A

PROJECT

REPORT

ON

LIFTING CAR USING SISSOR LIFT WITH ROTARY FIXTURE

CAR FOR PARKING PURPOSE
 ABSTRACT

A jack is mechanical device used to lift heavy loads or apply great forces. Jacks employ a screw
thread or hydraulic cylinder to apply very high linear forces. A mechanical jack is a device
which lifts heavy equipment. The most common form is a car jack, or jack or garage jack which
lifts vehicles so that maintenance can be performed. Car jacks usually use mechanical advantage
to allow a human to lift a vehicle by manual force alone. More powerful jacks use hydraulic
power to provide more lift over greater distances. Mechanical jacks are usually rated for a
maximum lifting capacity.

Scissor jacks are simple mechanisms used to drive large loads short distances. The power screw
design of a common scissor jack reduces the amount of force required by the user to drive the
mechanism. Most scissor jacks are similar in design, consisting of four main members driven by
a power screw. A scissor jack is operated simply by turning a small crank that is inserted into
one end of the scissor jack. This crank is usually "Z" shaped. The end into a ring hole mounted
on the end of the screw, which is the object of force on the scissor jack. When this crank is
turned, the screw turns, and this raises the jack. The screw acts like a gear mechanism. It has
teeth (the screw thread), which turn and move the two arms, producing work. Just by turning this
screw thread, the scissor jack can lift a vehicle that is several thousand pounds. Power screw in a
scissor jack is the foundation of whole mechanism of scissor jack.

INTRODUCTION
A scissor lift is a type of platform that can usually only move vertically. The mechanism to
achieve this is the use of linked, folding supports in a criss-cross "X" pattern, known as a
pantograph (or scissor mechanism). The upward motion is achieved by the application of
pressure to the outside of the lowest set of supports, elongating the crossing pattern, and
propelling the work platform vertically.

The machine consists of a worm and worm wheel, rack and pinion, shaft in a slot and the lift+
scissors. Rotation of handle attached to worm/worm wheel drives the system. The worm wheel
and pinion are attached to a common shaft and thus, the pinion gets driven by the rotating worm
wheel. The rack moves forward and this drives the main scissor mechanism. The physics is
explained below.

Equations:

Figure 1: Scissor Jack: Loading applied at bottom

 Figure 2: Scissor Jack: Free Body Diagram

`
PROBLEM STATEMENT:

The most common problem encountered while using scissor jack is the instability of jack while
giving jerks to loosen the wheel nut. Also the common jack having small base is unable to
provide proper support on uneven surface esp. of road and no inclination in that jack is tolerable.
Objective: The project relates to the designing of simple scissor jack and its analysis along with
structural improvements to make such a modified jack that is very stable and can take enough
load on uneven surfaces and somewhat inclination is also allowed. The project also aims at
designing and finding stresses, efficiency, expected life of screw. We endeavor to develop a
screw jack such that it is cost effective, having a long life and can be handled roughly.

OBJECTIVE

This paper includes the scissor jack of automobile L.M.V. vehicle. The objective of this
exercise will be

1. To reduce the weight of the jack by changing the manufacturability.

2. To reduce the no. of parts for simplifying the assembly process.
3. Remove welding to avoid distortion.
4. Product should withstand the current strength requirements.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

OPERATION
A scissor jack is operated simply by turning a small crank that is inserted into one end of the
scissor jack. This crank is usually “Z” shaped. The end fits into a ring hole mounted on the end
of the screw, which is the object of force on the scissor jack. When this crank is turned, the screw
turns, and this raises the jack. The screw acts like a gear mechanism. It has teeth (the screw
thread), which turn and move the two arms, producing work. Just by turning this screw thread,
the scissor jack can lift a vehicle that is several thousand pounds.
CONSTRUCTION

A scissor jack has four main pieces of metal and two base ends. The four metal pieces are all
connected at the corners with a bolt that allows the corners to swivel. A screw thread runs across
this assembly and through the corners. As the screw thread is turned, the jack arms travel across
it and collapse or come together, forming a straight line when closed. Then, moving back the
other way, they raise and come together. When opened, the four metal arms contract together,
coming together at the middle, raising the jack. When closed, the arms spread back apart and the
jack closes or flattens out again.

DESIGN AND LIFT

A scissor jack uses a simple theory of gears to get its power. As the screw section is turned, two
ends of the jack move closer together. Because the gears of the screw are pushing up the arms,
the amount of force being applied is multiplied. It takes a very small amount of force to turn the
crank handle, yet that action causes the brace arms to slide across and together. As this happens
the arms extend upward. The car’s gravitational weight is not enough to prevent the jack from
opening or to stop the screw from turning, since it is not applying force directly to it. If you were
to put pressure directly on the crank, or lean your weight against the crank, the person would not
be able to turn it, even though your weight is a small percentage of the car’s.

MODELLING

Design of scissor jack is done with CATIA V5R20.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Mans quest for improvement has never been satisfied. The drive towards better and greater
scientific and technological outcome has made the world dynamic. Before now, several scientist
and engineers have done a lot of work as regards the scissors lift in general. A review of some of
that work gives the design and construction of a hydraulic scissors lift a platform.
2.1 UPRIGHT’S SCISSORS LIFT

In Selma California, there is a manufacturer of aerial platforms by name “UPRIGHT”, this world
– wide company was founded in 1946, and now it manufactures and distributes its product.

According to Wikipedia article, upright was founded by an engineer, Walkce Johnson who
created and sold the first platform which was called a “scissors lift” due to the steel cross
bricking that supported the platform giving it the product name “magic carpet”. The magic carpet
was able to provide instant revenue for the young company due to its quick popularity among its
companies.

