12.

2 Fuel Injection
a. Fuel Injection
The primary propose of injector is to distribute and mix the fuel with the
surrounding air. Engine load controlled by amount of fuel injected. By using
turbocharger, we can increase volume of fuel injection.

There are three important things for injection, injection rate, injection timing,
and injection duration. In Diesel engines, amount of fuel enter to the combustion
chamber just on very short time, so why injection rate is very important. Injection
timing means when the injection of fuel happen. For good combustion, we must make
all heat release by combustion near TDC (Top Death Center), that’s why beside fuel
characteristic (by cetane number), injection timing is important to make top of
combustion must near TDC. Injection duration means how long the injection of fuel
happen. Injection duration related for both of previous things, that will effect for total
amount of fuel that will used for combustion and will effect for top of combustion
process.
For a fixed injection pressure, the amount of fuel injected is changed by
changing the injection duration. The injection duration for a fixed pressure and amount
of fuel per cylinder can be increased by decreasing the hole size or number of holes in
the injector tip.
Increased injection pressure decrease the average droplet size. Adventages
increase injection pressure is rapid vaporization because small droplet. Disadventages
is the spray impinge on piston bowl (for some load and smaller engines). For fixed
amount of fuel injected per cycle and duration , the injection pressure or the effective
flow area of the nozzle must increase proportional with engine speed. With the
introduction of electronically controlled injector it should be posssible control both
pressure and flow area.
b. Quality of Diesel Injection
In Diesel engine, mixing between fuel and air just in very short time, start from fuel
injection. So the injection process is very important. The quality of diesel injection
judged by gross parameter such as :
 Doplet size distribution
Fuel that spray by injector will produced droplet that still liquid. After spray, the
droplet will get the heat from compressed air and combustion chamber and vaporise
then mix with the air. The droplet that produce by high pressure will be have small
size. If we have much of fuel droplet with small size, we have larger of heat transfer
surface. So by make droplet size small uniformly, the fuel easy vaporize and we can
get good mixture.
 Penetration History
Penetration of fuel droplet is other important thing after droplet size. It is means the
droplet can reach all place in combustion chamber. After compression, the air density
increase, it will resistance the droplet movement to reach the place that far from
injector. So the injection process must make the droplet can do it. If we can make all
the place in combustion chamber have uniform distribution of fuel droplet, after the
droplet vaporize, we can get good mixture.
 Spray angle
The third important thing is spray angle. The spray angle will control dirrection of
fuel droplet movement. Same with the penetration, the spray angle must make the
fuel droplet can reach all the place in combustion chamber to make uniform
distribution of fuel droplet, and we can get good mixture.
Some example of details that still no well understand are :
 The turbulance in the injector nozzle hole;
 Effects of cavitation in the holes;
 Effects of injection rate shape;
 The effect of coupling between spray parameters and droplet vaporization which
affect mixing;
 Effect of spatial distribution within the spray which affect the inner core and the
outer fringe of the spray;
  The effects of spray impingement on the piston bowl surface;
 The way the spray influences turbulent mixing rates, especially those which ensue
after the end of injection;

c. Fuel Droplet
High pressure spray increase mixing greatly compare with lower pressure spray. For
very high pressure spray, with small nozzle holes, the droplet are very small and can
vaporize rapidly behave like gas jet. For heavy duty engines, liquid impingement on the
piston bowl surface should not be a problem, except during cold starting. In small high-
speed, swirl can be used to shorten the penetration and improve mixing.