PROGRAM : EM220 SARJANA MUDA KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

KURSUS : THERMOFLUIDS LAB 1 (MAKMAL THERMOBENDALIR 1)

KOD KURSUS : MEC454
PENSYARAH : IR. TS. DR BALJIT SINGH BHATHAL SINGH

LAPORAN MAKMAL

TAJUK UJIKAJI: 1

STEAM PRESSURE CURVE OF SATURATED STEAM (MARCET BOILER)

Bil. NAMA PELAJAR NO PELAJAR

1 MUHAMMAD RAZIQ NURHAIQAL B ROSMAN 2020372811
2 NUR ALIA PUTERI BINTI KAMARUZZAMAN 2020110437
3 NUR EZLYIN AMANINA MOHAMAD JAIS 2020988421
4 NUR FARZANA BINTI MOHD NAZAM 2020985647
5 NUR MAISARAH BINTI KHAIRUL AZAHAN 2020984893

GROUP: EMD2MIA-G2
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 3rd NOVEMBER 2020
1.0 TITLE
Steam Pressure Curve of Saturated Steam (Marcet Boiler).

2.0 OBJECTIVES
I. The primary aim of this experiment is to determine the curve of saturation
pressure.
II. This experiment is also carried out to study between the pressure and temperature
of saturated steam in equilibrium with water.

3.0 INTRODUCTION
Thermodynamics is a physics branch of research that deals with the interaction of
energies between a system and an atmosphere, such as work and heat, as the system
undergoes a phase that either cools or heats. The loss or gain of the system's energy during
a phase has a direct influence on the behaviour of thermodynamics. Two of the most
significant thermodynamic properties that are being tested in this experiment are absolute
pressure and temperature, both of which are changes in the system during the process. The
experimental data will be compared with the theoretical value of the steam table.

For the purpose of this experiment, we will be using the Marcet Boiler – WL 204 unit.
The WL 204 experimental unit can be used in a simple way to show the relationship
between water pressure and temperature. For recording the vapor pressure curve,
temperatures of up to 200°C are possible. Via a digital temperature display and a Bourdon
tube pressure gauge, temperature and pressure can be continuously controlled. As
protection equipment, a temperature limiter and pressure relief valve are fitted and protect
the device against overpressure.
4.0 PROCEDURES

1) The enclosed section of tubing was fitted to the overflow while opening the valve.
2) The enclosed section of tubing was fitted to the drain while closing the valve.
3) The plug was removed from the filler opening and water was poured into the boiler
until it emerges at the overflow.
4) The temperature controller was set to 100-110 °C which was slightly above the
expected boiling point of water
5) The steam rise temperature was observed as the water boils and the water was left to
cook approximately one minute so that the steam could pass through the open valve.
6) After the temperature reached 100-110 °C, the heater was turned off by switching off
the unit at the master switch.
7) The boiler was left for one minute until the pressure reading reached 1atm, then the unit
at the master switch was turned on again.
8) The heater was switched on at the heater switch and the boiler was heated up.
9) The temperature and pressure values in increment of approximately 0.5 bar were
determined and being recorded.
5.0 APPARATUS

THE MARCET BOILER - WL 204 UNIT

1. Drain valve
2. Heater
3. Overflow
4. Temperature sensor
5. Safety valve
6. Filler opening
7. Manometer
8. Boiler with insulating
jacket
9. Master switch
10. Heater switch
11. Temperature gauge
6.0 RESULTS