Wikipedia further explained that the company constructed innovating and by early 1930s their
product included the X – series scissors lift. By 1986, they had introduced their first sigma arm
lift, model SL20. In 1990, they improved upon their product line by introducing the sigma arm
speed level. This feature continued to be unique to be upright product and allow self-leveling of
the platform on rough terrains
Upright introduced an equal innovative family of boom lift in 1990s. In 1995 they produced their
first trailer mounted boom. The 8P37 (known as AS38) in 1996. This truly innovated company
has left their mark with the other products including compact scissors design and modular alloy
bridging, as well as expanding the versatility of instant span towers with aircraft docking and
faced system, you will find upright products, especially the scissors lift, as standard equipment
for a variety of application it is now a visual application in numerous fields and locations.
[www.carliftequipment.ca/inventory/upright]

2.2 SCAFFOLD
Scaffold allows workers to transport themselves and their materials to elevated heights, usually
up and down in an unfinished building. Scaffolds are designed to allow workers get to elevated
heights; they are used in building sites and construction sites but used mainly in building sites.
According to Google internet search machine, scaffold is cross section of pipes, irons or woods
which are arranged in such a way that workers or operators can climb on the arranged pipes to
get to elevated heights.
Scaffolds cannot be adjusted automatically and they only can remain fixed the way it is arranged
unless rearranged. The tubes are either steel or aluminum, although composite scaffolding using
filament wound tubes of glass fiber in a nylon or polyester matrix. If steel, they are either
“black” or galvanized. The tubes come in a variety of length and a standard diameter of 48.3mm.
The basic difference between the two types of tubes is the lower weight of aluminum tubes
(1.7kg/m as opposed to 4.4kg/m) and also a greater flexibility and so less resistance to force.
Tubes are generally bought in 6.3m length and can be cut down to certain typical sizes.
Boards provide a working surface for users of the scaffold. They are seasoned wood and are very
strong. Scaffolds for increased height are preferably made of hardened materials like metal pipes.
After arranging the pipes, a flat materials usually made of wood is placed on top so that the
worker can stand comfortable on top. [http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/scaffold]

2.3 BOOM LIFT

Boom lifts are used for lifting materials especially on construction sites, they are designed to
carry heavy equipment and materials from one place to another. They are usually connected to
cars or trucks that move from one place to another.
Boom lifts can lift materials and equipment high to height so great that carrying this equipment
by other means will almost be impossible.
According to material handling equipment from ask search engine, Boom lifts can move
vertically, horizontally and sideways and some can even rotate depending on the circumstance.
Boom lifts are very complex iron design and the jointed parts should be lubricated to reduce
friction and improve efficiency. Boom lifts are formed mainly in construction sites and building
sites. They are also utilized by Electrical companies and firms such as PHCN (Power Holding
Company of Nigeria) Plc. They are very expensive and are not available in crude or semi
mechanized type of production. Boom lift possess advantage over other types of lifts because it
can lift heavy materials, keep them at elevated heights for a long period of time; rotate and the
lift span of the equipment is long. Boom lift can fold together to become compressed and
portable.
There are two basic types of boom lifts: straight boom lift and articulated boom lift. These units
are often hydraulically powered.

2.3.1 THE STRAIGHT BOOM LIFTS

Straight boom lifts are generally used for jobs that required a high reach without obstruction. The
machines turntable can rotate 360o with an extensible boom that can be raised vertically to below
horizontally. The operator can maneuver and steer the vehicle while the boom is fully extended.
It is available in gas, propane or diesel-powered models with two or four wheel drive.

2.3.2 ARTICULATED BOOM LIFT:

Articulated boom lifts are used for jobs that require reaching up and over obstacles to gain access
to a job not easily achieved by a straight telescopic boom. This lift is nearly identical to the
straight boom lift in every aspect; except in the boom’s ability to articulate. Articulation points
on the boom allow it to bend in any number of different directions enabling it to maneuver
around various obstacles on a job site.
Boom lifts can be equipped with out riggers to stabilize the unit while the boom is fully
extended. [http://ritchienikit.com/wiki/index.php/aerial-platform]

2.4 MECHANICAL SCISSORS LIFT

The mechanical scissors lift is used for lifting materials especially on construction sites. This is
one of the most recent advancement on scissors lift. There, the lift utilizes a belt drive system
connected to a load screw which constructs the “X” pattern on tightening and expands it on
loosening. The lead screw actually does the work, since the applied force from the wheel is
converted to linear motion of the lift by help of the lead screw. This can be used to lift the
working and equipment to a height.

A general knowledge however, regarding screws will reveal the loss due to friction in the screw
threats. Therefore, the efficiency of this device is low due to losses in friction. Also, the power
needed to drive the machine is manual, and much energy is expanded to achieve a desired result.
Its suitability however, cannot be overemphasized as it can be used in almost every part of the
country whether there is availability of electricity or not.

2.5 HYDRAULIC LIFT:

Hydraulic lift is a device for carrying persons and loads from one floor to another, in a multi-
storey building. The hydraulic lifts are of the following types.

