Professional Documents
Culture Documents
09 - Chapter 4 PDF
09 - Chapter 4 PDF
CHAPTER 4
4.1 INTRODUCTION
view to measure total harmonic distortion which will indicate the probable
losses in the output.
F(x)=
(4.1)
e (ωt) = ω ω ω
ω ω ω (4.4)
(or)
(4.7)
e (ωt)
Em
л 2л 3Л
0
Л
-Em
an = 0 (4.8)
50
л
∫ л
ω ω ω (n=0, 1, 2…) (4.9)
л
The voltage function for the square wave of Figure 4.1 is given by
Equations (4.10) and (4.11).
bn = , (n=1,3,5…..) (4.12)
π
e (ωt)= ω (4.13)
0 ωt
0
ωt
0 ωt
0 ωt
fc = Carrier frequency,
fm = Fundamental frequency
M = ( Vc/Vt) (4.15)
where
M = Modulation index
Assume a converter having „j‟ input lines and „k‟ output lines.
Then modulation function of switch connecting jth input with kth output is
illustrated in Equation (4.16).
m kj [1
t kj 1 2v j v k
] (4.16)
Tseq 3 v 2 im
m kj [1 2 sin( j t k ) sin(3 j t )]
1 2v k v j 4q
(4.17)
3 v im 3 3
55
q = Voltage ratio
m kj [1 2 sin( j t k ) sin(3 j t )]
1 2v k v j 2
(4.18)
3 v im 3
output voltage, V0 no longer equals the target output voltage in each switching
interval. This inevitably leads to low frequency distortion in the output
voltage and /or the input current compared to other methods with q<0.866.
For q<0.866, the indirect method yields results similar to the direct method.
3K A K B Vim
cos(ωi t 2ππ/3]
cos(ωi t)
Vo (Avi )B
(4.19)
cos(ωi t 45π5π/
2
If this time interval is the sample time for converter control, then at
the next sampling instant when the reference voltage vector rotates to a new
angular position, it may correspond to a new set of stationary voltage vectors
(Casadei et al 1993). Carrying this process onwards by sampling the entire
57
All sectors in SVPWM are shown in Figure 4.4. It uses a set of vectors
that are defined as instantaneous space vectors of the voltages and currents at
the input and output of the inverter. These vectors are created by various
switching states that the inverter is capable of generating.
q Axis
√
√
3 1
( )
d Axis
4 6
√ √
q
B
d
P]o A
Sine PWM
relationships are shown in Equation (4.20). That consists of the horizontal (d)
and vertical (q) axes as shown in Figure 4.6.
q Axis
B
Vref
d Axis
[ √ ⁄ √ ⁄ ]
calculus by referring Figure 4.7. „Tz„is switching time interval at which output
voltage of inverter is constant. T1 and T2 are switching time duration of
voltage space vectors V1 and V2.
V2
Vref
(T2/TZ)V2
V1
0
(T1/TZ)V1
∫ = ∫ ∫ ∫
| | = [ π
] (4.21)
π
| | ]= ] (4.22)
π
| | ]= (4.23)
π
= π (4.24)
= π (4.25)
| |
= (4.26)
√ | | π
T1 = π
√ | | π
=
√ | | π π
= (4.27)
√ | |
T2 = π
√ | |
= π π (4.28)
T0 = (4.29)
Table 4.1 shows the 6 sectors and the time calculation of each
switch. This can be easily calculated using above switching states.
The rectifier gate drive duty cycle based on voltage space vector is
illustrated here. For speed control applications rectifier fed inverter system is
employed. This system converts fixed AC to variable AC voltage using two
conversion stages. The matrix converter is a direct conversion system. To get
67
Let
i1*
(t2/tz) i2
c
0
i1
(t1 /tz) i1
π
⁄
68
√
(
where
[ ] . ( [ ] [ ]) [ ] (4.30)
[ ] (4.31)
69
4.5 CONCLUSION