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    Elastic Solutions For Soil and Rock Mechanics PDF

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    Robert De la Cruz

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    CENTRE FOR GEOTECHNICAL RESEARCH THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY ELASTIC SOLUTIONS FOR SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICS by H.G. Poulos and EH. Davis ‘The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Ausiralic. Telephone: (02) 692 2109 Telex: AA 26169 ELASTIC SOLUTIONS FOR SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICS SERIES IN SOIL ENGINEERING Eeited by T.William Lambe Robert V. Whitman Professors of Civil Engineering Massachusetts institute of Technology Books in Series: Soil Testing for Engineers by T. William Lambe. 1951 ‘Soil Mechanics by T. William Lambe and Robert V. Whitman, 1968 Elastic Solutions for Rock and Soil Mechanics by Harry G. Poulos and E.Davis, 1974 ‘Soil Dynamics by Robert V. Whitman (in progress) Fundamentals of Soil Behavior by James K. Mitchell (in progress) ‘The aim of this series is to present the modern concepts of soll engineering, which is the science and technology of soils and their application to problems in civil engineering. The word “soil” is interpreted broadly to include all earth materials whose properties and behavior influence civil engineering construction. Soll engineering is founded upon many basic disciplines: mechanics ‘and dynamics: physical geology and engineering geology: clay minerelogy and colloidal chemistry: and mechenics of granular systems end fluid ‘mechanics. Principles from these basic disciplines are backed by ‘experimental evidence from laboratory and field investigations and from observations on actual structures. Judgment derived from experience and engineering economics are central to soil engineering. “The books inthis series are intended primarily for use in university ‘courses, at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. The editors also ‘expect that al of the books will serve as valuable reference material for practicing engineers. T. William Lambe Robert V, Whitman ELASTIC SOLUTIONS FOR SOIL AND ROCK MECHANICS H G Poulos Reader in Civil Engineering University of Sydney EH Davis Professor of Civil Engineering (Soil Mechanics) University of Sydney Originally Published in 1974 by: JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. NEW YORK - LONDON - SYDNEY - TORONTO Reprinted in 1991 by: CENTRE FOR GEOTECHNICAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY Details of original publication: ‘Copyright © 1874, by Jotn Wiley & Sons, ne. ‘All ght resered, Published simultaneousy in Canad. ‘No ar of thia book may be reproduced by any means, ‘ot tranamited, nor tarulated ito a mechie language without tne writen permission ofthe publisher. Umar of Congres Cataloging In Pubication Outa: Poulos G84 ‘testi solution for aol and rk mechanics, Bibiograpty: 1. Soil mechaniea Problems, exercises le. 2. Roce mechanies—Probieme,execies, = a fmm exercises, oc. ais, ELM, jos qtr. Tle. vanoper — eessia ATT ISBN O47 -8se5 Printed in the United States of Ameria wosressazy PREFACE TO REPRINTED EDITION The original edition of this book has been out of print for several years, but there have been many requests for it to be reprinted. The original publishers, John Wiley and Son Inc, New York, have been gracious in re-assigning copyright to the surviving author, and hence, the book is now being reprinted through the Centre for Geotechnical Research at the University of Sydney. This reprinted edition contains a significant number of corrections which were brought to the author's attention by a number of users, in particular, Dr John T Christian, Dr Peter T Brown, Professor M R Madhav, Mr J M Shen, Sir Alan Muir Wood, Dr K J Cheverton, Professor Michael J Pender, Dr | D Moore, Associate Professor J C Small and Mr M A Adler. | am very grateful to these persons for their interest in bringing the errors to my attention. | am also grateful for the encouragement of my colleagues within the Centre for Geotechnical Research at the University of Sydney to prepare the corrected edition, and to Ms Monica Martin, who undertook the typing of the corrections and Miss Kim Pham for correcting the figures. Harry G Poulos August, 1991 PREFACE ‘The authors have attempted to assexble as comprehensive a collection as possible of graphs, tables and explicit solution of problems in elasticity relevant to soil and rock mechanics. Many of these solutions are well known and“widely used in geotechnical practice, and are available in standard references. However, new solutions of relevance appear at frequent intervals and in diverse publications, and it is~ difficult for the practising engineer to locate, or even to Jmow of the existence of, a solution which may be of interest. The large najority of solutions are for an isotropic horo- geneous mass, but soze inportant solutions are also included for cross-anisotropic and non-hopogencous elastic materials. Because of the vast literature in the theory of elasticity and the need to keep the book to a reasonable size, coverage of solutions in this book is by no means exhaustive, and solutions which nay be considered of relevance by sone people will doubt- Jess have been omitted. In a number of instances, a reference is given even though no solution is reproduced in the book. Tt has not been found