1.

0 TITLE
Marcet Boiler

2.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the relationship between temperature and pressure for saturated steam.

3.0 APPARATUS
Marcet boiler

4.0 INTRODUCTION
In this experiment, we will get the relationship between two thermodynamics
properties which is temperature and pressure for saturated steam. Marcet boiler
always used to determine the relationship between pressure and temperature for
saturated steam system. This device consists of tank completed with a high pressure
electrical heater. Besides that, these devices are also completed with safety valve,
thermometer, and steel jacket. The maximum capacity for this boiler is 3L. The figure
of Marcet Boiler is as shown in Figure 1.

4.1 THEORY
Thermodynamics properties of a pure substance can be determined by one of
these variables: T, P, H, S, V and so on. Those data can be determined from the
experiment or event by using certain thermodynamics equations. The easiest part of
measuring thermodynamics properties is that by measuring T and P. The relationship
of both values can be explained by graph or equation.

1
 Clausius – Clapeyron has introduced this equation:
[ dT / dP ]sat = T ( Vf – Vg ) / ( Hf – Hg )
Where Vf = Specific volume of water
Vg = Specific volume of steam
Hf = Enthalpy of water
Hg = Enthalpy of steam
Hfg = ( Hg – Hf ) = Latent Heat of Evaporation
The value of Latent Heat can be obtained from the equation.

5.0 PROCEDURE

1. Water was filled into the boiler by opening the water filling plug.Valve tap was
make sure opened and let the water flowing out from there when the boiler was
full.
2. Water which filled into the boiler is then heated while the valve tap is opened.
3. Valve tap is closed when the temperature reached about 100° C.
4. The temperature of every 0.5 bar pressure increasing is recorded until the pressure
is 5 bar.
5. Heating switch was off and temperature decreasing for every 0.5 bar pressure
decreased was recorded in table 1.

2
6.0 RESULT

Pressure, Absolute Steam Slope, TVg/Hfg

( bar) Pressure, Temperature, dT/dP
o
(bar) C
Increasing Decreasing Average
Pressure, Pressure, Temperature,
o o o
C C C
1.0 2.0 115.6 118.9 117.25 0.1706 0.17082
1.5 2.5 122.0 131.6 123.75 0.14641 0.14667
2.0 3.0 127.7 136.5 129.65 0.12483 0.12501
2.5 3.5 133.3 140.5 134.90 0.1106 0.1103
3.0 4.0 137.6 144.9 139.05 0.0999 0.10017
3.5 4.5 141.8 148.8 143.35 0.0900 0.09014
4.0 5.0 145.2 153.4 147.00 0.08253 0.08369
4.5 5.5 149.7 153.4 151.55 0.07535 0.07549
5.0 6.0 152.6 154.5 153.55 0.07266 0.07282

EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION:

Atmospheric Pressure = 1 bar

Room Temperature = 29° C.
Absolute pressure = Patm + Pgauge.
For the first data
P gauge = 1 bar
P abs = 1.0 + 1.0 = 2.0 bar
Average Temperature = temp (up) + temp (down)
2
= 115.6° C + 118.9° C
2
= 117.25° C

Absolute Temperature= T (° C ) + 273.15

= 117.25 + 273.15

3
 = 392.40 K

Clausius- Clapeyron Equation:

 dT / dP sat = T ( Vf – Vg ) / ( Hf – Hg )

Where Vf = Water (liquid) specific volume.

Vg = Steam specific volume

Hf = Enthalpy of water.

Hg = Enthalpy of steam

When P abs = 2.0

Absolute Temp = 390.40 K

Value of Vf , Vg, Hf and Hg can get from the steam table.

[dT/dP]sat = 390.40 ( 0.0010582-0.967)

492.16 - 2702.01
= 0.17065
*Same way of calculating for the other data.
Value of Tvg / Hfg.

Tvg / Hfg. = 390.40(0.967)

220.019
= 0.17082 kJ/kg

*Same way was used for calculating the other experiment data.

4
 Graf 1 : Graph of pressure against temperature for heating

y = 0.0085e 0.0422x
5

4
Pressure P, bar

0
90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Temperature T, oC

5
 Graf 2 : Graf of pressure versus temperature for cooling process

y = 0.0066e 0.043x
5

4
Pressure P, bar

0
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Temperature T, oC

6
7.0 DISCUSSION

i) Graph 1: Graph of pressure versus temperature for heating process

Graph shows the relation between absolute pressure and the saturated steam
temperature for heating process. This graph produces exponential equation which was a
curvy line. It shows that absolute pressure increasing about to be linear as increasing of
temperature.

ii) Graph 2: Graph of pressure versus temperature for cooling process.

Graph shows relation between absolute pressure and saturated steam pressure
where the graph is a curve. As in graph 1, the saturated steam, decreased as pressure
decrease. Initially, during the cooling process, temperature still increase even heating
switch was turned off.

iii) Discussion on Graph 1 and Graph 2.

The plotted graph that we have from this experiment is a curve for both cooling
and heating process.
Graph 1 is a heating curve where there exist vapor phase and graph 2 is a cooling
curve where exists liquid phase.
Before the experiment was undergoing, pressure is zero while temperature of
water is at room temperature. During the heating process, as pressure increased,
temperature also increased. This is due to pressure and temperature which depend on
each other and it can be explained by the relation P T.
For graph 2, the form of curve that we have for cooling process is quite same as
for the heating process because the decreasing rate of temperature during the cooling
process is about to same as increasing rate of temperature during the heating process. But
cooling process needed more time as water cooling slower than heating it up.
In the cooling process graph, temperature where pressure is zero is higher than
initial temperature of heating process. This may be caused by impurities such as rust
(Fe2O3) which makes the water is not pure anymore.

7
 Heat losses needed more time, this can be seen clearly in both graphs which show
the smaller difference in decreasing during cooling process than the heating one.
Before the experiment, the cleanliness of the Marcet Boiler should be taken in
consideration because it can cause the water inside the boiler mixed with the impurities
inside the boiler.
Water was heated while the wash valve opened to make sure that there is no air
inside the boiler which can affect the temperature reading. The air inside the boiler will
form a pressure to the surface of the water. So, more extra heat energy needed to change
water phase into steam. Water molecules are hard to release from this surface. This mixed
pressure will affect the saturated steam temperature.
There are also error that can affect the accuracy of the result such as parallax
error, systematic error, and water which has mixed with the impurities. These errors
should be minimizing in order to get more accurate result.

8
8.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, pressure and saturated steam temperature, is dependent each other.

When water is heated, pressure increase as saturated steam temperature increase and
when the pressure in the Marcet Boiler is closed to let the saturated steam temperature
decrease too.
Plotted graph (P versus T) is a curve, even though the slopes of the graph are
slightly different with the theoretical value. This difference is due to error happened
during the experiment. However, the result from the experiment was almost obeying the
“Two Properties Law”.
Besides, this experiment can be assumed success as the data that we have is quite
same as in the steam table.

9.0 REFERENCE

 Richard M.Felder dan Ronald W.Rousseau, Elementary Principals of Chemical

Processes, 3rd Edition, John Wiley, Singapore, 1999

 Wylen G.V, Sontag R dan Borgnakke C, Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 6th

Edition, John Wiley, New York, 1998

 Yunus A. Cengel and Micheal A. Boles, Thermodynamics, an Engineering

Approach, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.

 J.M. Smith, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Themodynamics, 7th Edition,

McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1996.

9
10.0 APPENDIX

10