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HW 09
HW 09
Nu L
hL
k
0.037 Re 0L.8 871 Pr 1 / 3 0.037 1.081x10 7 0 .8
871 0.7340
1/ 3
1.336 x10 4
We then use this Nusselt number to find the heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer.
Q s
m 2 o C
1000 W
h A T T 32.43 W 40 m 2 12 o C 5 o C 1 kW 9.08 kW
If the wind velocity were doubled, the Reynolds number would be doubled and we would repeat
the calculations above, starting with this revised Reynolds number..
Nu L
hL
k
0.037 Re 0L.8 871 Pr 1 / 3 0.037 2.162 x10 7 0.8
871 0.7340
1/ 3
2.384 x10 4
Q 12 W 29.06 W
h
A Ts T
0.0118m 60 C 25 C
2 o o
m 2 o C
We need air properties to continue. The mean temperature is (60oC + 25oC)/2 = 42.5oC. We find
the following properties of air at this temperature from Table A-15: k = 0.02681 W/moC, =
1.726x10-5 m2/s, and Pr = 0.7248. The Nusselt number based on the common length of 0.1 m for
all the surfaces that we are treating as flat plates, can now be computed as follows
29.06 W
hL
0.1 m
Nu L m
2 o
C 108.4
k 0.02681 W
m o C
1.726 x10 5 m 2
VL Re L s
3.302 x10 4 5.70 m/s
Re L V
L 0.1 m
7-67C In flow across tube banks, why is the Reynolds number based on the maximum velocity
instead of the uniform approach velocity?
The uniform approach velocity is not as important to the flow phenomena across tube banks as
the local velocity between tubes. Thus the local maximum velocity is a better indicator of the heat
transfer effects and is used in the correlation equations.
8-22 Cooling water available at 10°C is used to condense steam at 30°C in the condenser of a
power plant at a rate of 0.15 kg/s by circulating the cooling water through a bank of 5-m-
long 1.2-cm-internal-diameter thin copper tubes. Water enters the tubes at a mean velocity
of 4 m/s, and leaves at a temperature of 24°C. The tubes are nearly isothermal at 30°C.
Determine the average heat transfer coefficient between the water and the tubes, and the
number of tubes needed to achieve the indicated heat transfer rate in the condenser.
Here we are using the data given in the problem to determine the heat transfer coefficient that is
responsible for the heat transfer performance represented by those data.
To start, we find the following properties for water at the average temperature of (10 oC + 24oC)/2
= 17.5oC from Table A-9: = 998.7 kg/m3, cp = 4183.8 J/kgoC, and latent heat of vaporization, hfg
= 2431 kJ/kg. The mass flow rate of water in one tube can be found as follows.
2 998.7 kg
AcV
m DV 3
0.012 m 2 4 m 0.4518 kg
4 m 4 s s
We can apply the first law of thermodynamics to determine the heat addition rate required to
increase the temperature from the inlet temperature of 10 oC to the outlet temperature of 24oC in a
single tube.
Q 1 tube mc p Tout Tin
0.4518 kg 4183.8 J
s kg o C
24 o
C 10 o
C
2.646x10 4 J
s
2.646x10 4 W
The log-mean temperature difference, which is used to calculate the heat transfer, is found below.
LMT
Tout Tin
24 o C 10 o C
11 .63o C
T T 24 C 30 C
o o
ln out s ln o
Tin Ts 10 C 30 C
o
The surface area, As, available for heat transfer is the wall area of the cylindrical tube.
The number of tubes required are found by determining the total heat transfer required to
condense 0.15 kg/s of steam with the latent heat found above: h fg = 2431 kJ/kg. The total heat
transfer required is
Since each tube has a heat transfer of 2.656x10 4 W, the number of tubes required is simply the
ratio of the two heat transfers.
Q 3.6365 x10 5 W
N tubes total
13.8
Q 2.646 x10 4 W
1 tube
8-29C Consider fully developed flow in a circular pipe with negligible entrance effects. If the
length of the pipe is doubled, the pressure drop will (a) double, (b) more than double, (c)
less than double, (d) reduce by half, or (e) remain constant. (This problem was not assigned
and was included here when the instructor misread 39 as 29.)
For fully developed flow in a pipe the pressure drop is proportional to the length. Thus if entrance
effects are negligible, the pressure drop in the entire pipe is proportional to length. So, if the pipe
length is doubled, the pressure drop will double.
8-39 Determine the convection heat transfer coefficient for the flow of (a) air and (b) water at a
velocity of 2 m/s in an 8-cm-diameter and 7-m-long tube when the tube is subjected to
uniform heat flux from all surfaces. Use fluid properties at 25 oC.
We have to repeat the same calculations for both air and water. Starting with air we find the
following properties for air at 25oC from Table A-15: k = 0.02551 W/moC, = 1.562x10-5 m2/s, and
Pr = 0.7296. We start by computing the Reynolds number.
