Transformer

Definition of Transformer:
It is a static device, which transfer electric powers from one circuit to another without any
change in frequency, but with a change in voltage and corresponding current level also.
So in brief transformer is a device that –
I). Transfer electrical power from one circuit to another.
ii). It does so without a change in frequency.
iii). It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction.
iv). It transforms voltage level corresponding change in current level.
v). Where the electrical circuits (primary & secondary) are in mutual
inductive influence to each other.

Ideal Transformer:
1) Winding resistance are negligible (i.e. purely inductive coil), So, I 2 R loss negligible.
2) All the flux set up by primary links the secondary winding. i.e. no leakage flux.
3) Core losses are negligible (Hysterisis & eddy current loss).
4) The core has constant permeability, i.e. the magnetization curve for the core is linear.

Considering an ideal transformer whose secondary is open & whose primary is connected to a
Sinusoidal alternating voltage V1. Under this condition, the primary draws current from the
source to build up a counter electromotive force equal & opposite to the applied voltage. Since
primary coil is purely inductive & there is no output, the primary draws a magnetizing current Iø
only to magnetise the core. This current produces an alternating flux Ø which is proportional to
the current & hence in phase with it. The changing flux is linked with both the windings. So, it
produces self induced emf in the primary. This emf e 1, at any instant, equal to & in opposition to
V1.
Similarly in the secondary winding, an induced elf e 2 is produced. This emf is in phase opposition
with V1 & its magnitude is proportional to the rate of change of flux & the no. of secondary turns.
E.m. f. equation of a Ideal transformer (single phase) on no load
V1  Primary supply voltage N1  Primary turn

E1  Primary Winding. Induced e m f N2  Secondary turn

V2  Secondary terminal voltage
E2  Secondary Winding. Induced e m f
Ø  Flux = Ø max Sin t (If the supply voltage is sinusoidal)

  2  f where f = frequency

Induced e m f e1 = - N1 . d Ø / dt.
= - N1  Ø max Cos t.
= N1  Ø max Sin (t –/2)
= E1 max Sin (t –//2)
E1 = (E1 max ) / 2
= 2 f N1 Ø max / 2
= 2 f N1 Ø max = 4.44 f N1 Ø max .
v1 = - e1 = N1 d Ø / dt (As per Lenz’s Law, oppose I)
So, V1 = - E1
Similarly, e2 = - N2 dØ / dt = E2 max. Sin (t –//2)
E2 = E2 max /2 = 4.44 f N2 Ø max
So, (E1 ) / (E2 ) = (N1 ) / (N2 ) = (V1 ) / (V2 ) = (I2 ) / (I1 ) I1 = primary load current.
I2 = Secondary load current.

Magnetic Leakage
In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that all the flux linked with the primary winding
also links the secondary winding. But, in practice, it is impossible to realize this condition
as magnetic flux cannot be confined. The greater portion of Flux (mutual flux) flows in
the core while a small proportion called leakage flux links one or other winding, but not
both. On account of this leakage flux, both the primary & secondary windings have
leakage reactance. So, emf ex1=-j Ie X1
v1=e1+I1(R1+jX1)
Similarly, in the secondary winding, an emf of self induction I2X2 is developed.
To reduce the leakage flux, primary & secondary coils are placed concentrically.

Voltage transformer ratio (K)

We know, E2/E1=N2/N1=K
a) If K>1, i.e. N2>N1, Transformer is called as Step-up Transformer
b) If K<1, i.e. N2<N1, Transformer is called as Step-down Transformer
For Ideal transformer, Input VA=Output VA, V1I1=V2I2 , I2/I1=V1/V2=1/K
Transformer on No-Load

The Primary input current under no-load condition has to supply i) Iron loss in the core i.e
Hysterisis Loss & Eddy current loss ii) a very small amount of copper-loss in primary.
No load primary input power W0= V1 I0 Cosφ
Ic = I0 Cosφ, (Core loss component + Cu loss component)
Iø = I0 Sinø ( Magnetizing Component)
Transformer on Load Condition
Equivalent Circuit Representation of Transformer
Transferred Equivalent Circuit.
Phasor Diagram of a Transformer