1. Direct acting hydraulic lift and

2. Suspended hydraulic lift.

The direct acting hydraulic lift consist of a ram sliding in a cylinder. A platform or a cage is
fitted to the top end of ram on which goods may be placed or the persons may stand. As the
liquid under pressure is admitted to the cylinder, the ram moves up and the cage is lifted. The lift
of the cage is equal to the stroke of the ram. The cage moves in the downward direction when the
liquid from the fixed cylinder is removed.
The suspended hydraulic lift is a modified form of the direct acting hydraulic lift. It is fitted with
a jigger which is exactly, same as in the case of a hydraulic crane. The cage is suspended by
ropes. It runs between guides of hard wood round steel. In order to balance the weight of the
cage sliding balance weights are provided. [Gupta, 2006]

2.5.1 HYDRAULIC SCISSORS LIFT

Scissors lifts has developed overtime, and at each stage of its development, critical problems are
solved.
The hydraulic type, but this time, the load screw is replaced by a hydraulic ram powered by a
pump and on electric motor and generator. One outstanding feature about this design however. Is
its independent operation and increased efficiency. Fluid power is one of the greater form of
power where small input results in a very large output. This scissors lift can be handled by one
person to a place of use, and power the generator. The lift does not lifting immediately, the
operators climbs on the platform and switches open the hydraulic circuit thereby leading to an
upward extension. When the required height is reached the circuit is closed, and lifting stops the
control panel or station is located on the top frame. When work is done, the scissors lift is folded
by hydraulic means and handled back to the point of collection.

Instructor In-charge: Shantanu Bhattacharya, Lab Instructor: P. C. Gond .

Project Guide: D. C. Meena April 7, 2014

The scissor lift has a unique mechanism which uses worm and worm wheel. This mechanism
provides a self-locking system which makes the scissor lift completely safe for use. Unlike the
hydraulic systems, this mechanism has to be driven to bring the platform back down. This gives
us the opportunity to use this lift as a machine part for accurate elevation. We have calibrated the
lift w.r.t. each rotation of the angle.
Figure 4: Manufactured Lift Design using Rack & Pinion.

METHODOLOGY

DESIGN OF PLANETARY MIXER MACHINE:-

In our attempt to design a special purpose machine we have adopted a very a very careful
approach, the total design work has been divided into two parts mainly;

 System design
 Mechanical design

System design mainly concerns with the various physical constraints and ergonomics,
space requirements, arrangement of various components on the main frame of machine no
of controls position of these controls ease of maintenance scope of further improvement;
height of m/c from ground etc.

In Mechanical design the components are categorised in two parts.

 Design parts
 Parts to be purchased.

For design parts detail design is done and dimensions thus obtained are compared to next
highest dimension which are readily available in market this simplifies the assembly as well
as post production servicing work.The various tolerances on work pieces are specified in the
manufacturing drawings. The process charts are prepared & passed on to the manufacturing stage
.The parts are to be purchased directly are specified &selected from standard catalogues.

METHODOLOGY OF WORKING PROCESS

Study of different Research papers

Framing of project setup (Line diagram of the Model)

Dimensioning of frame, Specification of the

component for setting up a conceptual model
 Assembling Of different components

Results & disscusion about the error in the

conceptual model

Fig. 5 Flow Chart For Working Process

System Design:-

In system design we mainly concentrate on the following parameter

1. System selection based on physical constraints:

While selecting any m/c it must be checked whether it is going to be used in large scale or small
scale industry In our case it is to be used in small scale industry So space is a major constrain
.The system is to be very compact. The mechanical design has direct norms with the system
design hence the foremost job is to control the physical parameters.

2. Arrangement of various components:-

Keeping into view the space restriction the components should be laid such that their easy
removal or servicing is possible moreover every component should be easily seen & none
should be hidden every possible space is utilized in component arrangement.

3. Components of system:-

As already stated system should be compact enough so that it can be accommodated at a corner
of a room. All the moving parts should be well closed & compact A compact system gives
a better look & structure.

Following are some example of this section

 Design of machine height

 Energy expenditure in hand operation
 Lighting condition of m/c

8. Chances of failure:-

The losses incurred by owner in case of failure of a component are important criteria of
design. Factor of safety while doing the mechanical design is kept high so that there are
less chances of failure. Periodic maintenance is required to keep the m/c trouble free

9. Servicing facility:-
The layout of components should be such that easy servicing is possible especially those
components which required frequent servicing can be easily dismantled.

1. Height of m/c from ground:-

Fore ease and comfort of operator the height of m/c should be properly decided so that he may
not get tired during operation .The m/c should be slightly higher than that the level also
enough clearance be provided from ground for cleaning purpose.

11.Weight of machine:-

The total wt of m/c depends upon the selection of material components as well as dimension of
components. A higher weighted m/c is difficult for transportation & in case of major break down
it becomes difficult to repair.

MATERIAL SELECTION & METHODOLOGY.

1.1 Material Selection

The proper selection of material for the different part of a machine is the main objective. In the
fabrication of machine. For a design engineer it is must that he be familiar with the effect, which
the manufacturing process and heat treatment have on the properties of materials. The Choice of
material for engineering purposes depends upon the following factors:
1. Availability of the materials.
2. Suitability of materials for the working condition in service.
3. The cost of materials.
4. Physical and chemical properties of material.
5. Mechanical properties of material.

The mechanical properties of the metals are those, which are associated with the ability of the
material to resist mechanical forces and load. We shall now discuss these properties as follows:
A. Strength B. Elasticity
 C. Stress D. Plasticity
E. Stress F. Ductility
G. Brittleness H. Malleability
I. Toughness J. Resilience
When a part is subjected to a constant stress at high temperature for long period Of time, it will
undergo a slow and permanent deformation called creep. This property is considered in
designing internal combustion engines, boilers and turbines.

Hardness
It is a very important property of the metals and has a wide verity of meanings. It embraces
many different properties such as resistance to wear scratching, deformation and mach inability
etc. It also means the ability of the metal to cut another metal. The
hardness is usually expressed in numbers, which are dependent on the method of making the test.