practicable to maintain a unifora notation throughout the book; where there appeared to be valid reasons for doing so, the original author's notation has been adhered to, but particularly in the more basic material, a commen notation has been used. However, 2 uniform sign con- vention has been used in that the following are considered a5, positive: compressive stress, reduction in length or volume, and displacenent in the positive co-ordinate direction. The authors have not attempted the imense task of a full cheek of all the solutions they have reproduced, but a nore Limited check has been carried out by testing solutions for selg- consistency and consistency with other solutions and this has umecvered a mmber of errors in the original solutions which have been corrected. However, it is probable that some further errors wAL1 have escaped the authors’ notice and any information on such errors vill be gratefully received by then. The book is divided into essentially four parts: (@)__an introductory sumary of tho basic equations and relationships in elastic theory (Chapter 1) and then basic solutions for problens involving concentrated loads on elastic media (Chapter 2); (©) __ solutions for loading of simple geometrical areas, both uniformly loaded and rigid (Chapters 3 to 9); (©). solutions of a nore complicated nature having relevance to practical soil mechanics, rock mechanics and foundation roblens (Chapters 10 to 15) ()__ appendices containing complete solutions for various cases of surgace loading on an anisotropic or isotropic elastic half space, As a reference for students, research workers and practising engineers, this book may be used in a number of ways: (2) as an imediate source of solutions for use in solving geotechnical problems; (®)__a5 2 source of basic solutions from which nore complicated solutions may be evaluated by the user; ()___as a source of reference solutions against which ‘mmumerical computer solutions (c.g. from the finite eleaent method) my be checked. Grateful achnowledgenent is given to the great number of persons and institutions, too numerous to list individually, who have given permission for their solutions to be reproduced. Special thanks are due to Dr. T. Willian Lambe; Edmund K. ‘Tumer Professor of Civil Engineering at ¥.1.T., for his original encouragenent of the preparation of the books Or. J.P. Giroud of the University of Grenoble, France, for his generous permission to reproduce many of his results, both published and unpublished; Drs. J.R. Booker and P.T. Brown of the University of Sydney for theix coments and advice, and Dr. C. M, Gerrard and Mrs. W.J. Harrison for permission to reproduce their papers in full as Appendices A and 8. Finally, the authors are greatly indebted to Mrs. M. Brown, who cheerfully and patiently carried out the major task of typing the mnu- seript, and to Mr. R. Brev, Mrs. H. Papallo and Miss A. Chittendon, who undertook the onerous task of preparing the diagrans. H. G. Poulos E.H. Davis June 1873 CHAPTER 1 1a 12 13 14 1s 1.6 17 18 1.9 GUAPTER 2 21 2.2 2.3 GUAPTER 3 3a 3.2 33 34 35 3.6 CHAPTER 4 42. 42 43 CONTENTS FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS snalysis of stress Analysis of strain Equilibrium equations Strain-displacenent and compatability equations Stress-strain relationships Digferential equations of isotropic elasticity Convenient nethods of considering loaded areas Superpssition of solutions for various loadings Equations of simple bending theory BASIC SOLUTIONS FOR CONCENTRATED LOADING Point loading Line loading Line loading-axial symmetry DISTRIBUTED LOADS ON THE SURFACE OF A SEMI= INFINITE YASS Loading on an infinite strip Loading over half the infinite surface Loading on a circular area Uoading on a rectangular area Loading on an elliptical area Loading over any area - DISTRIBUTED LOADING BENEATH THE SURFACE OF A ‘SEMI-INFINITE YASS Vertical Loading on a horizental area Horizontal leading on a vertical rectangle Rectangles subjected to shear loading 10 2 1s 16 28 2 36 aL 43 54 ” 7 92 7 99 S. 5.2 8.3 5.4 CHAPTER 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 CHAPTER 7 7 12 7.3 74 1S 7.6 17 78 79 CHAPTER 8 8.1 8.2 83 84 8.5 9.1 9.2 CONTENTS: SURFACE LOADING OF A FINITE LAYER UNDERLATN BY A RIGID BASE Loading on an infinite strip Loading on a circulsr area Loading on a rectangular area Vertical loading over any area SURFACE LOADING OF MULTI-LAYER SYSTEMS ‘Tworlayer systems ‘Three-layer systens Four-layer systems Approximate solutions for multi-layer systens RIGID LOADED AREAS Infinite strip on a semi-infinite mass Circle on semi-infinite sass Circular ring on semi-infinite mass Rectangle on semi-infinite mass Ellipse on semi-infinite mass Infinite strip on finite layer Circle on finite layer Rectangle on finite layer Rigid areas enbedded within a seni-infinite mass STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS TN CROSS- ANISOTROPIC MEDIA Concentrated loading on a seni-infinite mass Strip on seni-infinite mass Cirele on semi-infinite mass Loading on multi-layer systems Particular cases of anisotropy ‘STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN A NON-HOMOGENEOUS ELASTIC MASS Seni-infinite mass with linear variation of aodulus Generalized Boussinesq theory for non- homogeneous semi-infinite mass Finite layer with linear variation of modulus 103 un us 152 138 4s 162 162 165 166 167 168 169 im 178 180 180 183 184 185 187 ist 193 195 198 CHAPTER 