5

Experiments
1.4 Experiment procedure

Simulated first in these experiments are the three operating states comprising no-load,
matching and short-circuit for the two line lengths of 150 and 300 km. Two multimeters can be
used to simultaneously measure all voltages and currents as well as active, reactive and
apparent powers at both line ends. The feed transformer's voltage at the start of the line is to
be increased in steps to the specified value in each case. In this process, make sure that the
maximum permissible values of the voltage (400 V between two outer conductors phases)
and current (2.5 A during short circuit) are not exceeded anywhere.
Set up the circuit as illustrated next.
Figure 1.11: Experiment circuit for measurements in the no-load, matching and
short-circuit modes
1.4.1 No-load
Disconnect the resistive load to study operating response under no-load.
For both line lengths, set the voltage to the nominal value (380 V) at the beginning of the line.
The outer conductors are designated L1 , L2 and L3 , the neutral conductor N. Measure the
variables indicated in the table (the powers always comprise three-phase values, i.e. total
power levels):
Line length of 150 km:
Voltage L1 – N (at line start) V

Voltage L1 – L2 (at line start) V
Voltage L1 – LN (at line end) V
Voltage L1 – L2 (at line end) V
Current L1 (at line start) V
Active power (at line start) W
Reactive power (at line start) var
Line length of 300 km:

Voltage L1 – L2 (at line start) V
Voltage L1 – N (at line end) V
Voltage L1 – L2 (at line end) V
Compare the measurement results with the calculated values (all calculations are carried out
for single-phases on the basis of the associated phasor diagram).
To determine the voltage rise at the line's open end, it is best to use the voltage measured
there to calculate the voltage at the line's start. The calculations shown next apply according
to Figure 1.5.
For a line length of 150 km:
I20 = U2 * ωCB / 2 = 223 V * 314 s-1 * 1 µF = 0.07 A
UL = X * I20 = 2.53 V
U1 = U2 – UL = 220.5 V

I20 = U2 * ωCB / 2 = 231 V * 314 s-1 * 2 µF = 0.145 A
UL = X * I20 = 10.48 V
U1 = U2 – UL = 220.5 V
The charging power can be ascertained with sufficient precision assuming that the voltages at
the start and end of the line are identical.
In this case: Qc = 3 * (UN / √3) ² * ω * CB = UN ² * ω * CB

Qc = (380 V) ² * 314 s-1 * 2 µF = 90.7 var

Q = (380 V) ² * 314 s-1 * 4 µF = 181.4 var
The measured and calculated values thus concur quite well.
1.4.2 Matching
To study the response during matching, the resistive load is decreased from its maximum
value until attainment of the power levels specified in the table below. In the case of both line
lengths, the nominal voltage (380 V) is to be set at the start of the line and maintained at this
value through readjustment wherever necessary. The variables indicated next are to be
measured.
Power in W 300 400 500 600 700

Voltage L1 - L2 (line end) in V
Current L1 (load) in A
Current L1 (line start) in A
Active power (line start) in W
Reactive power (line start) in var
Power in W 300 400 500 600 700

Voltage L1 - L2 (line end) in V
Current L1 (load) in A
Current L1 (Leitungsanfang) in A
Acitve power (line start) in W
Reactive power (line start) in var
What can be said about the sign of the reactive power fed into the line?
At low power levels, the line acts as an inductance (reactive

power has a negative sign). The line's behaviour is then said
to be below the natural level. At high power levels, however,
the line acts as a capacitance (reactive power has a positive
sign). The line's behaviour is then said to be above the natural
level. The load itself neither consumes nor produces reactive
power.
At low power levels, the line acts as a capacitance (reactive
to be below the natural level. At high power levels, however,
the line acts as an inductance (reactive power has a positive
sign). The line's behaviour is then said to be above the natural
power.
At low power levels, the line acts as a capacitance (reactive
to be above the natural level. At high power levels, however,
the line acts as an inductance (reactive power has a positive
sign). The line's behaviour is then said to be below the natural
power.
Situated between these ranges is the operating state known matching. The supplied reactive
power is now at its minimum value (theoretically zero). This operating point is to be found by
slowly changing the load resistance, starting from its maximum value.
Measurement values during matching (line length of 150 km and supply voltage of 380 V):
Active power of the load (natural power in this case): W