The hardness of a metal may be determined by the following test.

1. Brinell hardness test

2. Rockwell hardness test
3. Vickers hardness (also called diamond pyramid) test and
4. Share scaler o scope.

In engineering practice, the machine parts are subjected to various forces, which may be due to
either one or more of the following.

1. Energy transmitted
2. Weight of machine
 3. Fictional resistance
4. Inertia of reciprocating parts
5. Change of temperature
6. Lack of balance of moving parts

The selection of the materials depends upon the various types of stresses that are set up during
operation. The material selected should with stand it. Another criterion for selection of metal
depends upon the type of load because a machine part resist load more easily than a live load and
live load more easily than a shock load.

Selection of the material depends upon factor of safety, which in turn depends upon the
following factors.
1. Reliabilities of properties
2. Reliability of applied load
3. The certainty as to exact mode of failure
4. The extent of simplifying assumptions
5. The extent of localized
6. The extent of initial stresses set up during manufacturing
7. The extent loss of life if failure occurs
8. The extent of loss of property if failure occurs

4.4 Methodology of Design & Analysis

A parameter study is done to evaluate the most crucial parameters for FE analysis of axial ball
bearings. The parameters that are evaluated are mesh density, contact stiffness, osculation, load
level, geometrical nonlinearity and material nonlinearity. The studies are performed by means of
the FE software Ansys. The accuracy of finite element analysis depends on different parameters
such as element type, boundary condition and how the loads are applied etc. Therefore the FE
model is nothing else but an approximate realization of the reality. The parameter study can be
done by physical tests. However it will increase the cost, time and resources consumed and
therefore FE analysis is more suitable choice, at least for parameter evaluation.
4.5 Theoretical aspects of the work
In this study the finite element method is adopted using Pro Engineer and Ansys as a commercial
CAD and FE program. The following chapter contains some fundamentals of the applied theories
provided that the reader has an initial knowledge of basic structural mechanics, machine
components, and fundamentals of the finite element method.

4.6 Finite element method

Finite element method (FEM) is a method for approximate solutions of partial differential
equations. The domain of interest is divided into finite elements on which the solution is
approximated by piecewise-polynomials. The finer the partition (Mesh) is, the more accurate the
solution.

4.7 Nonlinear Analysis

Nonlinear analysis is used when a structure behaves nonlinear when loaded i.e. the deformation
and the stress state does not have a linear relation to the applied load. The three main sources to
nonlinear behaviors are: contact, geometric nonlinearities and material nonlinearities. In order to
manage such calculations with a linear process the Newton Raphson method can be used

4.7.1 Newton-Raphson method

Newton-Raphson is an iterative method for finding solution to nonlinear equations and equation
systems . In FE calculations the method is used for non-linear problems and the relations
between force and displacement is shown in Figure 2.1 for one degree of freedom. The
procedure for Newton-Raphson method is as follows: The load is applied and the displacements
are calculated. From the displacements new conditions are calculated and the displacements are
recalculated. This procedure is repeated until the solution is converged i.e. reach a certain value
or level.
The iterative procedure is as follows:

Material nonlinearities
A nonlinear stress-strain relationship results in a nonlinear behavior. Plasticity is a nonlinear
stress-strain relationship as shown in Figure 2.4. Definition of Plasticity according Ansys (2007)
is: “When a ductile material experiences stresses beyond the elastic limit, it will yield, acquiring
large permanent deformations.”

Fig.6 Relationship Between Stress & Strain

4.8 Ansys
Ansys is a commercial, general purpose FE software which has been on the market since 1971.
It can be used in several applications for example to study the thermal heat flow, fluid flow,
magnetic fields, acoustics/vibrations and last but not least structural mechanical problems.

4.9 Contact in Ansys

A handful of ways to handle contact are available in Ansys. However, the one described here is
penalty based contact since it provides short calculation times and therefore is used.

4.10 Penalty based contact

When a penalty-based contact is used, Ansys adds a spring coefficient (k factor) when two
surfaces come in contact with each other, in order to prevent penetration and to transfer load.
(Figure 2.7) However penetration will occur in order to transfer force, which is not the case in
reality. Therefore the penalty-based methods are sensitive to the choice of the spring coefficient.
The spring coefficient Ansys uses during calculations is the product between the “normal
stiffness factor” specified by the user and a reference factor calculated by the program. An
additional aspect (apart from the accuracy) to consider when selecting the “normal stiffness
factor” is the convergence behaviour. A stiffer contact will result in more calculation iterations,
since bouncing might occur.

Fig.7 Contact Stiffness

4.11 Asymmetric behaviour

A contact condition can be either symmetric or asymmetric. When the contact condition is
symmetric none of the surfaces can penetrate each other, while when the contact is specified as
being asymmetric only one of the surfaces is prevented from penetrating the other i.e. the contact
surface can not penetrate the target surface but the opposite is possible. Figure 2.8 illustrates the
importance of selecting the correct contact pair.
 Fig.8 Asymmetric behaviour
4.12 Bilinear stress-strain curve
In context of the license version used, Ansys tender a bilinear approximation of the stress-strain
relationship as in figure 2.9. The bilinear stress-strain curve requires two input values, yield
strength and tangent modulus. The yield strength is the value when plastics straining occurs and
the tangent modulus is the slope of the stress-strain curve after yielding.