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 CHAPTER 11 WL 1.2 (CHAPTER 12 121 12.2 12.5 CHAPTER 15 13.1 15.2 13.35 13.4 13.5 13.6 CHAPTER 14 ML 14.2 14.3 CHAPTER 15 Bal 15.2 15.3 1544 15.5 15.6 CONTENTS STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN EVSANENTS AND SLOPES. Enbankrent on rigid base Enbanksent on elastic foundation In€inite slope ‘STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS AROUND UNDERGROUND OPENINGS Unlined openings Lined openings RAFT FOUNDATIONS Strip foundations on a semi-infinite mass Cireular rafts Rectangular rafts AXIALLY LOADED PILES Single intoupressible floating pile Single compressible floating pile Single compressible end-bearing pile Negative friction in a single end-bearing pile Floating pile groups End-bearing pile groups PILES SUBJECTED TO LATERAL LOAD AND MOMENT Single floating pile ‘Tip-restrained piles Pile groups MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS Thick-wall cylinder in triaxial stress field Cylinder with rough rigid end plates Inclusion in an infinite region se plate subjected to moment and horizontal Stresses in a layer with a yielding base Stresses behind retaining walls 199 226 229 265 249 255 260 269 an 278 278 279 281 283 287 291 297 297 304 305 APPENDIX A STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN A LOADED ORTHORHOMBIC HALF SPACE APPENDIX B CIRCULAR LOADS APPLIED TO A CROSS- ANISOTROPIC HALF SPACE AUTHOR INDEX INDEX adi 509 337 399 405 407 Chapter 1 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS 1.1 Analysis of Stress 4.1.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND SIGN CONVENTION Since it is often convenient in soi] mechanics to consider compressive stresses as positive, this conventional vill be adopted here, The normal and shear stresses acting on an elesent are shown in Fig.1.1, the stresses ali being of positive sim. The normal stresses Gz, dy, dz are positive shen directed into the surface. The notation for the shear stress tzj is as follows: ‘Teg is the shear stress acting in the jf dixection on g plane normal to the ¢ axis. ‘The sign convention for shear stress is as follows: ‘The shear stress is positive when directed ina negativs Cartesian direction while acting on a plane whose cutward nomal points in a positive direction, or, when directed in @ positive Cartesian direction while acting on @ plane whose outward normal points in a*hegative Cartesian direction, ‘Equilibrium requires that w= ay Te by, =F ye Uy te 7 le For the definition of stresses in other coondin- ate systens, see Section 1.5. 1.1.2. STRESS COMPONENTS OW ANY PLANE Referring to Fig.i.2, the stress components Pre» Pays Pra on any plane with a directed normal n can be expressed in terms of the stresses in the =, y md = coordinates as oe P26.2.2 2 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS Pra coe(ny) Pay | = | Tey %y Tay | fereme? Joe GD Pra Tee Tye %p | | cosine? where cos(n,z) is the cosine of the angle between the 1 and 2 directions, and similarly for eos(ny) and cos(n,a). y vm FIG.1.2 1.1.3. TRANSFORMATION OF AXES If a new set of orthogonal axes =’, y’, 2! are chosen, the stress components in this coordinate system are related to the stress components in the original =, y, 2 system as follows: 5 =A SAT see 0.2) where S; is the stress matrix with respect to the z'y'z' axes, Sis the stress matrix with respect the zyx axes, to A is the direction cosine matrix, ine, 4 = | cos(s',z) cos(s',y) gos(s',2) eoa(y',z) costy'sy) cos(y'sz) costa!) cos(s',y) cos(a',s) AB is the transpose of A. 1.1.4 PRINCIPAL STRESSES It is possible to show that there is one set of axes with respect to which all shear stresses are zero and the normal stresses have their extreme values. The three mutually perpendicular planes where this condition exists are called the principal planes, and the normal stresses acting on these planes are the principal stresses. ‘The principal stresses, 01, 02 and os (the maximum, intermediate and minimum stresses respect ively) may be found as the roots of the equation id; #528, - Ty = 0 se G3) where Jy = 0,40,40, = (bulk strese) ie + (Leda) 5 at tet 2at,? Ta 2 0,0 y'0, 010,05 Ta Tys “Tae see Gab) Jy = 0,9,0,-0,1, 2-07, 2-0,7,2 Ley gOhyd “yas “Tyg + yytyatee 1+ 140) di (or 0), J2, Js are often known as the first, second and third stress invariants, as they remain constant, independent of the coordinate system. In terms of the principal stresses, NO antares + @.5a) Ja = 102 + 0203 + 0301 +++ (2.56) Js = 10203 see G.5¢) The directions of the normals to the principal planes are given by ses (62) +++ (1.60) % os ses Q.60) pepe? (9y-9,) rth Tytes 7 Tey ar? Neylys eal and 6, are the principal stresses 7 i = 1,2,3). « 1.1.5 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS ‘The maximm shear stress occurs on a plane whose normal makes an angle of 45° with the o; and oy directions. ‘The maximm shear stress, Tar at a point is given by ANBLESIS OF STRESS 3 = Haro) ‘nae 27 T.1.6 OGTAMEDRAL STRESSES The octahedral norsal stress pgp and the octahedral shear stress togt at 2 point are the stresses acting on the eight planes of an imaginary ‘octahedron surrounding the point, the normals to the faces of the octahedron having direction cosines of 21/43 with the direction of the principal stresses. The magnitudes of the octahedral stresses are = Titers 9 eye ves 8) oot 5 3 3 Tyo 7 F {Cor-e2)*#02-o9F #1oy-0n)*}¥ 1 2, 2 = 2 ((0,-6,)?