Voltage L1 – L2 (line end) V
Current L1 (load) A
Current L1 (line start) A
Active power (line start) W
Reactive power (line start) var
Measurement values during matching (line length of 300 km and feed voltage of 380 V):
Active power of the load (natural power in this case): W

Current L1 (load) A
Current L1 (line start) A
Active power (line start)) W
Reactive power (line start) var
The equation P = U2Δ ²/ R or R = U2Δ ²/ P is used to calculate the corresponding load

resistance which also represents the characteristic impedance (U2Δ is the line-to-line voltage
across the load).
Evaluate the line resistances.
For a line length of 150 km: R = ZW = Ohm

For a line length of 300 km: R = ZW = Ohm
For the purpose of monitoring, this resistance can naturally also be measured by means of an
ohmmeter with the load disconnected.
Here too, a comparison is performed with the theoretically expected value for a lossless
line for both line lengths (the characteristic impedance is independent of the line length).
lossless line: ZW = √ (L / CB) = Ohm
The deviation between the measured and theoretical values is explained by the fact that the
nominal voltage was not present across the load during the experiment, due to the line's
active resistance.
Finally, the measured values are used to determine the efficiency during matching for
both line lengths:
Efficiency h150 = (P2 / P1) = %

Efficiency h300 = (P2 / P1) = %
1.4.3 Short circuit
To study the response in the event of a three-pole (symmetric) short circuit, the resistive load
is disconnected, and the three outer conductors connected to each other as well as the return
conductor. These connections must be established before the power switch is turned on.
In this experiment, the line can be considered as a model of a 110-kV line possessing the
same line constants for R, X and CB as a 380-kV line. Even with these values, the line model
remains realistic.
Because of the high current in the short-circuited state, the experiment should be carried out
swiftly at a reduced supply voltage. The current should remain on only until the desired
measurement values have been obtained. Increase the line-to-line voltage at the start of the
line to 110 kV and measure the variables indicated below.
Line length: 150 km 300 km

Voltage L1 - L2 (line start) V V
Current L1 (at line start) A A
Active power (line start) W W
Reactive power (line start) var var
Current L1 (at line end) A A
How can the measurement results be interpreted?
The current at the start of the line is lower than at the shorted
line end. This is explained by the influence of the working
capacitance.
The measurement results show that the line mainly consumes
inductive reactive power in the event of a short circuit.
As shown for a lossless line in Figure 6.7, the short-circuit Several answers
current is purely capacitive and reduced by the inductive may be correct.
transverse current at the end of the line. However, the
difference between the two amperages is minimal.
As shown for a lossless line in Figure 6.7, the short-circuit
current is purely inductive and reduced by the capacitive
transverse current at the end of the line. However, the
difference between the two amperages is minimal.
Note:
In this experiment, the currents were measured only in the steady state. The initial values
occurring on a short circuit of relatively short lines in meshed networks with multiple feeds can
be much higher. Unbalanced and earth faults, of equal importance to the design of protective
equipment, are treated in a separate experiment.
1.4.4 Mixed loads

The most important case in practice is a supply for mixed resistive-inductive loads.
Investigated beforehand, however, is the line response in the case of purely capacitive and
inductive loads.
All the tests are conducted again at the nominal voltage of 380 V.
For measurements with capacitive loads, assemble the circuit as shown next.
Figure 1.12: Experiment circuit for measurements with purely capacitive loads
Connect the capacitor in star configuration, and set the voltage at the start of the line to a
constant value of 340 V; perform any readjustment necessary to avoid excess voltages at the
end of the line. Enter the values of the specified parameters in the table below. The power
levels again comprise total values.
C= 2 µF 4 µF 6 µF 8 µF 10 µF 12 µF
Voltage L1 - L2 (line end)
Current L1 (at line end)
Reactive power (at line end)
Strom L1 (am Leitungsanfang)in A
Active power (at line start)
Reactive power (at line start)
How does the voltage at the line's end depend on the connected capacitance?
Evidently, the voltage at the end of the line rises
disproportionately with increasing inductive load. This can be
explained by the Ferranti effect, as already described in the
case of no-load.
disproportionately with increasing capacitive load. This can be
case of no-load.
disproportionately with increasing resistive load. This can be
case of no-load.
For measurements with purely inductive loads, assemble the circuit as shown next.
Figure 1.13: Experiment circuit for measurements with purely inductive loads
Connect the inductor in star configuration, and set the voltage at the start of the line to 380 V;
perform any necessary readjustments. Enter the values of the specified parameters in the
table below. The power levels again comprise total values.
Für L= 3,2 H 2,8 H 2,4 H 2,0 H 1,6 H 1,2 H