Fig.10 Relationship Between Stress & strain, Bilinear curve in Red & True Material Relation in
blue
4.13 Meshing controls
Ansys offers several tools to control the meshing procedure. The mesh densities of the whole
model can be controlled by global settings for relevance centre in three steps: coarse, medium or
fine.
4.14 Method
Method is a meshing control that provides the possibility to select different elements shapes.
The different elements that are available are: tetrahedron or quadrilateral. Tetrahedron elements
are triangular pyramid like elements with 10 or 4 nodes and quadrilateral elements are cube
elements with 20 or 8 nodes.

4.15 Sizing
Sizing is a meshing control that provides the possibility to mesh with different mesh densities at
selected regions. By meshing fine in the area of interest and using coarse mesh in the remaining
parts one is able to reduce CPU time and memory usage. There are a couple of ways to select
the region of a sizing control available in Ansys. The region can be a surface. This will produce a
fine mesh (or actually a mesh with the size specified) on the surface only. The region can also be
an entire body which will produce a fine mesh all over the body. If a contact region is to be
analysed, Ansys offers the possibility to specify the mesh size in the contact region. And to
capture a local behaviour it is possible to specify a so called sphere of influence which makes it
possible to set the element size (mesh size) within the volume of a sphere. The sphere of
influence can be used to enclose both faces and bodies.

4.0 MATERIAL SELECTION, CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES, COST ANALYSIS

AND MAINTENANCE
4.1: MATERIAL SELECTION
Material selection plays a very important role in machine design. For example, the cost of
materials in any machine is a good determinant of the cost of the machi8ne. more than the cost is
the fact that materials are always a very decisive factor for a good design. The choice of the
particular material for the machine depends on the particular purpose and the material for the
machine depends on the particular purpose and the mode of operation of the machine
components. Also, it depends on the expected mode of failure of the components.
Engineering materials are mainly classified as:
1. Metal and their alloys, such as iron, steel, copper, aluminum etc.
2. Non-metals such as glass, rubber, plastic etc. metals are further classified as ferrous
metals and non-ferrous metals.
Ferrous metals are those metals which have iron as their main constituent, such as cast iron,
wrought iron and steels.
Non-ferrous metals are those which have a metal other than iron as there main constituent, such
as copper, aluminum, brass, tin, zinc etc.
For the purpose of this project, based on the particular working conditions machine
component were designed for only the ferrous metals have been considered.
Also, certain mechanical properties of metals have greatly influenced our decisions.
These properties include:
1. Strength: it is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied force without break
down or yielding the internal resistance offered without break down or yielding the internally
applied force is called stress.
2. Stiffness: it is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress.
3. Elasticity: it is the property of a material to regain its original shape after deformation
when the external force are removed.
4. Plasticity: it is property of a material which retains the deformation produced under load,
permanently.
4. Ductility: a very important property of the material enabling it to be drawn into wire with
the application of a tensile force. A ductile material is both strong and plastic. Ductile materials
commonly used in engineering practical (in order of diminishing ductility) are mold steel,
copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc tin and lead.
5. Malleability: it is a special case of ductility which permit materials to be rolled or
hammered into thin sheets. A malleable material is plastic but not 80 essentially strong.
Examples include; lead soft steel, wrought iron, wrought iron, copper and aluminum in order of
diminishing malleability.
6. Toughness: it is the property of a material to resist fracture due to high impact loads like
hammer blows, when heated. This property decreases.
7. Brittleness: it is the properties of a material opposite to ductility, it is the property of
breaking of a material with little permanent deformation when subjected to tensile load, brittle
materials snap off without giving any sensible elongation. Cast iron is a brittle material.
8. Hardness it embraces difference properties such as resistance to water, scratching,
deformation and machinability etc. it also measure of the ability of a metal to cut another metal.

ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENT OF ESSENTIAL

MACHINE COMPONENTS.
It is necessary to evaluate the particular type of forces imposed on components with a
view to determining the exact mechanical properties and necessary material for each equipment.
A very brief analysis of each component follows thus:
I. Scissors arms
II. Hydraulic cylinder
III. Top plat form
IV. Base plat form
V. Wheels
Scissors Arms: this component is subjected to buckling load and bending load tending to break
or cause bending of the components. Hence based on strength, stiffness, plasticity an hardness. A
recommended material is stainless steel.
Hydraulic Cylinder: this component is considered as a strut with both ends pinned. It is
subjected to direct compressive force which imposes a bending stress which may cause buckling
of the component. It is also subjected to internal compressive pressure which generates
circumferential and longitudinal stresses all around the wall thickness. Hence necessary material
property must include strength, ductility, toughness and hardness. The recommended material is
mild steel.
Top Platform: this component is subjected to the weight of the workman and his equipment,
hence strength is required, the frame of the plat form is mild steel and the base is wood.
Base Platform: this component is subjected to the weight of the top plat form and the scissors
arms. It is also responsible for the stability of the whole assembly, therefore strength. Hardness
and stiffness are needed mechanical properties. Mild steel is used.
Wheels: the wheels are position at the base part of the scissors lift and enable the lift to move
from one place to the other without necessary employment of external equipment like car.
Choice of stainless and mild steel
1 Mild Steel contains 0.05 to 0.3 percent carbons it has for almost all purpose replaced
wrought iron, its greater strength giving it under viable advantages. Mild steel can be rolled,
wielded and down. It can even be cast, though not very successfully. Among its application are
plates for ship building, bicycle frame tubes, mesh work, bolts, nuts, studs etc. solid and hollow
constructional sections, sheet metal parts and steel castings such as flywheels and locomotive
wheel centers.