#16,-9,)?40,-0,) Leg ter 2 leg ae Hyg IE 1.9) 1.1.7 TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRESS SYSTEMS Many situations in soil uechanics con be treated 38 two-dimensional problems in which only the stresses Jn 3 single plane noed be considered. The most important case is that of plave otnain, in which the strain (see Section 1.2) in one of the coordinate @irections (usually the y direction here) is zero. Another class of problems are those involving plate stress conditions, in which the stress in one of the coordinate directions {usually y here) is zero. In tto~dimensional stress situations, the stress relationships ate considerably simplified’ in relation to the general threo-dimensional case. Referring to Fig.1.3, the stresses on a plane making an angle 6 with the 2 direction are 0g = H0,t0_J#(c,-0,Joas20+1,otnB8 ... (1.10) Ty = Tyq00828K(a, -0,)sin20 ve QT) ‘The principal stresses are given by Rb= soso) woos ye... aa The principal planes are inclined at an angle 8, 8 = dart wee (1.13) ey and 8,490" to the # axis. FIG.L.3 The maximum shear stress occurs on planes inclin- ed at 48° to the principal planes and is of magnitude ses G14) Syme Me ae? (loo) 40,,3)% (It should be noted that the sign of this maxima shear stress 1s opposite on the two planes, in order ‘to conform to the Sign convention given in Section haa). 1.1.8 MOHR'S CIRCLE OF STRESS A geonetrical solution for stresses in any dir ection is provided by Mohr's circle, shown in Fig.1.4 for a twe-dimensional stress system, The circle is drawn in relation to a set of orthogonal axes, one for normal stress (0) and the other for shear stress (tJ. The scale of these two axes mst be equal. If the principal stresses oi, 3 are known, the cirele can be dram with the centre at o=h(01403) and of radius (0;-03)/2. If the noraal and shear stresses are know, the cirele can be dravn with the centre at o=k(oxtdy) and passing through the points (o_, ,_) and (¢,5-t,) ‘The radius of the circle thus constructed is equal to the maximum shear stress tg (see Equation 114). ‘The angle 28: is twice the angle between the s-8 coordinate axes and the axes corresponding to the directions of principal stress (the i-3 axes in Fig.1.4). The direction of rotation of the radius fron its original constructed position to where the circle intersects the normal stress axis is in the same angular sense a5 the direction of rotation of the ‘axes for the a-z axes to become the principal 1 axes: ‘The stresses in eny other directions =’, a! may sinilarly be determined by draving diameter, through the contre of the circle, at an mgle 28’ to the Aianeter deseribing the stress conditions on the « ‘FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS 2 axes, where 0/ is the angle between the == axes and the z’-s' axes (see Pig.t.4). Tt should be noted that shear stresses are ¢on- sidered positive if they tend to produce a clockvise rotation about a point, outside the elenent, at the plane on which they act (Fig.1.5). This convention is consistent with that previously developed for FIG.1,5 1.1.9 POLE CONSTRUCTION Tae pole construction is a useful way-of Linking ‘the stresses at 4 point in the physical plane (Pig. 1.6b) to the Mohr circle disgram for the stresses (Fig-1.6a). The pole, P, is the point on the circle such thet the normal and shear stresses on any plane & (perpendicular to the physical plane) aze given by ‘the intersection with the Mohr circle of a line through P parallel with the plane a. For example the stresses on vertical and horizontal planes are, as Andicated in Fig.J.6a and the najor principal plane is inclined at the angle @ above the horizontal, 1.2 Analysis of Strain 1.2.3. BASIC DEFINITIONS Considering first the case of two-dimensional strain (Fig.1.7), the normal strains ez and e are defined as vey (18a) ANALYSIS OF STRAIN ei 20, -3 se CLo150) where 2, Pg are the displacements in the 2 and 2 directions. A positive normal strain corresponds ‘to a decrease in length. The shear strain gz is the angular change in a right angle in a material and is related to the dis- placenents pe and pz as 2°, = -3i- ses (2.16) A positive shear strain represents an increase in the right angle and a negative shear strain represents a decrease in the right angle. ~ Considering the 2y and ys planes similarly, the six strain Components are related to the displace- ments Pz» Pys Pz inthe =, y and 2 directions as ae, 2, 2, TE ey TE GT) a, 20, = og ae y ve ee e Yee 2 Eee ute) a = ae te “Ne G6! s te thot postion (na enntiguration of the eriginc! right ngs AOR ‘Shear StrOM Yqx=-Oy~ 62 ¥IG.1.7 1.2.2 STRAIN IN A PLANE Considering again a two-dimensional strain situ- ation, the normal strain eg in a plane inclined at @ tothe 2 axis is and the shear strain is Yo = Yes 820 - (e,r€,) singe see (L189) (Note that the above expressions correspond to those for the normal and shear stresses (Section 1,1), except for a factor of in the last term). 1.2.5 TRANSFORMATION OF AXES If a new set of orthogonal axes =', y!, 2’ are chosen, the strain components in this coordinate system are related to the strain components in the original <, y, 2 system as Dy, = Adal see (1.20) where D is the strain matrix in the 2% 2 systea, he, ey Fey May pe |My Y My Hen May 5, se G21) Dy is the strain matrix in the a', y's a! system, A is the direction cosine matrix defined in Section 1.1.3. AT is the transpose of A, In matrix operations, it is convenient to use the double suffix notation and to define 4vzz as ey The strain matrix is then fsx Say See D= leye Sy Sys Fas “ya Sas] see (2.22) 1.2.4 PRINCIPAL STRAINS ‘Analogous to the principal planes of stress, there ‘axe three principal planes of strain. The shear strains in these planes are zero and the normal strains ‘are the principal strains, The najor and minor prin- cipal strains are respectively, the greatest and least normal strains at the point, For an isotropic elastic material, the principal planes of strain can be shown to coincide with the principal planes of stress. 