Voltage L1 - L2 (line end)
Current L1 (at line end)
Reactive power (at line end)
Current L1 (at line start)A
Active power (at line start)
Reactive power (at line start)
How does the voltage at the end of the line depend on the connected inductance?
In the case of inductive loads, the voltage at the start of the

line drops as the load increases (i.e. as the inductance
increases). The line behaves similarly to a purely resistive
load.
In the case of inductive loads, the voltage at the end of the
line drops as the load decreases (i.e. as the inductance
decreases). The line behaves similarly to a purely resistive
load.
In the case of inductive loads, the voltage at the end of the
line drops as the load increases (i.e. as the inductance
decreases). The line behaves similarly to a purely resistive
load.
Besides purely resistive loads (lighting, process heat), operations in a real power network also
involve numerous loads of a resistive-inductive nature (transformers, electric motors). The
overall power factor cos f in this case usually ranges between 0.8 and 0.9. These load cases
are accordingly given due consideration below. All experiments here are conducted with a line
length of 150 km.
For tests involving mixed resistive-inductive loads, assemble the circuit as shown next.
Figure 1.14: Experiment circuit for measurements with mixed resistive-inductive loads
Connect the inductor and load resistor in parallel and star-configuration in each case; set the
voltage at the start of the line to 380 V and perform any necessary readjustments. Note the
values of the exemplified variables in the table. The power levels again comprise total values.
Measured values for L = 3.2 H and a load adjusted (starting with large values of R) so as
to consume an active power of 300 W:
Current L1 (at line end) A
Reactive power (load) var
Power factor cos φ (load)
Current L1 (at line start) A
Power factor cosφ (load)
Power factor cos f (load)
As an example, the results of the last measurement are to be checked through calculation.
Perform single-phase calculations on the basis of the phasor diagram in Figure 1.8. The
load's active power at the measured voltage results the following active current:
I2 active = P2 / (√3 * U2Δ) = 500 W / (1.732 * 342 V) = 0.844 A
The inductive load of 1.2 H results in the following reactive current:
I2 reactive = U2Δ / (√3 *ωL) = 0.524 A.
Accordingly, the complex current at the end of the line is:

I2= (0.844 – j 0.524); value of I2 = 0.993 A.
The following applies to the load's power factor: tan j2 = I2 reactive / I2 active = 0.62 and cos φ2
= 0.85.
The transverse current due to half the working capacitance at the end of the line is:
I20 = U2 * (j ωCB / 2) = j 0.062 A (star voltage U2 = 197.46 V).
The longitudinal current along the line is I12 = I2 + I20 = (0.844 – j 0.462) A.
Consequently, U1 = U2 + (R + j X) * I12.
If R = 3.6 W und X = 36.15 W (line values) are used, then U1 = (217.2 + j 28.847) V and U1Δ
= (376.19 + j 49.964).
The voltage at the start of the line is U1Δ = 379.5 V
The transverse current due to half the working capacitance at the start of the line is:
I10 = U1 * (j ωCB / 2) = (- 0.009 + j 0.068) A
Consequently, the current flowing through the line is:

I1 = I12 + I10 = (0.835 – j 0.394) A; value of I1 = 0.923 A.
The (total) apparent power consumed by the line is:

S = 3 * U1 * I1 * (I1 * is the conjugated, complex value of I1).
After multiplication, the active power is:

P1 = 510 W and the reactive power is Q1 = 329 var.
The minor differences compared to the measured values can be explained by component
tolerances.
A load state involving a poor power factor will now to be simulated in order to demonstrate the
possibility of reactive power compensation.
A capacitance of 3 x 4 µF is now to be star-connected in parallel with the RL load, and the

measurement repeated. The voltage at the start of the line is to be maintained at a
constant value of 380 V, and the resistive load adjusted so as to consume 300 W again.
Repeat the experiment with a capacitance of 3 x 8 µF in a star-connection. The voltage at