Experimental Setup

Specifications

The term "scissor jack" describes a wide variety of tools that all follow the same principle: using
crossed beams to lift something. They do this by acting on the object they are lifting in a
diagonal manner; the lift on the right side lifts the object from its left side and vice versa. This
allows the user to store the jack when it is not in use (with the diagonal beams ẇat) and to
expand it when it is needed.

Assembly
A scissor jack has four main pieces of metal and two base ends. The four metal pieces are all
connected at the corners with a bolt that allows the corners to swivel. A screw thread runs across
this assembly and through the corners. As the screw thread is turned, the jack arms travel across
it and collapse or come together, forming a straight  Share Like line when closed. Then,
moving back the other way, they raise and come together. When opened, the four metal arms
contract together, coming together at the middle, raising the jack. When closed, the arms spread
back apart and the jack closes or patterns out again.

Scissors Legs
Leg deflection due to bending is a result of stress, which is driven by total weight supported by
the legs, scissors leg length, and available leg cross section. The longer the scissors legs are, the
more difficult it is to control bending under load. Increased leg strength via increased leg
material height does improve resistance to deflection, but can create a potentially undesirable
increased collapsed height of the lift.
Platform Structure
Platform bending will increase as the load’s center of gravity moves from the center (evenly
distributed) to any edge (eccentrically loaded) of the platform. Also, as the scissors open during
raising of the lift, the rollers roll back towards the platform hinges and create an increasingly
unsupported, overhung portion of the platform assembly. Eccentric loads applied to this
unsupported end of the platform can greatly impact bending of the platform. Increased platform
strength via increased support structure material height does improve resistance to deflection, but
also contributes to an increased collapsed height of the lift.
Base Frame
Normally, the lift’s base frame is mounted to the floor and should not experience deflection. For
those cases where the scissors lift is mounted to an elevated or portable frame, the potential for
deflection increases. To effectively resist deflection, the base frame must be rigidly supported
from beneath to support the point loading created by the two scissors leg rollers and the two
scissors leg hinges.
Pinned Joints
Scissors lifts are pinned at all hinge points, and each pin has a running clearance between the
O.D. of the pin and the I.D. of its clearance hole or bushing. The more scissors pairs, or
pantographs, that are stacked on top of each other, the more pinned connections there are to
accumulate movement, or deflection, when compressing these running clearances under load.

Fig : Designed in CATIA V5R20

DESIGN THEORY AND CALCULATION

In this section all design concepts developed are discussed and based on evaluation
criteria and process developed, and a final here modified to further enhance the functionality of
the design.
Considerations made during the design and fabrication of a acting cylinder is as follows:
a. Functionality of the design
b. Manufacturability
c. Economic availability. i.e. General cost of materials and fabrication techniques
employed.

3.1 DESIGN THEORY

In this chapter, mathematical relationships are developed for the various parameters
necessary for the implementation of this design and arranged in sections below corresponding to
the sequence of their implementation.
Hydraulic systems are used to control and transmit power.
A pump driven by a prime mover such as an electric motor creates a flow of fluid, in which the
pressure, direction and rate of flow are controlled by values. An actuator is used to convert the
energy of the fluid back into mechanical power. The amount of output power developed depends
upon the flow rate, the pressure drop a cross the actuator and its overall efficiency.
Most lifting devices are powered by either electricity, pneumatic or mechanical means.
Although these methods are efficient and satisfactory, they exist lots of limitations and
complexity of design of such lifts as well as high cost of electricity, maintenance and repairs
does not allow these lifts to exist in common places.
 The idea of a hydraulically powered scissors lift is based on Pascal’s law employed in
car jacks and hydraulic rams which states that “pressure exerted anywhere in a conformed
incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid such that the
pressure ratio remains the same” (Michael and John, 1989).

3.1.1 CYLINDER SELECTION

The hydraulic cylinder (or the hydraulic actuator) is a mechanical actuator that is used to
give a unidirectional stroke. It has many applications, notably in engineering.
3.1.1.1 Single Acting Cylinders
Single acting cylinders use hydraulic oil for a power stroke in one direction only. The
return stroke is affected by a mechanical in one direction only. The return stroke is affected by a
mechanical spring located inside the cylinder. For single acting cylinders with no spring, some
external actin force on the piston rod causes its return.
3.1.1.2 Double Acting Cylinders
Double acting cylinder uses compressed air or hydraulic fluid to pour both the forward and
return strokes. This makes them ideal for bushing and pulling and pulling within the same
application they are suitable for full stroke working only at slow speed which results in gentle
contact at the ends of stroke.
PRESSURE SUPPLIED TO THE HYDRAULIC CYLINDER

Pressure (P) = Force (P) P=F

Area (A) A

Where F = [W + (WA)]
2_
tan

 = angle between the scissors and the horizontal

F = force needed to hold the scissors lift
W = the weight of the payload and platform
WA = combine weight of the two scissors arms.
Weight of the arm = mass of the scissors arm × acceleration due to gravity
3.2 Buckling Action on Cylinder
In the selection of cylinder, two primary concerns were noted:
a. The strength of the rod. i.e its ability to support a specified load without experiencing
excessive stresses
b. The ability of the piston to support a specified load without undergoing unacceptable
deformations.
PE = 2EI
L2

Where E = Young Modulus of elasticity

I = Moment of Inertia

L = Unsupported Length (Rajput, 2010)

I = d4 = AK2
64

To avoid buckling (bending) of the strut, the compressive stress E must not exceed the yield
stress Y. (E <Y)
Because of the large deflection caused by buckling, the least moment of inertia I can be
expressed as I=AK2
Where A is the cross sectional area and K is the radius of gyration of the cross sectional area. i.e
K = I_
A
Note that the smallest radius of gyration of the column, i.e the least moment of inertia I must be
taken in order to find the CRITICAL STESS OR BUCKLING STRESS OR CRIPPLING
STRESS.
Dividing the buckling equation by A, gives
E = PE = 2E_
A (L/k)2
Where