2m
VD
0.08 m
Re D s 1.0243x10 4
5
1.562 x10 m 2
s
This corresponds to turbulent flow. Using the rule of thumb that the entry length is 10 diameters
for turbulent flow gives an entry length of 10(0..08 m) = 0.8 m, which is only (0.8 m)/(7 m) =
11.4% of the total tube length. For the accuracy of the correlation equations, we can assume that
the entire length is fully developed turbulent flow. (Using the equation that the entry length to
diameter ratio is 1.359Re1/4 given a slight larger entry length of 13.6 diameters.)
We can use the Gnielinski equation for the Nusselt number
Nu
f 8 Re 1000 Pr
1 12.7 f 8 Pr 2 3 1
12
Where we find the friction factor from the first Petukhov equation
We can now find the average heat transfer coefficient for air.
Repeating the calculations for water, we start by finding the properties of water at 25 oC from Table
A-9: : k = 0.607 W/moC, = 0.891x10-3 kg/ms, = 997 kg/m3, and Pr = 6.14; we first use
properties to find the Reynolds number.
997 kg 2 m
VD
0.08 m
Re D m3 s 1.7904 x10 5
0.891x10 3 kg
ms
Again, this is turbulent and the entry length of 10 diameters is small enough so that we can
neglect entry effects. We then repeat the calculations of friction factor, Nusselt number, and heat
transfer coefficient as done for air.
2
1 1
f 0.0160
0.790 ln Re 1.64 0.790 ln 1.7904x10 1.64
5
Nu
f 8 Re 1000 Pr 0.0160 8 1.704 x10 5 1000 6.14 934.1
1 12.7 f 8 Pr 2 3 1 1 12.7 0.0160 8 6.14 2 3 1
12 12
We see that the heat transfer coefficient in water is over 700 times the heat transfer coefficient for
air. This is due to a combination of effects. The viscosity and density of water give a higher
Reynolds number for the same flow velocity and diameter. This, in combination with a higher
Prandtl number results in a higher Nusselt number. The effect of the larger Nusselt number is
magnified by the higher thermal conductivity of water.
8-41 An 8-m long, uninsulated square duct of cross section 0.2 m by 0.2 m and relative
roughness 10-8 passes through the attic space of a house. Hot air enters the duct at 1 atm
and 80oC at a volume flow rate of 0.15 m3/s. The duct surface is nearly isothermal at 60 oC.
Determine the rate of heat loss from the duct to the attic space and the pressure difference
between the inlet and outlet sections of the duct.
If we assume that the air will not cool very much in the duct length we can use the inlet
temperature of 80oC to find the properties of air from Table A-15: k = 0.02953 W/m▪oC, =
2.097x10-5 m2/s, = 0.9994 kg/m3, cp = 1008 J/kgoC, and Pr = 0.7296. We start by computing the
mean velocity of air from the volume flow rate and the cross sectional area of a 2 = (0.2 m)2=
0.04 m2. (Note a denotes the width of one side of the square duct; L denotes the 10 m length of
the duct.)
4 Ac 4a 2
Dh a 0.2 m
p 4a
We now compute the Reynolds number based on the hydraulic diameter.
3.75 m
VDh
0.2 m
Re h s 35,765
2.097 x10 5 m 2
s
This corresponds to turbulent flow. Using the rule of thumb that the entry length is 10 diameters
for turbulent flow gives an entry length of 10(0.2 m) = 2 m, which is only (2m)/(8 m) = 25% of the
total tube length. For the accuracy of the correlation equations, we can assume that the entire
length is fully developed turbulent flow.
For this problem, the relative roughness,/Dh = (10-8 m)/(0.2 m) = 5x10-8.
We can use the Gnielinski equation for the Nusselt number with the friction factor found from the
Colebrook equation. We are justified in using the Gnielinski formula, rather than a special
formula for roughness, for this duct because the roughness is so small. The Colebrook equation
is shown below.
1 D 2.52
2 log10
f 3.7 Re f
Since this is an implicit equation, we can use the Haaland equation to estimate f
Substituting this estimate for f into the Colebrook equation gives our final answer for f.
1 D 2.52 8
2 log10 2 log10 5 x10 2.52
6.66 f 0.0226
3.7 35,765 0.0224
f 3.7 Re f
Before completing the heat transfer calculation, we can use this friction factor to find the pressure
drop.
2
0.9994 kg 3.75 m
L V 2
8m m3 s 1 N s Pa m 6.34 Pa
2 2
p f 0.0225
Dh 2 0.2 m 2 kg m 1 N
Substituting the friction factor and the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers found above into the
Gnielinski equation for the Nusselt number gives
Nu
f 8 Re 1000 Pr 0.0226 8 35765 1000 0.7296 82.03
1 12.7 f 8 Pr 2 3 1 1 12.7 0.0226 8 0.72962 3 1
12 12
Tout Ts Ts Tin e NTU 60 o C 60 o C 80 o C e 0.5130 72.0oC
We can find the heat transfer by using h and the log-mean temperature difference or by using the
first law. Here we use the first law because it is simpler.
The negative sign for the heat transfer indicates that the heat is transferred from the fluid to the
wall.