Embryonic

Development during
the First Trimester
I Gede Dennis Sukadana
Medical Student in the Faculty of
Medicine Universitas Indonesia
 First Trimester

• Organogenesis 2. Respiratory System

1. Cardiovascular System 3. Thermoregulatory System
a. Endocardial tube a. Monitoring System
formation b. Central Regulatory
b. Heart Dilations system
c. Septum c. Peripheral Effector
d. Arterial Vessel System
e. Venous Vessel 4. Basic Reflex System
a. Swallowing Reflex
Cardiovascular System
Endocardial
Tube
Formation

Dudek RW. BRS embryology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2011.
Endocardial Tube Formation

• Separation of the lateral plate mesoderm → splanchnic and somatic

• This separation will give rise to the pericardial cavity
• Fusion of the HFRs will form a continuous sheet of mesoderm
• Due to folding, the foregut will become hypertrophied → secrete
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) → creates discontinuous
vascular channels → Endocardial tube
• Mesoderm of the endocardium → form the myocardium (secretes CJ)
• Epicardium → migration of mesoderm near the coelomic wall of liver
 Heart
Dilations

Dudek RW. BRS embryology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2011.
Heart Dilations

• T → Truncus arteriosus
• B → Bulbus cordis
• PV → Primitive ventricle
• PA → Primitive atrium
• SV → Sinus venosus
• Performs dextral looping which will form the primitive heart structure
Formation of Septum

1. Aorticoventricular Septum
2. Atrioventricular Septum
3. Atrial Septum
4. Interventricular Septum
Formation of the Aorticoventricular Septum

Dudek RW. BRS embryology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2011.
 Migration of neural crest cells to the
truncal ridge and bulbar ridge through
pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 →
causes the outgrowth of vessels.

Formation of the
Aorticoventricular Truncal ridge → Aorta
Septum

Bulbar ridge → Pulmonary artery

Formation of the Atrioventricular Septum

Dudek RW. BRS embryology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2011.
 Septum present at the center of
the heart

Formation of
the Creates easier outgrowth of the
atrial and interventricular
Atrioventricular septum
Septum
Fusion of the ventral and dorsal
endocardial walls/AV cushions
Formation of the
Atrial Septum

Dudek RW. BRS embryology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2011.
Formation of the Atrial Septum

• Formation of the septum primum in the direction of the AV cushions

→ presence of foramen primum
• Opening of foramen secundum → closure of the foramen primum
• Formation of the septum secundum in the direction of the AV
cushions → formation of foramen ovale
 Formation of the Interventricular Septum

Dudek RW. BRS embryology. 5th ed.

Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2011.
Formation of the Interventricular Septum

• Initiated by ingrowth of muscular IV septum in a superior medial

path (from the midline floor of the heart)
• Fuses above on the aorticopulmonary septum
• Forms the right atrioventricular canal and interventricular foramen
• The interventricular foramen closes → proliferation and fusion of
tissues from the left bulbar ridge, right bulbar ridge and AV cushions.
Conduction System of the Heart

• Cardiac myocytes will perform spontaneous electrical depolarization

at a much faster rate than cardiac myocytes in other regions
• As dextral looping occurs, these myocytes will transfer to the right
atrium (SAN) and the center of the heart (AVN)
• As the heart develops and form fibrous skeleton → forms insulation
between the atria and ventricles → AVN is the only pathway
• Purkinje tissue from the AVN is made from specialized cells being
able to conduct electrical impulses at a faster rate
Formation of the Arterial System

Dudek RW. BRS embryology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2011.
Formation of the Venous System
Formation of the Venous System

• Vitelline and umbilical veins contribute to the hepatic network

• Due to left-right shunting, the right vitelline vein enlarges while the
left vitelline vein disappears
• Right umbilical vein degenerates early in life, in which the left
umbilical vein will enlarge to carry oxygenated blood from placenta
Respiratory System
Formation of
the
Respiratory
System

Dudek RW. BRS embryology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2011.
Formation of the Respiratory System

• Starts with the outgrowth of the ventral wall of the foregut

• Forms a tube for future placement of the trachea → respiratory
diverticulum or lung bud
• The trachea and the esophagus is separated with tracheoesophageal
folds/ridges which separates them to form the tracheoesophageal
septum
• Connection between trachea and esophagus will be present in the
larynx → through laryngeal orifice
Formation of
lung
Peritoneal
Cavity

Sadler TW. Langman’s medical embryology. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2012.
Formation of the Bronchi and Lungs

• The 2 respiratory diverticulum will develop to become the 2 main

bronchi (sing. Bronchus)
• It will branch out form 3 secondary branches on the right bronchi and
2 secondary branches from the left bronchi
• Further branching will occur, 10 tertiary branches will occur from the
left secondary branches, while 8-9 branches will occur form the right
secondary branches.
• These tertiary branches → terminal bronchioles → respiratory
bronchioles
Development of the Lungs

1. Embryonal period
2. Pseudoglandular period → branches into terminal bronchioles
3. Canalicular period → 2nd trimester
4. Terminal sac period → 3rd trimester
5. Alveolar period → 3rd trimester
Thermoregulatory
System
 The monitoring system

Components of
the Central regulatory system
Thermoregulatory
System

Peripheral effector system

 The
Monitoring
System

Hill M. Somatosensory development [Internet]. Australia: UNSW CRICOS; 2012 Oct 5 [cited on 2019 Sept 12].
Available from: https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/2012_Group_Project_2
 Central
Regulatory
System

Hill M. Neural system development [Internet]. Australia: UNSW CRICOS; 2010 Aug 20 [cited on 2019 Sept 12].
Available from: https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Stage_22_image_0 55.jpg
 Skeletal muscles lining the axial
and appendicular skeleton →
somite
Peripheral
Effector
System Smooth and cardiac muscles →
splanchnic mesoderm
Basic Reflex System
Swallowing Reflex
• Facilitates future feeding with
breast or a bottle, without the
use of a fixed spoon
• Aided with certain anatomical
structures → larynx, epiglottis,
primary and secondary palate to
separate the buccal and nasal
cavities
References:
• Jones M, Fosberry R, Gregory J, Taylor D. Cambridge international AS and A level biology coursebook. 4 th ed.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.
• Dudek RW. BRS embryology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2011.
• Sadler TW. Langman’s medical embryology. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2012.
• Hill M. Somatosensory development [Internet]. Australia: UNSW CRICOS; 2012 Oct 5 [cited on 2019 Sept 12].
Available from: https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/2012_Group_Project_2
• Hill M. Neural system development [Internet]. Australia: UNSW CRICOS; 2010 Aug 20 [cited on 2019 Sept
12]. Available from:
https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/File:Stage_22_image_055.jpg
• Jusuf AA. Growth and development of 4 basic tissues [unpublished lecture notes]. Growth and Development
Module. Depok: Universitas Indonesia; lecture given 2019 Sept 4.
• Dalton C. Embryologic development: Swallowing. Embryological Development. 2011:1-2.