E = is the compressive stress in the column and must not exceed the yield stress Y of the
material i.eE <Y
L/K is called the SLENDERNESS RATIO; it is a measure of the column’s flexibility.
CASE END CONDITIONS EQUIVALENT BUCKLING LOAD
LENGTH Le (EULER)
1 Both ends hinged or pin jointed or L 2EI
rounded or free L2
2 One end fixed, alter end free 2L 2EI
4L2
3 One end fixed other end pin jointed L/ 2 22EI
L2
4 Both ends fixed or encastered L/2 42EI
L2

(Rajput, 2010)

3.2.1 STRESSES IN CYLINDERS

When cylinders are subjected to internal fluid pressure, the following types of stresses are
developed.
1. Hoop or circumferential stress.
2. Longitudinal stress.
Hoop stress is produced as a result of forces applied from inside the cylindrical pipe pushing
against the pipe walls. Hoop stress is the result of forces pushing against the circumferential
cylinder walls. While, longitudinal stress is as a result of forces pushing against the top ends of a
cylinder. These forces are derived using Newton’s first law.
Let d = internal diameter of cylinder
T = thickness of cylinder
P = internal pressure (gauge) in the cylinder
C = circumferential or hoop stress
L = longitudinal stress
L = length of cylinder or pipe
Hoop stress C = pd/2t
Longitudinal stress L = pd/4t
Maximum Shear Stress Tmax = pd = C -L
8t 2
Bursting force (pressure) = pdL

Resisting strength = 2LtC

Busting force = resisting strength ( pdL = 2LtC )

Note: the maximum stress developed must not exceed the permissible tensile stress (t) of the
material. (Rajput, 2010)
BASIC DIMENSIONS OF COMPONENT MEMBER.

Lift Extension

- At maximum extension, an “X” arrangement of the lift moves 0.9m = 900mm.

- Total number of tiers of scissors (combined) = 3
- Thus, total height of extension = 3 × 0.9 = 2.7m.
- Length of base = 1400mm
- Width of base = 800mm
- Height of base from ground = 500mm
- At maximum extension, Angle of inclination = 50
- At maximum extension, distance between two scissors feet = 800mm
- Distance moved by sliding foot to full extension = 400mm
Bearings
- Number of ball bearings = 4
- Number of shell bearings = 36
- Internal diameter of ball bearings = 30mm
- Internal diameter of shell bearings = 11mm
- External diameter of ball bearings = 50mm
- External diameter of shell bearings = 15mm
- Pivot pin diameter = 14.6mm
Platform
- Total height of platform = 1400mm.
- Total width of plat form = 800mm
- Total height of platform = 800mm
- Permissible load on plat form + platform weight = 300kg = 2.94kn.
Jointed Members
- Thickness of rectangular pipe = 3mm
- Thickness of angle bar = 3mm.
Scissors Arm
The material used for the scissors arms (members), is stainless steel.
With the density and the dimensions of the scissors arms known, the mass can be
calculated using the relationship.
Density (p) = Mass (M) kg/m3
Volume
Mass = p.v
Density of stainless steel (type 304) = 7900kg/m3
Area (cross sectional area) = A1 – A2
A1 = Outer cross sectional area
A2 = Inner cross sectional area
A1 = Height × breadth = h × b
A2 = (h – t)(b – t)
Where h = scissors arm height
b = breadth
t = thickness of material.
Volume (v) = area × length
V = AL (m3) X

h Section X - . - - X

Scissors Arm Cross Section

DESIGN OF SCISSOR LIFT WITH FORCE APPLIED FROM THE SIDE

Actuator

W + Wf W + Wf
2 2

F = W + Wa
2tan

Where
F = force provide by the hydraulic Ram
W = combined weight of the pay load and plat form
Wa = combined weight of two scissors arms themselves
 = Angle between the scissors arm and the horizontal.

Psin= (W+WF)
2

P = [(W+WF)/2sin] where WF = Frame weight.

F = Pcos

F = cos [(W+WF)/2sin]

F = (W+WF)/2tan
Input Processing Output

3.2 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

h =50MM A1 = b × h A1 = 1250m2
b = 25MM = 25 × 50
t = 3mm A2 = (b – t)(h – t)
= (25 – 3)(50 – 3) A2 = 1034M2
= 22 × 47

A = 216MM2 A = A1 – A2 A = 216mm2
L = 1200MM = 1250 – 1034

V=A×L V = 2.59×10-4m3
= 216 × 10-6 × 1200×10-3
ᵨstainless steel =
7900Kg/M3
V = 2,59 × 10-4 M3 M = PV M = 2.05kg
M = 2.05Kg = 7900 × 2.54 × 10-4
Mass of one tier = M × 4
= 2.05 × 4 8.2kg
Ms = 8.2Kg
g = 9.81M/s2

Wa = Msg W = 80.4N
Mp = 300Kg = 8.2 × 9.81
g = 9.81M/s2
𝑊𝐴
WA = 80.4N [𝑊 +
2
]
F= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
θ = 500
W = 2943
W= Mpg
= 300 × 9.81
80.4
2
F = 2943 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛50
F 2503.1N
 40.2
= 2943 +
1.1918

Foverall = 7509N
Foverall = 2503.1 × 3
= 7.5kN
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
CALCULATION