6.1 DATA

No Pressure, Pressure, Steam Temperature Superheated Steam Percentage

relative Absolute (°C) Temperature (°C) Error (%)
(bar) (bar) (Experimental Data) (Theoretical data)
1 0.5 1.5 106.6 111.4 4.3
2 1.0 2.0 115.8 120.2 3.6
3 1.5 2.5 122.9 127.4 3.5
4 2.0 3.0 128.6 133.5 3.7
5 2.5 3.5 133.7 138.8 3.7
6 3.0 4.0 138.2 143.6 3.7
7 4.0 5.0 146.5 151.8 3.5
8 5.0 6.0 153.6 158.8 3.3
9 6.0 7.0 159.6 165.0 3.3
10 7.0 8.0 165.2 170.4 3.1
11 8.0 9.0 170.0 175.4 3.1
12 9.0 10.0 174.5 179.9 3
13 10.0 11.0 178.6 184.1 2.9
14 11.0 12.0 182.5 187.9 2.9
15 12.0 13.0 186.1 191.6 2.9
16 13.0 14.0 189.7 195.0 2.7
17 14.0 15.0 192.6 198.3 2.8
18 15.0 16.0 195.5 201.4 2.9
 6.2 GRAPH

Steam Temperature (°C) (Experimental Data) against

Absolute Pressure (bar)

250
Steam temperature (°C)

200

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Absolute Pressure (bar)

Diagram 1

Steam Temperature (°C) (Theoretical Data)

against Absolute Pressure (bar)
250
STEAM TEMPERATURE (°C)

200

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE (BAR)

Diagram 2
 Compared Graph Between Experimental
Data And Theoretical Data
250
STEAM TEMPERATURE (°C)

200

150
Steam Temperature (°C)
(Experimental Data)
100
Steam Temperature (°C)
(Theoretical Data)
50

0
0 5 10 15 20
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE (BAR)

Diagram 3

6.3 SAMPLE CALCULATION

|Experimental value − Theoretical value|

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100
|Theoretical value|
|106.6 − 111.4|
= 𝑥 100
|111.4|
= 4.3%
7.0 DISCUSSIONS (Individual)

7.1 Muhammad Raziq NurHaiqal B Rosman (2020372811)

Marcet boiler is a tool used to conduct the relationship between a saturated pressure
and temperature of water in the range of 0-14 bar indicating in the gauge and also to determine
the temperature of a body when being heated or cooled. There are a few factors that are
considered before doing this experiment. Firstly, by making sure that there is no air in the boiler
to prevent from obtaining a less accurate data. Then, assuring the pressure gauge is showed at
zero before commencing the experiment. It is essential to follow these steps to prevent the
failure of the boiler to work and acquiring an accurate and precise results.

Steam Temperature (°C) (Experimental Data)

against Absolute Pressure (bar)

250
Steam temperature (°C)

200
150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Absolute Pressure (bar)

Diagram 1

Steam Temperature (°C)

(Theoretical Data) against
Absolute Pressure (bar)
250
STEAM TEMPERATURE (°C)

200

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE (BAR)

Diagram 2
 Compared Graph Between
Experimental Data And Theoretical
Data
250
STEAM TEMPERATURE (°C)

200

150
Steam Temperature (°C)
(Experimental Data)
100
Steam Temperature (°C)
50 (Theoretical Data)

0
0 5 10 15 20
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE (BAR)

Diagram 3

Based on the all the diagrams above, we can identify that the absolute pressure and the
steam temperature is directly proportional to each other and have a slightly difference in
temperature data in the given absolute pressure in a range of 3 to 6 °c. The percentage error
should not exceed 10% to show a successful experiment was conducted with every step taken
correctly. From the percentage error calculation, we get a range of -4.3 to -2.9 of percentage
error which means there are some mistakes while conducting the experiment. This mistake was
spotted as there was air in the boiler in the beginning of the experiment that led to error in data
taken. There are several other sources of errors that could affect in getting a less accurate data
in this experiment. For instance, the eye level not parallel to the measurement,
surrounding pressure, systematic error in calculations, mistakes in reading property tables.

In this experiment, the water inside the boiler is heated up until it reaches its boiling
temperature. Thus, the water molecule will start the breaking down of bonds between the
particles as it gains heat from the boiler. Water molecules will gain enough heat to change form
liquid form to vapor form. According to PV = nRT equation, when the volume is constant and
temperature increases, the pressure will also increase. Since the steam is locked inside a
constant volume of the boiler, the pressure of the vapor increases and resulting in the increase
of the temperature. Thus, the water will transform into gas completely.
 7.2 Nur Alia Puteri binti Kamaruzzaman (2020110437)

The experiment was done to study the relationship between the pressure and
temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water. The Marcet boiler was turned on and
the water inside the boiler is heated up until it reaches the boiling point. Then, the readings or
data shall be recorded from the temperature display and pressure gauge.