6 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS ‘The principal strains are deternitied, in a sinil- ar manner to principal stresses, as the roots of the equation ef - het +ne,-t=0 e+ 28) where Thee, tey te, +. (24a) wt The te 4 see (1,24b) €, ze 2 Theeee, - eve. ee ays a en? ey Ves Y; eer eed see G-240) Ih, Iz, Is are the strain invariants, analogous to the stress invariants. In two-dimensional systems, the principal strains €1, €3 are as follows: 8) a pe Sale tee 7 ses 1.25) and the principal planes are inclined at an angle 6; to the = and 2 axes, where 6 cr es pom ear? ses 1.26) 1.2.5 MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN. Yar 7 81> es ses 1.27) where €, = maximum principal normal strain, €5 = minimm principal noraal strain, ‘maz occurs on a plane whose normal makes an angle of 45° with the €, and €3 directions. 1.2.6 MOHR'S CIRCLE OF STRAIN A geometrical solution for strains in any direct- ion is provided by Mohr's circle of strain (Fig.1.8). ‘The only difference between the circle of strain and the cizcle of stress is that, in the circle of strain, ‘the ordinate represents only one-half the shear strain (i.e. the ordinate axis is 7/2). As in Fig.1.4, the axes’ 1-3 represent the principal axes, 2-2 the horizontal and vertical space axes and ‘x'-2! the axes in direction at an angle @/ to the =z axes. The dianeter of the circle is equal to the maximm shear strain Veet Yume 7 Marg) + Yay ‘The pole construction as described for the Mohr circle of stress may be adapted for the Mohr circle of strain. wk FIG.1.8 Mobr circle of strain. 1.3 Equilibrium Equations 41.3.1 CARTESIAN COORDINATES By considering the equilibrium of the elenent shown in Fig.1.1 in the Cartesian coordinate system, the following equilibriun equations are obtained: Bo, Bye HF, ae, Tere we Ge wet He ore 2.282) see (1.280) QOILIBRIUM EQUATIONS x, tye MF Elam, ye etre te te? where % ¥, % are the body. forces, per With axial symetry, these become ES ‘an unit volume, in the =, y’ and 20, a0, = directions, ny ca wer aa? With an ordinary gravity field and the 2 dir- gevton vertically dowvaris,” and) 2” are zero and et Bote the unit weight, y, of the material. ar Me Ten unit ight, Y¥, “we tat oO 1.3.2. CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES 1.3.5. SPHERICAL COORDINATES (Fig.2.10) 16,1,20 +290 * ree 3p FIG.1.9 x, 26, ro “Blatt meat Considering the equilibrium of the elezent in the cylindrical (x,2, 0) coordinate syste shovn in Fig. + yy 2 Map 1.3, Be equilibrium equations are (neglecting body et 0 * Feind 39 forces: 4, 20,79 . By Moprtyh oe F a @.28¢) see 308) ee (.30b) x, IMyy Fr Tghh gore? 19,4 Poaceae) see (Sta) a, 1 May, Bratlagaylert® wee (LA31B) doy FyytPT—gorte och Me, Stee @.sie) For complete spherical symnetry these becone see Q.32) 4 ‘FUNDAMENTAL DSFIWITIONS AND RELATIOUSATPS 1.4 Strain-Displacement and Compatibility Equations 1.4.1 CARTESIAN COORDINATES ‘The strain ~ displacement relationships are given in equation (1.17). "Since six strain components are Serived from only thres displacements, the strains are not independent of each other. Six further relation- ships, Kuown as the compatibiiicy equations, can be derived. These ore 95 follows: ses (380) ve, ve, WY, ‘yy ote ys ae Wye ve G35) ae, * Nex aetae * ne ss G.386) Be a, My Mee, (= ep Mee GRR CEB - ox ae, Mee |, 34 wes (1-330) ny, wy, 19-2 Zee SE-B). 35h 1.4.2 CYLINDRICAL CooRDINATES ‘The strain ~ displacement cquations are, ap, 0 e- ~-2 50 9,8 ar Yeo Te te see (34a) Pn 1 2 20, 2 ®, oR ae Tos" "ie Fao ee (548) ap, ap, 2p 5 “re vee (1-34e) ‘The corresponding compatability equations arc quoted by L'ure (1964). 1.4.3, SPHERICAL COORDINATES: ‘The strain - disptacosent equations are: 2, 1 Bn 0 Po fo ac Yo "re see (35a) wee G58) ‘The compatibility equations, for the case of axial symmetry, are quoted by Lure (1964). 1.5 Stress-Strain Relationships 1.5.1 LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS ISOTROPIC MATERIAL Strains in texm: of stress: ey 2 Eley va, +a) oe 369) ey = Zt, - vo, +6) 360) «, = bi- ve, +o see G.360) ty By ses 1.368) (2.366) 1.368), where B = Young's modulus v= Poisson's ratio @ = shear modulus —_, ee 1.357) afte) Also, volume strain e, = Ge 2% “BD where 6, = Gxttyten © = o,0ye0, = bulk stress STRESS~STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS 3 K = balk modulus. Stresses in terms of strains: a, = de, + 206, s+ (1.388) oy = de, + 205, se (1.388) Go, = de, # 266, or (E380) Tyg = Mpg ete se (1.382) vhere A,G are Lame's parameters ae d= —2_ (sv) (1-20) see (1.398) Ge —2—s shear modulus 2080) see (1.386) (G 4s also often denoted as u). Fot the special case of plane stress e.g. in the az plane, oy=0 in the above equations. . For the special case off plane strain in the sz plane, ey=0 and hence 9, = Wo, #64) y vee (1.403 Equations (1.36) then reduce to (lev) e,2 OO) to,(2-0) - wa) ses G48) aro ses G.42b) 0, (2-v) ~ vo} ses Geto) ter Ft, ses (dla) Solutions for a plane strain problem can be usod for the corresponding plane stress problem provided that the following equivalent values of E and v are used in the plane strain problem: {eB ——_— eee (42a), e aw)? 