Selected cylinder diameter from standard

cylinder sizes

D=36 A1=πD 2/4

D=50 =π 502/4 A1 =1963.5mm2

A2=π/4[D2-d2]
=π/4[502-362] A2=945.6mm2

F=7.5KN Supplied pressure

A=1.9635×10-3m2 P=F/A P=38.20bar
=7.5×103/1.9635×10-3
DESIGN OF CYLINDER FOR
BUCKLING

For both ends pinned,

Buckling load

PE =π2EI/L2

L=0.8m I=πd4/64 I=8.24×10-8m4

E=210GN/m2 I=π(0.036)4/64
(for mild steel)
D = 0.036m PE =π2×210×109×8.24×10-8/0.82 PE=267KN

𝜋𝑑2
A= 4
PE = 267004.7N A = 1.02×10-3m2
𝜋(0.036)2
D = 0.036 =
4

Buckling stress
ᵟE
267004.7 −3
= 10
1.02
 Since the load required (7.5kN) is less than the
Buckling load (PE) = 267kN, the cylinder is
safe in operation
ᵟE = 262Mn/m2

SLENDERNESS RATIO
d = 0.036 Radius of gyration
L = 0.8m 𝑑
K= 4
0.036 K = 0.009
=
4
𝐿
Slenderness Ratio = 𝐾
0.8 ᶋ = 89
=
0.009 long column

3.5.2.2 DESIGN OF CYLINDER FOR STRESSES

𝑃𝑑
Hoop stress ᵟc = 2𝑡
P = 38.2 bar ᵟc=19.1MN/M2
= 3.83 × 106 × 50 × 10−3
D = 50mm
/ 2 × 5 × 10−3
t = 5mm

P = 38.2 bar Longitudinal stress

D = 50mm 𝑃𝑑
ᵟL= 4𝑡
t = 5mm ᵟL = 9.55mn/m2
6
10−3
= 3.82 × 10 × 50 × × 5 × 10−3
4
L = 450mm Bursting force (pressure) = PdL
D = 50mm 3.82 × 106 × 50 × 10-3 0.45
P = 38.2 bar
Therefore Bursting force = Resisting force.
Since the Hoop stress is less than the tensile
stress of the material of the cylinder, the
cylinder will not burst.
ᵟc = 19.1MN/M2< 410MN/M2 = ᵟt
DESIGN OF PINS FOR SHEARING AND
CRUSHING

F F

16 9

60mm
Head body thread

F = 750 Area of pin Ap = 6.36×10-5m2

d = 9mm Ap = πdp2/4
π(9 × 10-3)2 / 4

π = 22/7 total surface area of pin As = 2.969 × 10-2

r = 0.045m As = 2πr (r + h)
h = 0.06m = 2π × 0.045 (0.045 + 0.06)
 Shear stress =shear load/share Area ᵟ = 118mn/m2

𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ᵟcr = 253kn/m2
= 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑟𝑢𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
7509
= 𝐹/𝐴𝑠 = × 10𝑥 2
2.969
DESIGN OF MEMNERS FOR
BUCKLING

D d

b
B

B = 50mm b = B – t = 50 – 3 b = 47mm
D = 25mm d = D – t = 25 – 3 d = 22mm
T = 3mm 𝑏𝑑3
𝐼 = 𝐵𝐷3 −
12

= 50 (25)3 − 47 (22)3 / 12 I = 2.34 × 10-8m2

Π = 22/7 Buckling load for the members

E = 193 × 109 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝐸 =
I = 2.34 × 10-8 𝐿2
L = 1.2m 2.341𝑜 −8 PE = 37.144kN
= 𝜋 2 × 193 ∪ 109 ×
1.2
A = 216mm2 Critical stress
𝑃𝐸 𝑙
бE= = 𝜋 2 𝐸/(𝑘)2
𝐴

1.2 бE = 172MN/M2
𝜋 × 193 × 10 /( )2
2 9
𝑘

103
= 37.144 × 216 × 10−6

Since the critical stress (бE = 172MN/M2) is

less than the yield stress of stainless steel
(415MN/M2), therefore the material is safe I
operation.

DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR BENDING

W/2
θ

0.6m

0.6m

θ
 O

W+WF/2

Where WF = Weight of frame

W = weight of platform + payload
Θ = angle of inclination of scissors arm= 10,
20, 30,40, 500

+ 𝚺M0 = force × perpendicular distance.

W=2943N
WF=20.111N For θ = 100 ,

Bending moment =(W+WF/2)cosθ×0.6

+W/2cosθ×0.6
=0.6cosθ(W+WF/2 + W/2)
= 0.6 cos10(2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)
=0.6×0.9848(2953.06).

FOR θ =200
Bending moment= 0.6cosθ(W+WF/2 +W/2)
=0.6cos20(2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)
=835.331 +829.661
=1744Nm
FOR θ=300

Bending moment= 0.6cosθ(W+WF/2 +w/2)

=0.6cos30(2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)
=769.84 + 764.59

FOR θ=400

Bending moment= 0.6cosθ(W+WF/2 +W/2)

= 0.6cos40(2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)
=0.4596(2953.06)

FOR θ=500 =1664.99Nm

Bending moment = 0.6cosθ(W+WF/2 +W/2)

= 0.6cos50 (2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)
=0.3857×2953.06

M/I=б/Y=E/R
Therefore from the analysis of the bending
moment above, the Maximum bending
moment = 1744.92Nm occurs at the point =1534.43Nm
when θ=100
Therefore, the smaller the angle, the higher the
bending moment and vis-visa.
=1357.23Nm

=1138.91Nm