Some simple steps that can help avoid errors are, before starting the experiment, air gas
should be removed from the boiler. This is to avoid taking inaccurate readings during the
experiment because air gas might give lower pressure readings due to the air that is already
inside the boiler. The valve should also be closed before conducting the experiment to ensure
that the experiment shall be done at constant volume. Besides that, the pressure gauge should
also be set at zero to avoid misleading data due to the inaccuracy of the equipment at the start
of the experiment. If proper insulation is put on the Marcet boiler, then the results would be
more accurate because insulators could prevent heat loss.

Based on the experimental results, a graph was able to be obtained where it shows a
directly proportional incline between the steam temperature and absolute pressure. There is a
slight difference between the graph obtained by using the experimental data and theoretical
data when it is compared. The difference in the graph inclines might have happened because
of errors made when the experiment was conducted.

7.3 Nur Ezlyin Amanina Mohamad Jais (2020988421)

The Marcet boiler is a tool that we use to research the relationship between water
pressure and temperature in the saturated liquid process. We began the experiment, by heating
water with constant pressure until it reached the boiling point. Close the valve, which produces
a continuous volume structure that causes the pressure to rise as the temperature increases. This
helps one to research the direct relationship between water pressure and temperature at that
level.
We note that closing the valve when it hits the boiling point is necessary to ensure that
we are now in a constant volume phase otherwise that pressure would never have increased
otherwise, resulting in the experiment becoming useless. We also note that when we reached
the boiling temperature, we closed the valve and thus preserved the water at a saturated liquid
level.
 It is important to extract the air from the boiler before the experiment is performed.
This is because the precision of the experimental findings may be affected by air. The proper
equilibrium measurements between the steam and the boiling water will not be achieved when
the air is not removed. To increase the pressure, a lower water temperature would be needed
due to the partial pressure of the air. The air trapped in the boiler, however, could lead to boiler
failure.
Based on the graph, though there is a minor difference between the experimental slope
and the theoretical slope, the relationship between pressure and temperature is directly
proportional. The error percentage ranged from 0.3% to 44%. Measurement or reading
precision, room temperature and pressure, material stability and measurements are the causes
of error.
As the experiment was conducted on enclosed surface, the error percentage should not
reach or exceed 10% and no volume of experimenting samples are permitted to escape from
the device. From our experiment, we obtained 4.3% error which means, our experiment was
successful based on data obtained from the experiment. When the percentage error is negative,
the experimental yield was too much. It indicates that the experimental output is less than the
theoretical output when the percentage of error is positive.

7.4 Nur Farzana Binti Mohd Nazam (2020985647)

Based on the experiment that has been conducted, the objectives are to determine the
curve of saturation pressure and to study the relationship of saturated steam in equilibrium
water. Referring to these objectives, Marcet boiler was used as it contained unit that allows
students to investigate the pressure-temperature relationship for water and steam. Based on the
graph of steam temperature (experimental data) against absolute pressure, it shows that it is
directly proportional as the temperature increases, the pressure will also be increases. This is
because when the temperature increases, the particles in water move faster, and therefore have
greater speed with a greater momentum and a greater force when they collide with the walls,
so the pressure increases. Moreover, the higher the pressure of a boiler, the more heat must be
applied to make steam. For the comparison graph of theoretical and experimental data, there is
a small deviation between the experimental and theoretical slope. These errors might come
from the air that is not removed from boiler and the correct equilibrium measurements between
the steam and the boiling water will not be obtained. Due to the partial pressure of air, a lower
water temperature will be required to raise the pressure. The percentage error that has been
calculated from this experiment is just 4.3%. Other than that, the stability of the materials that
be used might not be 100% perfect. Moreover, to minimize the error, students should take an
average of multiple readings and avoid measurement reading errors.