8 wes 1.420) Conversely, to use solutions for a plane stress problen for the corresponding plane strain probles,_ he equivalent modeli are see (2.438) see 43) re Plane stress solutions which do not involve the elastic parameters are therefore identical with the corresponding plane strain solutions e.g. stresses within a semi-infinite plate and stresses due to line loading on a seni-infinite mss, Sumary of Relationships Betweon Elastic Paraiieters z Gforp) = wre (1.44) BC1e0) ye — Fv aes (1.45) (99) (1-89) . g- —57.atewe wae (1-46) S(i-tv) 51-40) B= 36 wee (47) see -. vy = Lk) ver (248) 20340) 2» ay i a2 see (1-49) Ny : Constrained odulus (1/my in Soil Mechanics) = WE eee (2.50) (ev) (1-20) . 1.5.2. CROSS ANISOTROPIC MATERIAL Stresses in terms of strains: Cartesian codrdinates: o, "at, # be, + 06, vee G.5la) wee (1.518) aoe GS1e) see G.518) ere C510) we G51) Oy =, Bey tae, + 05, ©, = et, tot, +c, vee G.528) see 1.52b) see (2.520) see C526) see (520) ae C528) lo FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS FT Mon! (Thy) (IV, 72, V4) ses (1530) Ex on (Fy) ‘i @.53b) Fy, Yoh Iron ses (1.85e) BCI) ass) Toon se (83a) = modulus of elasticity in the horizontal direction = modulus of elasticity in the vertical direction Vy = Poisson's ratio for effect of horizontal stress on com- plementary horizontal strain Vjy = Poisson's ratio for effect of horizontal stress on vertical strain = Poisson's ratio for effect of vertical stress on horizontal strain. It can be shown that Fa iw S ze le ve G54) 5, Mn The elastic constant f is a shear modulus and cannot be expressed in terms of the Young's modulf or Poisson's ratios. f is often denoted as Gy. Strains in terns of stresse: see G.558) c++ @-55b) see (2.55e) vee 554) see .5Se) 4 = Ge 558) In sone works (0.g. Urena et al, 1966) Viy is denoted merely a5 Vy and the use of vy is avoid- ed by using equation (1.54). ‘The fact that the strain energy mist be positive imposes restrictions on the values of the elastic parameters. For a cross-anisotropic naterial with.2 vertical axis of elastic symmetry, Hearmon (1961) gives these restrictions as aro sss 56a) a>0 ses 1.566) fro ses (1.560) at> Be ses (1.568) (atb)d > 208 se+ (1.560) ad > o® - ses @.56E) In terns of the Poisson's ratios, these restrictions impose the limits TY > My yy? OF ses (1.578) s+ (1.876) -¥,>0 Tey >0 + @.57e) ferential Equations of Isotropic Elasticity 1.6.1 EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF STRESSES Cartesian Coordinates vo, + ax, yy ge bd a ty ae ae + (1.584) vo +b Bel Beak Yay? ive wy a y see (1580) vio + POL Heh dy a2 i-v dey On os see (1.58e) vie, ¢ 280 or, eee (1.588) YF nav yas sy 2 vi +b 222k a oF = se (1.586) ay ae EQUATIONS OF ISOTROPIC BLASTICITY n ses 585) For constant or zero body forces, the first three equations of (1.58) reduce to the Laplace equation ve =o see G59) For the special case of plane stress, the equat- ions are the equilibrium equations c++ (2-608) see (2.606) eee (1.800) For plane strain, the first to of the above thee equations are again applicable, The third equation ts a 4 fo, +0,) = Le ‘at a? dev ae” 2 ave (61) 1€ body Forces are constant, the equations for plane stress and plane strain conditions are identical, Qytininteal Coordinates With zero or constant body forces: vo 2 20 Fee y cos (1.628) de ant 29 + 8 49 0, + Boga) wes (1.62) yoy) +E, L EB 12G., Figg tw ‘ras ant vee (1,626) - t+ 22D oo a iar r 36 » (2.628) ee 1 #0 woe, 2 7, 30” v0 tras see (1.62e) at, ao f09,2 Te,212° _, tn 00 Teun O08 see G.626) For the general case of non-constant body forces, the corresponding equations, in tentor form, are given dy Lure (1964), 1.6.2 EQUATIONS IN TERMS OF STRESS FUNCTION ¢ Cartesian Coordinates We = 0 = VR ses (1.63) where eof ay ae For plane stress or plane strain, ate, 236 6 248g see 1.66 be* ae78z? an* oes and the stresses are related to 6 as follows: see (1.658) ses (1.650) (1.686) Cylindrical Coordinates For axial symmetry, Ve = 0 = VN ves (2.66) where xz a pe hath + or zi The stresses are related to ¢ as = 2 ontg - BH ses (1.678) co ar® o, = zee Ley aes (1676) rie o, = 2 yew vy -B2) ess (676) az at 22 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS = 2pm y-F8] a8 or ast 1.6.5 EQUATIONS IN TERNS OF DISPLACEMENTS Carterian Ccondinates a, on) 24 ovo, - xX = 0 s+ (688) a ae, s+ (2,686) O+G) 2+ ap - 1 = 0 wy y 26, (ee) 24 avtp- 2 = 0 see (2.68) a were 2,6 are Lane's paraweters volume strain vet yrs, ts Cylindrical Coordinates For axial symerry, a ao, Grn (Ee Be 2p Es roy —2 art oan aa? ares = Rw. 69a) Ho, a, 8, 2, ove —2+22 @ +22 gy word ar ar ae tA ew) = 2... C69 Pas ar where R,2 are the body forces in the y amd z directions. Qa the 2 axis (m0) the relevant equation is Fe, ap, ap, 420) Be 2g 2 2096) Pet a? at aaa s++ (2.69¢) 1.7 Convenient Methods of Considering Loaded Areas 1.7.1 SUPERPOSITION OF RECTANGLES T€ the loaded area can be approximated by a rec- tangle, or by a series of rectangles, and appropriate influence factors for stress or displacement beneath ‘the corner of a rectangle are available, the stress or displacement at ony point my be determined by ‘superposition .of rectangles. For the simple case of a single rectangle, the stress beneath a interior point Oy (see Fig.1.11) nay Simply be calculated as Oo = pik + Xe + Ky t Xe) s+ 2,70) where Hay Hay Kay Hs