Advance Networking

ADVANCE NETWORKING
BY
PSK TECHNOLOGIES PVT.LTD
IT COMPANY
Address: Plot No-780, Near, Durga Temple,
Katol Road Chaoni, Nagpur-13
Contact No. : 9975288300
https://www.pskitservices.com/
Advance Networking
Introduction to Computer
Networks
Networking began its infancy in the mid -1960’s.by the US

Department of Defense (DOD).
ARPANET protocols were not suitable for running over multiple
networks, s
What Is Networking?
When a two or more computer are connected with each other
via cables & media that is called as network First network
established in 1963 by ARPA (Advanced research project
Agency) arpanet.
A network is a group of two or more computer systems linked
together. There are many types of computer networks,
including:
https://www.pskitservices.com/Contact: 9975288300
Local area networks (LANs)
The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the
same building).
Wide area networks (WANs)

The computers are farther apart and are connected by
telephone lines or radio waves.
Campus area networks (CANs)

The computers are within a limited geographic area, such as a
campus or military base.
Metropolitan area networks

(MANs)
A data network designed for a town or city.
Computer network allows the user to share data with other
users in a network .and share resources such as printers faxes
Printer can be installed on one computer and can be accessed
by other users in a network.
Topology
What is topology?
Physical arrangement of computers and networking
devices (Cables, switches, hub, routers, wireless access point
etc) that is called as topology.
Selection of the appropriate topology:

Physical topologies of the networks are classified
according to various factors such as distance no. of nodes, etc.
The different topologies are:
1. Bus Topology
2. Ring Topology
3. Star Topology
4. Mesh Topology
Bus Topology:-
Bus topology allows information to be directed from one
computer to the other.
This type of topology used in cable network.
Equipments needed for Bus
Topology:-
1. PC
2. Co-axial cables
3. LAN card ((BNC) British Naval Connector LAN card )
4. Terminator
5. T-connectors
Advantages of Bus Topology:

1. It is a cheapest technology.
2. Easy to use and to understand.
3. Requires least amount of cable to connect the computers
together.
4. It is easy to extend a bus.
Disadvantages:
1. Low bandwidth (10Mbps)
2. Works on half duplex technology.
3. If the cable is fail then entire network is goes down.
4. Difficult to troubleshoot.
5. Heavy network traffic can slow a bus considerably as only
1 computer can send a message at a time.
Star Topology:
In this kind of topology all the cables run from the
computers to the central location where they are all connected
by a device called hub or switch. Each computer on a star
network communicates with a central device that resends the
message either to each computer or only to the destination
computer,
Equipments:
1. PC
2. Hub / Switch
3. Cables (fiber optic, UTP, STP)
4. Fiber-optic or Ethernet LAN card.
Advantages:
1. Easy troubleshooting.
2. Data transmission speed is very high, depends upon the
cable & media
3. Easy configuration.
4. It is easy to modify and add new computers without
disturbing the rest of the network.
5. The center of the star network is a good place to
diagnose the faults.
6. Single computer failure does not necessarily bring
down the whole star network.
Disadvantages:
1. If the central device fails, then the whole n/w fails.
2. Star networking is expensive because all network
cables must be pulled to one central point, requires
more cable than other network topologies.
Ring Topology:
In this type each computer is connected to the next
computer with the last one connected to the first. Each
retransmits what it receives from the previous computer. The
message flows around the ring in one direction. The ring
network does not subject to signal loss problem as a bus
network experiences. There is no termination because there is
no end to the ring.
Equipments:
1. PC
2. Fiber-optic cables
3. Fiber optic LAN card.
Advantages:
1. fastest topology
2. No limit of nodes
3. Two dedicated paths.
4. Works on full duplex technology.
6. Each node has equal access.
7. Capable of high speed data transfer.
Disadvantages:
1. Costly Topology
2. Difficult to configure.
3. Failure of one computer on the ring can affect the whole
network.
4. Difficult to troubleshoot the network.
5. A disadvantage of a token ring is if one computer is
broken or down, the massage cannot be passed to the
other computers.
Mesh Topology:
Equipments:
1. PC
2. Cables
Advantages:
1. More dedicated paths.
2. No requirement of central device.
3. Speed depends upon cable & media.
Disadvantages:
1. Requirement of LAN card is more.
2. We cannot perform more than 7 pc networks.
3. Very costly topology.
NOTE:
1) UNICAST: One to One Communication.

