LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

• To evaluate the structure and function of

the human heart.
• To explain circulation of blood in human
beings.
 Time to reflect:

1. H ow many chambers are present in the

human heart?
2. What are the functions of the upper and
low er chambers?
3. What are the blood vessels that enter
and leave the heart?
 The Vertebrate Heart
• Vertebrate hearts are separated into tw o
types of chambers
1. A tria (singular: atrium): receive blood
from body or lungs. Contractions of the
atria send blood through a valve to the
ventricles.
2. Ventricles: receive blood from atria,
contract to send blood to body or lungs.
 Reflect:
1. H ow does the oxygen that you breathe
reach all the cells in your body?
2. H ow is the carbon dioxide produced by
your cells carried back to the heart?
3. What carries the oxygen rich blood from
the heart to the rest of the body?
4. What carries the oxygen depleted blood
back to the heart?
Schematic sectional view of the human
heart
 Activities:
1. Compare the different parts of the
heart.
2. Draw a schematic diagram of the
heart showing its structure.
3. With the help of a schematic
diagram trace ‘Blood's Trip’ through
the Heart.
(Include the chambers of the heart and
the blood vessels.) ( Visual)
Two-chambered heart
• The simplest vertebrate heart
is the tw o-chambered heart,
seen in fishes.

• A single atrium receives

blood from the body cells. A
ventricle sends blood to the
gills to collect oxygen.- single
circulation

• Cold blooded- body

temperature varies w ith the
temperature of the
surrounding
 Three-chambered heart
• Separate atria allow some
separation of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood,
w hich w as an advantage for
land organisms (reptiles,
amphibians).

• Though blood can mix in

the ventricle, mixing is
minimal. Some reptiles have
partial separation of the
ventricle.

• Double circulation but cold

 Four-chambered heart
• The four-chambered heart,
seen in birds and
mammals, allow s complete
separation of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood.

• Complete separation is
necessary to support a fast
metabolism found in
homeotherms( w arm
blooded).

• Double circulation
Pulmonary Pulmonary
Circulation
Pulmonary
Artery
V ein

V ena Cava

Systemic
circulation
Aorta
•Pulmonary circuit
Circuits
•The blood pathway
between the right ventricle
of the heart, to the lungs,
and back to the left atrium
of the heart.

•Systemic circuit
•The pathway between the
left ventricle to the rest of
the body and back to the
right atrium.
 Time to reflect:
1. What is the advantage of double
circulation?
2. Why are the w alls of the ventricles
thicker?
3. Why did homeothermy (“ w arm-
bloodedness) only develop in organisms
w ith four chambered heart?
 Label
the
given
diagram
.
“Dual pump” operation

The four-chambered heart acts as two pumps.

 Cardiac Cycle
• Describes all the activities of the heart through
one complete heartbeat—that is, through one
contraction and relaxation of both the atria and
ventricles.

• total length is about 0.8 s

• The contraction phase is called systole

• The relaxation phase is called diastole

 Blood pressure

• Systolic pressure =
pressure w hen the
heart contracts.

• Diastolic pressure =
pressure betw een
heart beats.
 Which set of heart vessels moves
deoxygenated blood from the heart to the
lungs?

1. Pulmonary artery
2. Pulmonary veins
3. A orta
4. Vena Cava
If your blood pressure is 90/70, the 70
represents:

1. Systolic pressure – heart contracts

2. Systolic pressure – heart is relaxed
3. Diastolic pressure – heart contracts
4. Diastolic pressure – heart is relaxed