are the approp- viate influence factors for areas 1,2,3 and 4, for the appropriate geometry of each receangle. FIG.2.12, For an exterior point Op (Fig. 1,11) O = Pikisataty ~Kate ~Kate +Ky) vee QD For couputer calculations, the superposition principle can be stated as (see Fig.1.11): OF = SCHL) = FOHAU,XD ~ IW EV) # SHOU, I-T) 72) where Jinn) = sign (not ml, [n]) sign fxm) dT owhen m>o a mcd a(|n|,[n[2 = stress beneath comer of a rectangle m * 1. Displacements axe calculated similarly. For horizontal and shear stresses, care wust be taken to take account of the sign of K for each xectangle, 1.7.2 REMWARK'S METHOD ‘This method was developed by Newmark (1935) and is a graphical method involving the use of an influence chart, examples of which are shown in Figs.3.68-3.78, A drawing is made of the loaded area to a scale which is warked on the chart, and this drawing is so placed on the chart that the origin of the chart coincides with the point at or beneath which the stress or dis- placement is required. ‘The mmber of blocks covered by the loaded axea is then counted and multiplied by"an appropriate factor (shown on the chart} and the applied loading to. give the required stress or displacenent. METHODS FOR LOADED AREAS ay When the area is not uniforsly toaded, the charts can still be used by considering the non-uniforn lesd- ing to be made up of several sets of uniformly loaded In using the charts, parts of blocks may be est- imated with sufficient accuracy for practical purposes. Im general, the loaded area will be drawn on tracing Paper and Laid upon the chart. Several "Newmark Charts!” for stresses and dis- placemonts in a semi-infinite mass are given in Section 5.6. for a finite layer, Burmister (1956) has prepazed charts, but the use of these cherts is, more complicated a5"they mist be used in conjunction With a table of influence values (see Section $.4.1). 1.7.3. SECTOR METHOD This method has been described by Poulos (19672). For uy particular problea, a set of curves relating the stress.or displacenent influence factor beneath the apex of a uniformly loaded sector to the sector radius nay be obtained by integration of the approp- viate point load influence factors over a sector. Such sets of curves are referred to as "scctor curves", ind ‘typical examples are given in Sections 3.6.2 and 5.4.2. In onder to use the sector curves for calculation of the required influence factors for a loaded area of any shape, a scale diagram of the area is dram, and a nouber of relatively suall-angled sectors are dram to cut the loaded area, each sector emanating from an apex which Lies on the size vertical line as the point at - which the influence factor is required. The point om the surface of the elastic solid through which this vertical line passes will be termed the "surface origin". In Fig.1.12, typical sectors Og #2B2_ and 07 4:8," are shown in ptan for surface origins Oz eutside and Or inside the loaded area. For invariant stresses such as the bulk stress ©, and for the stress 0, and the displacement pz, the influence af the typical sector Op Aa: for the oxter- nal surface origin Og is I, - 1,4) 66 where J, 4s the sector influence value at 2 the required depth for 2 mean sector radius 7m, and sintlar~ ly for Ip, ‘The influence factor at Og for the whole loaded area is roe Ey, - 14, 68 ves O73) For the surface origin Oy within the loaded area, the influence factor for the whole losded area is re W,,.6 ves 1-78) then evalue ing the influence factor for a stress or displacenent ~'ich is in a dizection other thon the 2 direction, the summetion of sector influence factors must be vectorial. To calailate the horizon: tal stress cz in the direction at Op, both the tangential and radial stress influence factors for each sector are requixed, the influence value for the whole loaded area being given by fa, + Hoste = gyg,)-88-008%8 + +(oo%g,-~ o9%,,}58-sin79}..@..75) where Io, is the influence factor for due to the loaded area, Les al, opie: ople, 2 the Sector influence fact~ ors for the radial stress, for sector radii of 7; and rz respectively. o> gale ople;? agle, 280 the sector influence fect- ors for the tangential stress, for sector radii of mi, ra. ‘The influence factors for horizontal stress Cy im the y direction my be obtained similarly, = - ant Fu, 7 WG for “alos -se-eente + Gy In the same manner, it may be shown that the influence factors for the three shear stresses in the Cartesian coordinate system are a5 follows: oe7az)8®- 008°} ses (1.76) Taye” Tagg 7 Wleglos ~ gen ~ ogfan testes) .68.8in 8.008 6} ses Q.778} 1s FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS = TG Fes" take e088. 