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TI 2004-020/3

Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper

Environmental Regulation and


International Trade

Abay Mulatu1
Raymond J.G.M. Florax2,3
Cees A. Withagen2,4, 5

1 Department of Economic History, London School of Economics, London, UK,


2 Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands,

3 Regional Economics Applications Laboratory (REAL), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign,

USA,
4 Department of Economics, Tilburg University, The Netherlands,

5 Tinbergen Institute.
Tinbergen Institute
The Tinbergen Institute is the institute for
economic research of the Erasmus Universiteit
Rotterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, and Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam.

Tinbergen Institute Amsterdam


Roetersstraat 31
1018 WB Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Tel.: +31(0)20 551 3500
Fax: +31(0)20 551 3555

Tinbergen Institute Rotterdam


Burg. Oudlaan 50
3062 PA Rotterdam
The Netherlands
Tel.: +31(0)10 408 8900
Fax: +31(0)10 408 9031

Please send questions and/or remarks of non-


scientific nature to driessen@tinbergen.nl.
Most TI discussion papers can be downloaded at
http://www.tinbergen.nl.
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