7.5 Nur Maisarah Binti Khairul Azahan (2020984893)

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the relationship between the pressure
and the temperature of saturated stream. In addition, this experiment was done to show the
pressure curve of saturated steam. The Marcet Boiler was used to carry out the experiment.
Based on the Diagram 6.1 and 6.2, it shows that the relationship between the steam temperature
is directly proportional to the pressure. In other words, it can be said that as the pressure
increases, the stream temperature would also increase.

Based on the Diagram 6.3, it shows that there is not much different between the
theoretical and experimental values. From the table above, it displays that the highest
percentage error is only 4.3%. This error happened might because of several things. Firstly, it
might be happened due to the parallax error. To avoid this parallax error, the level of eyes must
be perpendicular to the scale reading of the manometer. Besides, it is important to extract the
air from the boiler before the experiment is performed. This is because the accuracy of the
experiment results may be affected by the air. Lastly, it could happen because of random error.
To overcome this error, the experiment could be repeated at least three times and calculated
the average value for accurate result.

8.0 IDEAS FOR IMPROVEMENT/SUGGESTIONS FOR THE EXPERIMENT

There are several things that could be done to improve the quality of the experiment.
Firstly, the experiment could be repeated several times and calculate the average value for
accurate result. Next, the level of eyes must be perpendicular to the scale reading of the
manometer to avoid the parallax error. The air from the boiler should be removed before the
experiment is conducted. This is because if the air is not removed, the correct equilibrium
measurements between the steam and the boiling water will not be obtained.
9.0 MAKE AVAILABLE RELEVANT INFORMATION RELATED TO
THERMOFLUID TECHNOLOGIES CORRESPONDING TO LABORATORY
WORKS CARRIED OUT

9.1 EXPLANATION OF POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS (I.E:

NOZZLE/INJECTOR)

A boiler is widely used in the industry with many functions. The boiler functions as a
mechanism that releases heat energy and produces steam using water. A steam engine is
machinery that releases heat energy by burning coal. The fire produced then heats up water
inside of the machine, which then produces steam. The water is heated and transformed into
steam within a boiler at a high pressure. This whole cycle is used to power up the engine. The
reduced pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler. Steam engines are
known as external combustion engines because its working fluid is placed in a different section
from the combustion products.

In food industries, there are two types of steamers used which are the traditional system
and new system. The current system or technology offers advantages in terms of efficiency for
both energy and water. The boiler-based steamers utilise a kettle-like system to infuse steams
into the food warming compartments containing the food plates. During the process, teams that
does not condense on the foods are released through a drain below the steam plate. Extra water
produced is also condensed and is cooled to a suitable temperature before it is drained into the
sewer system. Boilers can help so many sections in the industry as it is one of the easiest
mechanisms that is reliable to produce or provide something that is much needed during this
modern era.
 9.2 ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE GAINED THROUGHOUT THE
EXPERIMENT AND RELATE AVAILABLE INFORMATION TO THE
LAB CONDUCTED.

The experiment conducted uses a WL-204 Marcet Boiler to study the relationship
between the heating temperature and steam pressure. The interchange of heat and work
between a system and its surroundings happens when the system undergoes a process. When
the boiler is turned on, the heating temperature increases which is detected by the temperature
sensor or transducer. The temperature is then shown on a digital display. Heat has the tendency
to spread through a system and flows from the area of high temperature to the low temperature
only. This finding can be related to the Zeroth Law of thermodynamics, which defines the
concept of a temperature scale.