the start of the line is to be maintained at a constant value of 380 V, and the resistive load
adjusted so as to consume 300 W again.
What do the measurement results indicate?
Clearly, the load's power factor is improved by the
compensation capacitance, even nearly to a value of one in
the last case. Compensation increases the voltage across the
consumer and lowers the current flowing via the line. This
also reduces transmission losses, evident from the lower
active-power consumption of the line given a constant load at
its end.
Clearly, the load's power factor is improved by the
compensation capacitance, even nearly to a value of one in
the last case. Compensation increases the voltage across the
consumer and lowers the current flowing via the line. This
also increases transmission losses, evident from the lower
active-power consumption of the line given a constant load at
its end.
A computational verification of these capacitance values using the equations stated in section
"Theoretical Fundamentals" is somewhat complicated, because of the different voltages
present at the end of the line during the measurement series, and the need to account for the
influence of the line's working capacitance.
As described in chapter on theoretical fundamentals, series compensation can be performed

in the case of long transmission lines to avoid excessively high voltage drops along them.
This is achieved with the circuit shown in Figure 1.14, but for a line length of 300 km this time.
First, the line is operated in the uncompensated mode. The supply voltage is set to 400 V at
the start of the line.
Measured values for L = 2.0 H and the load R adjusted so as to consume an active power
of 500 W:
The experiment demonstrates that the load at the end of a long line causes an
impermissibly high voltage drop. A series capacitor can be used to reduce this drop.
Three individual capacitances with the value C = 1 / (ω * XL) are required for full
compensation. At a length of 300 km, the line model has a reactance XL = 72.3 O, so that
C = 44 µF. In the experiment, this value can be realized by a parallel connection of
capacitors rated respectively at 30, 8, 4 and 2 µF. The three capacitances formed in this
manner are to be connected between the end of the line and the multimeter in each case.
This permits continued measurement of the sought variables across the load. The
resistive load is to be readjusted until a consumption of 500 W is achieved again, and the
same variables as those in the uncompensated state are to be measured:
What has changed compared with the uncompensated state?

Evidently, series compensation raises the voltage across the
load to the value of the supply voltage. At the same power
level, this causes a reduction in the line's current load.
Evidently, series compensation lowers the voltage across the
load to the value of the supply voltage. At the same power
level, this causes a reduction in the line's current load.

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Experiments

1.4 Experiment procedure

Set up the circuit as illustrated next.

Line length of 150 km:

Voltage L1 – N (at line start) V

Line length of 300 km:

Voltage L1 – N (at line start) V

For a line length of 150 km:

I20 = U2 * ωCB / 2 = 223 V * 314 s-1 * 1 µF = 0.07 A

For a line length of 300 km:

In this case: Qc = 3 * (UN / √3) ² * ω * CB = UN ² * ω * CB

For a line length of 150 km:

For a line length of 300 km:

For a line length of 150 km:

Power in W 300 400 500 600 700

For a line length of 300 km:

Power in W 300 400 500 600 700

At low power levels, the line acts as an inductance (reactive

Active power of the load (natural power in this case): W

Active power of the load (natural power in this case): W

The equation P = U2Δ ²/ R or R = U2Δ ²/ P is used to calculate the corresponding load

Evaluate the line resistances.

For a line length of 150 km: R = ZW = Ohm

lossless line: ZW = √ (L / CB) = Ohm

Efficiency h150 = (P2 / P1) = %

Line length: 150 km 300 km

How can the measurement results be interpreted?

1.4.4 Mixed loads

Für L= 3,2 H 2,8 H 2,4 H 2,0 H 1,6 H 1,2 H

In the case of inductive loads, the voltage at the start of the

I2 active = P2 / (√3 * U2Δ) = 500 W / (1.732 * 342 V) = 0.844 A

The inductive load of 1.2 H results in the following reactive current:

I2 reactive = U2Δ / (√3 *ωL) = 0.524 A.

Accordingly, the complex current at the end of the line is:

I20 = U2 * (j ωCB / 2) = j 0.062 A (star voltage U2 = 197.46 V).

The voltage at the start of the line is U1Δ = 379.5 V

Consequently, the current flowing through the line is:

The (total) apparent power consumed by the line is:

After multiplication, the active power is:

A capacitance of 3 x 4 µF is now to be star-connected in parallel with the RL load, and the

Repeat the experiment with a capacitance of 3 x 8 µF in a star-connection. The voltage at

As described in chapter on theoretical fundamentals, series compensation can be performed

What has changed compared with the uncompensated state?

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