8 ses 77) = Weproa” tpgZea) + Sint 88 vee (770) where cpploys tyglay aFe the sector influence factors for radial shesr stress, for sector radii of ri, me For the displacements 9, and py in the = trid_y directions for the surface origin Op, the influence factors are I, = UG Fes ~ 9,Zoq): 6.2008 ae (1-788) Toy Lazo, ~ pjZeg) S858 «+ (2.786) where Ip, and Ipy are influence fact> ors for’ the displacements in the = and y directions due to the whole loaded area, fare the sector influence fact~ ors for radial displacement, for sector rai of 71,r2- alos? ates Waving found the infiuence factor f for the whole azes, the stresses and displacenents for Og and 0 dae to uniform loading are given in ali cases by oe fr sez (679) a ad,p = or see G80) aE ‘The accuracy of the influence fectors calculated by the sector method increases with the number of sec tors used, and the more irregular the shape of the loaded arca, the greater is the desirable mumber of sectors. For the calculation of influence fectors for stresses and displacenents which ace neither in- variant nor in the a direction, the sector angle $9. mist be small in order to proserve the accuracy of Yoth the magnitude and direction of the calculated influence factor. Stresses aid Displacements Beneath the Centre of @ Uniformly Otrele Beneath the centre of a uniformly loaded circle, ‘the expressions for stresses and displacenents reduce to very simple forms. For oz, 03 and the invariant stresses, Ios tit,, s+ @.81) where Zgq is the sector influence factor for a sector radius equal -to the radius of the circle. For the horisontal stresses cand 9, = 4, ‘6, oy wher? gyteas oplea xe settor influence factors fer 09 and Gp for a sector radies equat 20 the radius of the circle. = gy Tee * glad! oplea* ogfea ore (2.82) ‘The influence factors for all shear stresses and for the horizontal displacenents 2 and fy are zero in this case. 1,8 Superposition of Solutions for Various Loadings Solutions aze usually only available for relativ~ ely simple types of loading. If the loading pattern is complicated, superposition of solutions for simple loadings may frequently be employed. Examples of the decomposition of complicated loadings into simpler Joads have been given by Giroud (1968) in terns of four simple loading types, uniform vertical load, Linearly varying vertical 1oad, uniform horizontal toad and linearly varying horizontal load. Fig.1.15 shows the examples given by Giroud, the sigs in each case referring to the signs of the four simple loading types. ‘The foregoing is exact for generalized linear loading. The approach can be extended approximately ‘to completely general non-linear loading by division of this loading into a series of general linear ‘loadings. © ® © Wn [Ds [xa GEG) || GRE a) o Ly) Wzr| cn GIFTS) || GT) o| © ® WA ket ua (GE) || Gere) || STeTeTS) od ® oO al, | ax. GET) | GETS || Ee noe wan oo come, 0 w wa ww FIG.1.13 Decomposition of loadings (Gireud,1968). SIMPLE BENDING THBORY 25 1.9 Equations of Simple Bending Theory ‘1.9.1 HORIZONTAL BEAM arf. a where EI = flexural rigidity se G83) p = deflection (positive downwards) 2 distance along beam M = bending monent ("sagging" moments positive, "hogging" moments negative) & sige o= 2 see (88) “7 a Shear force vy =: ~ % see (1.858) & - are (for constant FI) ... (1.856) Load per uit length p= -Se s+ (1.862) - a fe (for constant EY)... (1.866) 1.9.2 CIRCULAR PIATE For axially-symetrical loading, s+ (2.87) shere p = deflection (positive down- wards) y= radial distance fron centre load intensity q = load intensity D = flexural rigidity of plate » ae 28(I-v?) E = Young’ modaus of plate v= Poisson's ratio of plate = plate thickness and My per unit length in ‘The bending nonents ‘the ‘directions are given by radial and tangent wu, = -fFt42 vee (1.888) * Gi ar and My = 0% +y 2) ses (2.888) * a ae . 1.9.5 RECTANGULAR PLATE Be, eRo Mela vee (1-898) ast tata? ay oD Le, Me= g/d see (1.898) where q = intensity of load D-= flentral rigidity of plate as before. Tho moments per mit length, i and My, in the = md y directions sre 2, 2, 4 > eee wes @.90a) 2, o wo= -D Bea yt ave (2.900) yo wee vED a.) ay Chapter 2 BASIC SOLUTIONS FOR CONCENTRATED LOADING 2.1 Point Loading 2.1.2 BOUSSINESQ ProBLEM - Point load acting on the surface of a semi- infinite mass (Fig.2.2)} 2.2.1 KELVIN PROBLEM Point load acting within an infinite elastic sass (Fig.2-1). Pp ° FIG.2.1 : re ' z R Fe h, FIG.2.2 oo RIT (AR Beppe ors Qala) o, = see (22a) 6, * pty & OSE ay]. ay oy = ge [2882 5 Geta) vee (2.20) 4 ee see (Bude) og <-SEBUE (2 Ey ses (2.20) oe gghgy Male vgn o = Ha a 38 Set Ros BB+ ee). ate) i,- Be se (2.2e) o, = PAM [s-w+Z] an 9, = PH) teri + By os G28 0, + ~ PAS vee QB) o, = Sieh ae . Genie) ve 2.20 a6 POT? LOADING 2.2.3 CERUTTI'S PROBLEM Horizontal point toad acting along the surface of a semi-infinite mass (Fig.2.3). x BGR At 1S aint (ays? ee eee (2.38) 8. * RIE + abe BO see (2.36) Pe pot, ate amaty Oy = Fea ARE + Trait GH ~*~ Fo (2.3e) - oe ass (2,58) = BG Spe ae fea Gate ote BB w+ G30) y, - Be ves GSO) tae BE a 0.80 °, = vee QSH) Poe) 2 (2. at og = pan (44 Ret Ge Tara) voy (259) 1 _ ft 2.1.4 MINDLIN'S PROBLEM NO,1 Vertical point load P acting beneath the surface of a semi-infinite mass. (Hindlin, 1936). (Fig.2.4). (i-2v) fara) _ 3s*(z-o) aE RE 4 {=B0) [Bf ara) AV 260) R 7 _ Mdtv)s* (z-0)-66 (ato) ((A-2v)z-2vel aE _ Sueatelate) | 41-v)(1-20) 2 A, (R, tate) at «0 -gamer Bl vee eda) FIG. 2.4 (tyee) _ 582-2) z 8 ae Qead) ane) R _ Slzce)?_ Sf5-40)(ate?* ~Sel ate) (Se-2) R ee - sees(ete? | vee Qede) % ae CONCENTRATED LOADING Te > OW 1 z (a0)? ain [- ap ape ep 2 - Meg __ Ma-dy)alate)~3el Sete) _ Ident ate)* a 1 RE a see (248) _ Sdetv)z(ato)~So(32r0) _ 30ex(z40)*) 6 ae R 2 4 vee (2.A8) aoe , (SHV) (a0) oe = wai |p Oye A(2w) 1-20), 85nCate) 5 aa + |... ean _ USav)elzta)-SelSzto) _ 30e2t ata)? | Re By see (2,80) 2 4 Sv)? 5-40) erates | By : ey? 2 2 _e Maes _ wo.ete ote (atu) tata)* ton , Bengt ay BE OE A " Peco) vita) | ot 2 sags Bae) Gio d Influence factors for dz, and dy and 6g on the axis have been tabulated by Geddes’ (1966). - Soeatsre) woe QA) a 2.4.5 MINDLIW'S PROBLEM NO.2. Worizontal point lead @ acting beneath the surface of a senicinfinite mses, (lindlia, 1936).

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