2) MULTICAST: One too many Communication.
3) BROADCAST: One to all communication.
HALF DUPLEX:-
We can do both side communication but at the time only one side
communication.
FULL DUPLEX:-
We can do both side communications at the time like as
telephone.
SIMPLEX COMMUNICATION:-
We can do one side communication at the time like as television,
radio.
Transmission Media
What is Network Cabling?
Cable is the medium through which information usually
moves from one network device to another. There are several
types of cable which are commonly used with LANs. In some
cases, a network will utilize only one type of cable, other
networks will use a variety of cable types. The type of cable
chosen for a network is related to the network's topology,
protocol, and size. Understanding the characteristics of
different types of cable and how they relate to other aspects of
a network is necessary for the development of a successful
network.
The following sections discuss the types of cables used in

networks and other related topics.
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
 Coaxial Cable
 Fiber Optic Cable
 Cable Installation Guides
 Wireless LANs
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties: shielded and
unshielded. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular
and is generally the best option for school networks (See fig. 1).
Fig.1. Unshielded twisted pair
The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to

extremely high-speed cable. The cable has four pairs of wires
inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with a different number of
twists per inch to help eliminate interference from adjacent
pairs and other electrical devices. The tighter the twisting, the
higher the supported transmission rate and the greater the cost
per foot The EIA/TIA (Electronic Industry
Association/Telecommunication Industry Association) has
established standards of UTP and rated six categories of wire
(additional categories are emerging).
Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair

Speed Use
Voice Only
1 Mbps
(Telephone Wire)
LocalTalk & Telephone

4 Mbps
(Rarely used)
16 Mbps 10BaseT Ethernet
Token Ring
20 Mbps
(Rarely used)
100 Mbps (2 pair) 100BaseT Ethernet
1000 Mbps (4 pair) Gigabit Ethernet
1,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
10,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
Unshielded Twisted Pair Connector

The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling
is an RJ-45 connector. This is a plastic connector that looks like
a large telephone-style connector (See fig. 2). A slot allows the
RJ-45 to be inserted only one way. RJ stands for Registered
Jack, implying that the connector follows a standard borrowed
from the telephone industry. This standard designates which
wire goes with each pin inside the connector.
Fig. 2. RJ-45 connector
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

Although UTP cable is the least expensive cable, it may
be susceptible to radio and electrical frequency interference (it
should not be too close to electric motors, fluorescent lights,
etc.). If you must place cable in environments with lots of
potential interference, or if you must place cable in extremely
sensitive environments that may be susceptible to the electrical
current in the UTP, shielded twisted pair may be the solution.
Shielded cables can also help to extend the maximum distance
of the cables.
Shielded twisted pair cable is available in three different

configurations:
1. Each pair of wires is individually shielded with foil.

2. There is a foil or braid shield inside the jacket covering all
wires (as a group).
3. There is a shield around each individual pair, as well as
around the entire group of wires (referred to as double
shield twisted pair).
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its
center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center
conductor and a braided metal shield (See fig. 3). The metal
shield helps to block any outside interference from
Fig. 3. Coaxial cable
Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant

to signal interference. In addition, it can support greater cable
lengths between network devices than twisted pair cable. The
two types of coaxial.
Thin coaxial cable is also referred to as thinnet. 10Base2

refers to the specifications for thin coaxial cable carrying
Ethernet signals. The 2 refers to the approximate maximum
segment length being 200 meters. In actual fact the maximum
segment length is 185 meters. Thin coaxial cable has been
popular in
Thick coaxial cable is also referred to as thick net. 10Base5

refers to the specifications for thick coaxial cable carrying
Ethernet signals. The 5 refers to the maximum segment length
being 500 meters. Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective
plastic cover that helps keep moisture away from the center
conductor. This makes thick coaxial a great choice when
running longer lengths in a linear bus network. One
disadvantage of thick coaxial is that it does
RG-59 flexible coaxial cable composed of:

A: outer plastic sheath
B: woven copper shield
C: inner dielectric insulator
D: copper core
Cable modem note:

