools used in your work. This
includes hardware, software and simulation tools or any other thing which aided in
your project. If multiple hardware/software tools are used, use subheadings and go in
detail of each one of them.

4.1 Hardware used with technical specifications

Details about hardware used. Use subheadings to explain different types of hardware
used.

4.2 Software(s), simulation tool(s) used

Details about software(s) used. Use subheadings to split different software, simulation
or mathematical tools used.

4.3 Summary
Summary of the chapter.

xxiii
Chapter 5

PROJECT RESULTS AND EVALUATION

In this chapter, you will explain all the results you achieved after completing all what
you explained in previous chapter. Try to find a balance while explaining your results.
Neither makes your project/work look worthless in case you were unable to achieve
the goals identified. Nor should you claim to have solved all the problems in the
world by the results you have achieved. Take a step by step approach as identified in
the section headings below.

5.1 Presentation of the findings

A general description of results of the project/thesis.

5.1.1 Hardware results

Split the project in major parts and discuss the results for each part.

5.1.2 Software results

Again split the project in different parts discuss the results for each part.

5.2 Verification of design functionalities

5.3 Discussion of the findings

Elaborate your findings/results and provide a critical analysis. Comparisons with
some standards or other authentic work done.

5.3.1 Comparison with initial Project Specifications

What you initially claimed and what you achieved in the end.

5.3.2 Reasoning for short comings

Most probably there will be some results not in line with your goal, explain the
reasons for this e.g. Hardware/recourses unavailability, time constraints e.t.c.

xxiv
5.4 Limitations
The goals/results you achieved if some constraints have or if they are for some
specific conditions, explain all these.

5.5 Recommendations
What your recommendations would be to someone who wants to carry on with your
work where you left it or wants to improve it.

5.6 Summary
Summary of the results.

xxv
Chapter 6

CONCLUSION

What is the strongest and most important statement that you can make from your
observations? If you met the reader at a meeting six months from now, what do you
want them to remember about your paper? Refer back to problem posed, and describe
the conclusions that you reached from carrying out this investigation, summarize new
observations, new interpretations, and new insights that have resulted from the present
work. Include the broader implications of your results. Make sure you do not repeat
word for word of any part of project report above.

xxvi
 REFERENCES

[1]. Anwar, O. 2007, RF Controlled Audio/Video Vehicle, BS Project Report,

Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad, Pakistan
[2]. Brandli G. and Dick M., “Alternating current fed power supply,” U.S. Patent 4
084 217, Nov. 4, 1978.
[3]. Chen W. K., Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993, pp.
123–135.
[4]. Duncombe J. U., “Infrared navigation—Part I: An assessment of feasibility,”
IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34–39, Jan. 1959.
[5]. Ebehard D. and Voges E., “Digital single sideband detection for interferometric
sensors,” presented at the 2nd Int. Conf. Optical Fiber Sensors, Stuttgart, Germany,
1984.
[6]. Miller E. H., “A note on reflector arrays,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., to be
published.
[7]. Payne D. B. and Stern J. R., “Wavelength-switched passively coupled single-
mode optical network,” in Proc. IOOC-ECOC, 1985, pp. 585–590.
[8]. Reber E. E., Mitchell R. L., and Carter C. J., “Oxygen absorption in the Earth’s
atmosphere,” Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, CA, Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-46)-3,
Nov. 1968.
[9]. Smith, J., Masud, F. & Linda, A. 2005, Some good work in a good conference,
IEEE International Conference, USA, Vol. vv(issue), pp. 11-22.
[10]. Vidmar. R. J. 1992, Aug. On the use of atmospheric plasmas as electromagnetic
reflectors. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.. 21(3), pp. 876–880.
[11]. Wigner E. P., “Theory of traveling-wave optical laser,” Phys. Rev., vol. 134, pp.
A635–A646, Dec. 1965.
[12]. “Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing”, available online at
‘http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing’ on
02/10/2012

xxvii
 APPENDICES
Appendix – A

xxviii
Appendix – B

xxix