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Chapter 24: The Senses Optic • cranial nerve that connects retina to brain Cataracts • may white stuff sa mata
Sensation VS Perception Nerve transmits sense of vision to the brain (occipital) • risk factor: ageing, diabetes, alcohol, excess
• Sensation - what i felt • Blind Spot - where optic nerves exits the retina sunlight exposure, hereditary, hypertension,
• Perception - how my brain interprets • lacks/no photoreceptors (cant sense light) overweight
• lens implementation (papalitan yung lens ng
Sensory Receptor Cells: Aqueou • fluid that helps bend light rays and focus them on plastic implant)
1. Mechanoreceptors - hearing s& the retina
2. Thermoreceptors Vitreou • Aqueous humor - lubricate outside of eye Colorblind • people who lack a cone type entirely, due to a
3. Pain receptors s humor • lies between cornea & lens ness genetic mutation
4. Photoreceptors - sight (cones & rods) • maintains the shape of the eyeball
5. Chemoreceptors - taste & smell • Vitreous humor - jelly-like substance that fills
most of the eyeball’s volume
A. Sense of Vision • behind the lens
Anatomy and Physiology of the Eyes
Vision Depends on Light-Sensitive Cells
• specialized cells in the eye sends signal light > cornea >
aqueous humor > pupil
• Photoreceptors color blindness: cataracts ^^
cones rods
Sclera • white outermost layer that protects the inner • detects colors • detects B&W in dim light
structures of the eye • work in bright light • 1 type
• may be sensitive to: 3 types
Cornea • transparent curved window that bends incoming Red, Green, Blue light
light rays
Rhodopsin - pigment in rods & cones
• outermost part
• at risk pag nagsusuot ng contact lens • Cones & Rods synapse with other neurons which sends
Eyesight
action potentials 20
• irregular shape of cornea causes astigmatism
• pag may nasense na colors, iinterpret tas idedeliver sa optic • 20 vision
Choroid • layer internal to the sclera nerve
• upper - Snellen chart, actual distance
• lower - distance a normal person can see
Iris • colored part of the eye Types of Tears • eyeglasses alter the path of light, correcting the blurry vision
• regulates the size of pupil that occurs when rays focus elsewhere
basal reflex emotional
Pupil • hole in the middle of the iris Nearsightedness • di abot sa retina yung light
• small in bright light = shielding the eye from • lubricates the • acts to irritation • exclusive to • oblong eyeball
excess stimulation eyes • triggers humans • corrected by concave lens
• is assessed when a person is in shock hormonal (feelings)
• dilated pupil = shocked kasi may loss of blood response to • sheds stress Farsightedness • lagpas retina yung light
• brain & nerves may be affected wash it away • signals sadness • corrected by convex lens
or distress
Lens • held by a portion of the choroid (also thickens • added tears lng Astigmatism • spread of light
into a structure)
• further bend the incoming light Eye Complications B. Sense of Hearing
• light accommodation and division of cavities • Mechanoreceptors - receptor for hearing & equilibrium
• lens are flattened & relaxed when looking at a Glaucoma • masakit sa ulo • hearing, sense of gravity, equilibrium
far away object • trabecular network - exit of aqueous humor • Statolith - in charge of orientation, to maintain balance (pang
• muscles regulate the curvature of the lens • aqueous humor is continuously produced and invertebrates lang)
undrained • Otolith - for humans
Retina • sheet of photoreceptors that forms the innermost • if blocked, fluid will accumulate = build
layer of the eye pressure back to optic nerve thus blindness
doval santos 11-stem a biology 2.2