The upper limit of 52 Mbps on a cable is to an ISP, not
currently to an individual PC. Most of today's PCs are limited to
an internal design that can accommodate no more than 10
Mbps (although the PCI bus itself carries data at a faster
speed). The 52 Mbps cable channel is subdivided among
individual users. Obviously, the faster the channel, the fewer
channels an ISP will require and the lower the cost to support
an individual user.
Coaxial Cable Connectors

The most common type of connector used with coaxial
cables is the Bayone-Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector (See
fig. 4).
Different types of adapters are available for BNC

connectors, including a T-connector, barrel connector, and
terminator. Connectors on the cable are the weakest points in
any network. To help avoid problems with your network, always
use the BNC connectors that crimp, rather
Fig. 4. BNC connector
Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core
surrounded by several layers of protective materials (See fig.
5). It transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating
the problem of electrical interference. This makes it ideal for
certain environments that contain a large amount of electrical
interference. It has also made it the standard for connecting
networks between
Fiber optic cable has the ability to transmit signals over much
longer distances than coaxial and twisted pair. It also has the
capability to carry information at vastly greater speeds. This
capacity broadens communication possibilities to include
services such as video conferencing and interactive services.
The cost of fiber optic cabling is comparable to copper cabling;
however, it is the center core of fiber cables is made from glass
or plastic fibers (see fig 5). A plastic coating then cushions the
fiber center, and kevlar fibers help to strengthen the cables and
prevent breakage. The outer insulating jacket made of teflon or
PVC.
Fig. 5. Fiber optic cable
There are two common types of fiber cables -- single

mode and multimode. Multimode cable has a larger diameter;
however, both cables provide high bandwidth at high speeds.
Single mode can provide more distance, but it is more
expensive.
Ethernet Cable Summary

Specification Cable Type
10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair
10Base2 Thin Coaxial
10Base5 Thick Coaxial
100BaseFX Fiber Optic
100BaseBX Single mode Fiber
100BaseSX Multimode Fiber
1000BaseFX Fiber Optic
1000BaseBX Single mode Fiber
1000BaseSX Multimode Fiber
Installing Cable - Some

Guidelines
When running cable, it is best to follow a few simple rules:
 Always use more cable than you need. Leave plenty of

slack.
 Test every part of a network as you install it. Even if it is
brand new, it may have problems that will be difficult to
isolate later.
 Stay at least 3 feet away from fluorescent light boxes and
other sources of electrical interference.
 If it is necessary to run cable across the floor, cover the

cable with cable protectors.
 Label both ends of each cable.
 Use cable ties (not tape) to keep cables in the same
location together.
Wireless LANs
 More and more networks are operating without cables, in

the wireless mode. Wireless LANs use high frequency
radio signals, infrared light beams, or lasers to
communicate between the workstations and the file server
or hubs. Each workstation and file server on a wireless
network has some sort of transceiver/antenna to send and
receive the data. Information is relayed between
transceivers as if they were
 physically connected. For longer distance, wireless
communications can also take place through cellular
telephone technology, microwave transmission, or by
satellite.
 Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop computers
or remote computers to connect to the LAN. Wireless
networks are also beneficial in older buildings where it may
be difficult or impossible to install cables.
 The two most common types of infrared communications
used in schools are line-of-sight and scattered broadcast.
Line-of-sight communication means that there must be an
unblocked direct line between the workstation and the
transceiver. If a person walks within the line-of-sight while
there is a transmission, the information would need to be
sent again. This kind of obstruction can slow down the
wireless network. Scattered infrared communication is a
broadcast of infrared transmissions sent out in multiple
directions that bounces off walls and ceilings until it
eventually hits the receiver. Networking communications
with laser are virtually the same as line-of-sight infrared
networks.
Wireless standards and speeds

The Wi-Fi Alliance is a global, non-profit organization that
helps to ensure standards and interoperability for wireless
networks, and wireless networks are often referred to as WiFi
(Wireless Fidelity). The original Wi-Fi standard (IEEE 802.11)
was adopted in 1997. Since then many variations have
emerged (and will continue to emerge). Wi-Fi networks use the
Ethernet protocol.
Standard Max Speed Typical Range
802.11a 54 Mbps 150 feet
802.11b 11 Mbps 300 feet
802.11g 54 Mbps 300 feet
Advantages of wireless networks:

 Mobility - With a laptop computer or mobile device, access
can be available throughout a school, at the mall, on an
airplane, etc. More an more businesses are also offering
free WiFi access.
 Fast setup - If your computer has a wireless adapter,
locating a wireless network can be as simple as clicking
"Connect to a Network" -- in some cases, you will connect
automatically to networks within range.
 Cost - Setting up a wireless network can be much more
cost effective than buying and installing cables.
 Expandability - Adding new computers to a wireless
network is as easy as turning the computer on (as long as
you do not exceed the maximum number of devices).
Disadvantages of wireless
networks:
 Security - Wireless networks are much more susceptible
to unauthorized use. If you set up a wireless network, be
sure to include maximum security. You should always
enable WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) or WPA (Wi-Fi
Protected Access), which will improve security and help to
prevent virtual intruders and freeloaders.
 Interference - Because wireless networks use radio
signals and similar techniques for transmission, they are
susceptible to interference from lights and electronic
devices.
 Inconsistent connections - How many times have you
hears "Wait a minute, I just lost my connection?" Because
of the interference caused by electrical devices and/or
items blocking the path of transmission, wireless
connections are not nearly as stable as those through a
dedicated cable.
 Power consumption - The wireless transmitter in a laptop
requires a significant amount of power; therefore, the
battery life of laptops can be adversely impacted. If you
are planning a laptop project in your classroom, be sure to
have power plugs and/or additional batteries available.
 Speed - The transmission speed of wireless networks is
improving; however, faster options (such as gigabit
Ethernet) are available via cables. In addition, if set up a
wireless network at home, and you are connecting to the
Internet via a DSL modem (at perhaps 3 Mbps), your
wireless access to the Internet will have a maximum of 3
Mbps connection speed
Cables
 The role of cable is to carry an audio or video signal from one
device to another.
 There are two types of cable
 STP (Shielded twisted pair)
 UTP (Unshielded twisted pair)
 UTP (Unshielded twisted pair)
 UTP, or Unshielded Twisted Pair, is a type of cable used in

telecommunications and computer networks. It consists of
different numbers of copper wire that have been twisted into
matching pair. The first UTP cables were used by Alexander
Graham Bell in his telephone systems in 1881. Since that time,
Types
 UTP comes in different types called Categories, often abbreviated
as "Cat". The most common are Cat 3, Cat 5e, and Cat 6. The
higher the category number, the more twists per foot in the pair,
and the better protection from interference. Following are few UTP
Cable standards used in the market: Cat 3 UTP. Category 3 UTP
is rated to carry data up to 10Mbit/s. Cat 3 UTP was the standard
cable
 UTP Cable Standards
Following are few UTP Cable standards used in the market:
Cat 3 UTP
Category 3 UTP is rated to carry data up to 10Mbit/s.
Cat 3 UTP was the standard cable for use with Ethernet 10Base-T.
Cat 5 UTP
Category 5 UTP is rated to carry Ethernet up to 100Mbit/s and ATM up

to 155Mbit/s.
Cat 5 UTP was the standard cable for use with Ethernet 100Base-TX.
Cat 5e UTP
Category 5e UTP is an enhanced version of Cat 5 UTP.
Cat 5e UTP is rated to carry data up to 1000Mbit/s.
Cat 5e UTP is the standard cable for use with Ethernet

1000Base-T.
Cat 5e can also be used to extend the distance of 100Base-TX
cable runs up to 350 meters.
Cat 6 UTP
Category 6 UTP is very similar to Cat 5 UTP, except that it is

designed and manufactured to even stricter standards.
Cat 3 Cable
Category 3 Cable, or Cat 3, is an older iteration of Ethernet
cables that is limited to 10 Mbps (megabits per second).
Cat 5 Cable
Cat 5 was the widely used successor to Cat 3 cable. Cat 5
allows for 10/100 Mbps.
Cat 5e Cable
Cat 5e is an enhanced version of Cat 5 cabling. Cat 5e will
allow for 10/100/1,000 Mbps
Cat 6 Cable
Cat 6 cables are very similar to Cat 5e; Category 6 cables allow
for speeds of up to 10,000 Mbps and also facilitate a Gigabit
Ethernet connection.
All cables are fully assembled, tested and ready to use in any
10Base-T, 100Base-TX or 1000Base-TX (Gigabit Ethernet)
network. They all have superior molded anti-snag strain reliefs.
Ethernet Cable Application Review:

The table below defines the speed / frequency and the
pairs for the following Ethernet applications: 10BaseT,
100BaseT4, 100BaseTX, 100BaseT2, and 1000BaseT
Practical uses of Category Cables:

Cable Rated Common Uses
Category Frequency
Bandwidth
(MHz)
Category None
1
Category 1 Telephone Wiring
2
Category 16 Telephone Wiring,
3 10Base-T
Category 20 Token-Ring,
4 10Base-T
Cat 5 100 100Base-TX,
10Base-T
Cat 5e 100 1000Base-T,
100Base-TX,
10Base-T
Cat 6 250 1000Base-T,
100Base-TX,
10Base-T
Fiber optic cable:-

BRIEF OVER VIEW OF FIBER OPTIC CABLE ADVANTAGES
OVER COPPER:
• SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into

the gigabits
• BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity
• DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without
needing to be "refreshed" or strengthened.
• RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise
such as radios, motors or other nearby cables.
• MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to
maintain.
Single Mode cable:-
Is a single stand (most applications use 2 fibers) of glass
fiber with a diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns that has one mode of
transmission. Single Modem fiber is used in many applications
where data is sent at multi-frequency Single-mode fiber gives
you a higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more
distance than multimode, but it also costs more. Single-mode
fiber has a much smaller core than multimode
Multi-Mode cable has a little bit bigger diameter, with a

common diameters in the 50-to-100 micron range for the light
carry component but at a lower cost.
Multimode fiber gives you high bandwidth at high speeds (10 to

100MBS - Gigabit to 275m to 2km) over medium distances but
at a lower cost.
Multimode fiber gives you high bandwidth at high speeds (10 to

100MBS - Gigabit to 275m to 2km) over medium distances
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ADVANCE NETWORKING

Networking began its infancy in the mid -1960’s.by the US

Wide area networks (WANs)

Campus area networks (CANs)

Metropolitan area networks

Selection of the appropriate topology:

Advantages of Bus Topology:

1) UNICAST: One to One Communication.

The following sections discuss the types of cables used in

 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to

Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair

LocalTalk & Telephone

16 Mbps 10BaseT Ethernet

1000 Mbps (4 pair) Gigabit Ethernet

1,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet

10,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet

Unshielded Twisted Pair Connector

Fig. 2. RJ-45 connector

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

Shielded twisted pair cable is available in three different

1. Each pair of wires is individually shielded with foil.

Fig. 3. Coaxial cable

Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant

Thin coaxial cable is also referred to as thinnet. 10Base2

Thick coaxial cable is also referred to as thick net. 10Base5

RG-59 flexible coaxial cable composed of:

Cable modem note:

Coaxial Cable Connectors

Different types of adapters are available for BNC

Fig. 4. BNC connector

Fiber Optic Cable

Fig. 5. Fiber optic cable

There are two common types of fiber cables -- single

Ethernet Cable Summary

10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair

10Base5 Thick Coaxial

100BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair

100BaseFX Fiber Optic

100BaseBX Single mode Fiber

100BaseSX Multimode Fiber

1000BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair

1000BaseFX Fiber Optic

1000BaseBX Single mode Fiber

1000BaseSX Multimode Fiber

Installing Cable - Some

 Always use more cable than you need. Leave plenty of

 If it is necessary to run cable across the floor, cover the

 More and more networks are operating without cables, in

Wireless standards and speeds

Standard Max Speed Typical Range

802.11a 54 Mbps 150 feet

802.11b 11 Mbps 300 feet

802.11g 54 Mbps 300 feet

Advantages of wireless networks:

 STP (Shielded twisted pair)

 UTP (Unshielded twisted pair)

 UTP (Unshielded twisted pair)

 UTP, or Unshielded Twisted Pair, is a type of cable used in

Following are few UTP Cable standards used in the market:

Category 3 UTP is rated to carry data up to 10Mbit/s.

Category 5 UTP is rated to carry Ethernet up to 100Mbit/s and ATM up

Category 5e UTP is an enhanced version of Cat 5 UTP.