The valve should also be closed when the temperature almost reaches the boiling point
of water to ensure that the experiment is done within a constant volume to ensure that the
pressure increases throughout the experiment. When the valve is not closed, the volume of
water will increase due to the rising of its temperature. When the water is being heated in the
boiler, the liquid molecules starts to move faster and then turns into gas. The heat energy
absorbed by the liquid molecules are enough to enable it to change from liquid to vapour form.
As the valve is closed and steam is not allowed to exit the boiler, the pressure in the boiler
increases.
10.0 CONCLUSIONS (Individual)

10.1 Muhammad Raziq NurHaiqal B Rosman (2020372811)

Marcet boiler is a device that studies the relationship between pressure and temperature
in a constant volume. In this experiment, we heat up the water inside the boiler until it reaches
its boiling temperature and closed the valve of the steam to provide a constant volume. Since
the steam trapped in the boiler while the temperature increases, the pressure will increase. Thus,
data can be obtained and showed a directly proportional in the relationship between
temperature and pressure while in a constant volume. During the experiment, it is essential to
stop the boiler between 100 °C to 110 °C at 0.5bar and closed the steam valve to provide
constant volume and collecting accurate data of the pressure and temperature. These steps must
be taken precisely to maintain the water at superheated vapor phase and to ensure the pressure
increases as the temperature increases. After plotting the graphs and calculation, we can
conclude the relationship between absolute pressure and temperature of the steam (both
experimental and theoretical data) is directly proportional to each, provided when the volume
is constant as shown on the graph. The data taken can be considered acceptable as the
percentage error is within the range as we compared to the theoretical and experimental data
and shows slight differences. Thus, more precautions steps should be applied in this experiment
to avoid any systematic error and random error in the future.

10.2 Nur Alia Puteri binti Kamaruzzaman (2020110437)

This experiment has proven that steam pressure and steam temperature are directly
proportional as seen in the graphs that has been plotted. It is proven that as the temperature
increases, the pressure also increases. When compared to the theoretical results, a small
deviation can be seen due to minimal errors. The maximum percentage error is between 4.3%
which means that the experiment conducted is considered successful.
 10.3 Nur Ezlyin Amanina Mohamad Jais (2020988421)
We discover that the relationship between pressure and temperature is directly
proportional after observing the outcomes and plotting the diagram. The variance between the
theoretical values and the actual values, with some appropriate percentages estimated is caused
by errors. The relationship between pressure and temperature has been found to be directly
proportional in this experiment. The experimental slopes show a slight deviation between them
due to certitude, relative to the theoretical slope.

10.4 Nur Farzana Binti Mohd Nazam (2020985647)

After studying the results and plotting the graph, the relationship between pressure and
temperature has been obtained where it is directly proportional. The difference between
theoretical values and the experimental values is caused by errors with certain calculated
acceptable percentages. When compared to the theoretical slope, the experimental slopes show
a small deviation between them because of certain errors. This experiment can be considered
efficient, disgracing some negligible faults. The relationship of saturated steam in equilibrium
water is the higher the pressure of a boiler the more heat must be applied to make steam. With
the increase pressure, it turns to get steam.

10.5 Nur Maisarah Binti Khairul Azahan (2020984893)

In a nutshell, the objectives had successfully been determined throughout the

experiment. Based on the experiment, the relationship between the steam temperature is
directly proportional to the pressure. Besides that, the pressure curve of saturated steam has
been determined as shown above.
REFERENCES

1. Yunus A. Cengal & Michael A. Boles, “Thermodynamics – An Engineering

Approach”, 3rd Edition, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2002.
2. James, T., Fatigue Failure for Dummies, Made Up Press, New York, 2nd Ed
(1999),pp.23
3. Davis, J., Metals Handbook, Vol 2, 10th Ed., ASM International, 1990, pp.145-165

4. Boles, Y. A. (2002). In Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach 4th edition .

McGraw Hill.

5. MechanicalEngineering (Marcet Boiler). (2013). Retrieved from Study More:

https://www.studymode.com/essays/Mechanical-Enggering-1362032.html

6. Syahiirah, N. (2015). Marcet Boiler (2015). Retrieved from Acedemia:

https://www.academia.edu/11843064/CHE144_Lab_Report_Marcet_Boiler_2015_