Termodinamik 1 – MEC 454 / LSRC / SCA Rev.

00-2009

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

Program : Ijazah Sarjana Muda (Kepujian) Kejuruteraan Mekanikal EM220

Kursus : Termodinamik 1
Kod Kursus : MEC 454
Pensyarah : PROFESOR MADYA DR. AMAN MOHD EHSAN

Laporan Makmal

Tajuk Ujikaji

STEAM PRESSURE CURVE OF SATURATED STEAM (MARCET BOILER)

Bil Nama Pelajar No. Kad Pelajar T/Tangan

1. AMIR JOY BIN JULIMAN 2022736329

2. AZLY AMEERUDDIN BIN YUNUS 2022970757

3. AZFAR DANIEL BIN AZHAR 2022772269

4. ABDUL RAHMAN AUF BIN MOHD FAREH 2022972687

Sessi Amali : Pengesahan Staf :

(Tarikh) (T. Tangan)

Penyerahan Laporan : Pengesahan Staf :

(Tarikh) (T. Tangan)
PROGRAM : CEEM222 SARJANA MUDA KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
DENGAN KEPUJIAN
KURSUS : THERMOFLUIDS LAB (MAKMAL THERMOBENDALIR )
KOD KURSUS : MEC454
PENSYARAH : DR. AMAN MOHD EHSAN MAMAT

LAPORAN MAKMAL

TAJUK UJIKAJI:
STEAM PRESSURE CURVE OF SATURATED STEAM (MARCET BOILER)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bil. NAMA PELAJAR NO PELAJAR

1 AMIR JOY BIN JULIMAN 2022736329
2 AZLY AMEERUDDIN BIN YUNUS 2022970757
3 AZFAR DANIEL BIN AZHAR 2022772269
4 ABDUL RAHMAN AUF BIN MOHD FAREH 2022972687

GROUP : EMD2M1C
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 29/11/2022
TITLE : Steam pressure curve of saturated steam (Marcet boiler)

2.0 OBJECTIVES

1. To study relationship between pressure and temperature of saturated steam of water.

2. To determine the steam curve of saturated steam.

3.0 INTRODUCTION

The heat initially causes water molecules to evaporate. This causes the pressure in the
steam chamber, and thus in the water, to rise. As the steam pressure rise the boiling point
temperature also increases. This is because the water molecules encounter increased resistance
as they attempt to move from liquid to gas form. Consequently, each steam pressure has an
accompanying precisely defined boiling point temperature.

The following event will occur as liquid water is heated while the pressure is held
constant. The temperature and specific volume will increase from the compressed liquid. As
the temperature rises, the liquid water expands slightly, and so its specific volume increases.
As more heat transferred, the temperature keeps rising until it reaches 1000C. At this point
water is still a liquid, but any heat addition will cause some of the liquid to vaporize. If the
heating process continues, the liquid will reach the temperature at which it begins to boil. Once
boiling starts, the temperature stops rising until the liquid is completely vaporized. During the
boiling process, the only change can be observed is a large increase in the volume and steady
decline in the liquid level as a result of more liquid turning to water vapor (steam). Midway
about the vaporization, the cylinder contains equal amounts of liquid and vapor. As heat
transfer continues, the vaporization will continue until the last drop of liquid is vaporized. Then
the saturated vapor exists, and vaporization is complete. Once the phase-change process
completed, the further transfer of heat results in an increase in both temperature and specific
volume.

4.0 PROCEDURE

1. Filling the boiler.

a. The boiler was filled once before running the unit for the first time.
b. The enclosed section of tubing was fitted to the overflow and the valve was
opened.

1
 c. The enclosed section of tubing was fitted to the drain and the valve was closed.
d. The plug was removed from the filler opening and water was poured into the
boiler until it emerges at the overflow.
2. Deaerating the boiler
a. The boiler was heated up to 100°C. The water was allowed to cook
approximately one minutes so that the steam can passed through the open
valve.
3. Shutting down the boiler
a. The unit was switched off at the master switch.
b. The boiler was leaved to cool down at 1 atm.
4. Performing the experiment
a. The unit was switched on at the master switch when the pressure is 1 atm.
b. The heater was switched on at the heater switch and the boiler was heated up.
c. The boiler pressure and temperature values were logged in increment of
approximately 0.5 bar.

2
5.0 APPARATUS

Figure 1THE MARCET BOILER – WL 204 UNIT

1. Drain Valve
2. Heater
3. Overflow
4. Temperature sensor
5. Safety Valve
6. Filler opening
7. Manometer
8. Boiler with insulting jacket
9. Master switch
10. Heater switch
11. Temperature gauge

3
6.0 RESULT

6.1 Data

No. Pressure, Pressure, Steam temperature Theoretical Steam Percentage

relative absolute (bar) (°C) Temperature (°C) Error
(bar) (%)
1 0.5 1.5 111 111.35 0.31
2 1.0 2.0 116 120.21 3.50
3 1.5 2.5 120 127.41 5.82
4 2.0 3.0 125 133.52 6.38
5 2.5 3.5 129 138.86 7.10
6 3.0 4.0 134 143.61 6.69
7 4.0 5.0 145 151.83 4.50
8 5.0 6.0 154 158.83 3.04
9 6.0 7.0 161 164.95 2.39
10 7.0 8.0 168 170.41 1.41
11 8.0 9.0 173 175.35 1.34
12 9.0 10.0 178 179.88 1.05
13 10.0 11.0 184 184.06 0.03
14 11.0 12.0 189 187.96 0.55
15 12.0 13.0 192 191.60 0.21
16 13.0 14.0 195 195.04 0.02
17 14.0 15.0 198 198.29 0.15
18 15.0 16.0 200 201.54 0.76
Table 1: Table of the measurement recording of marcet boiler

6.2 Graph

4
 Steam temperature (°C)(Experimental) versus Absolute
pressure (bar)

250

200
Steam Temperature (°C)

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Absolute pressure (bar)

Graph 1: Graph of Steam temperature (°C)(Experimental) versus Absolute pressure (bar)

Steam temperature (°C)(Theoretical) versus Absolute pressure

(bar)

250

200
Steam Temperature (°C)

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Absolute pressure (bar)

Graph 2: Graph of Steam temperature (°C)(Theoretical) versus Absolute pressure (bar)

5
 Steam temperature (°C) versus Absolute pressure (bar)

250

200
Steam Temperature (°C)

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Absolute pressure (bar)
Theoretical Graph

Experimental Graph

Graph 3: Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Graph

6.3 Sample calculation

|𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 − 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣|

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = × 100%
|𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣|

|111 − 111.35|
= × 100%
111.35

= 0.31%

7.0 DISCUSSION

7.1 Amir Joy Bin Juliman (2022736329)

In this experiment, relationship between pressure and temperature of saturated steam of
water was studied. Based on graph 3, it can be identified that the steam temperature was directly
proportional to the absolute pressure for both experiment and theoretical data that was taken.
Both graph shown to be almost similar with only little difference in the curves. This can be
proven with the percentage error calculation between experimental and theoretical data from
each pressure from the range of 0.5 to 15. Based on table 1, the highest percentage error that
was calculated was 7.10% when absolute pressure was taken at 3.5 bar and the lowest was
0.03% which was taken at 11 bar. This error can be due to improper condition when preparing

6
the procedure of the apparatus. Example is to remove air in the boiler to prevent inaccuracy
when measuring the data. Other error that might occurred during the experiment was that the
eye level was not parallel to the measurement reading of the gauge. Overall, it can be seen that
the curve for both graph is increasing in which as the temperature increases, the pressure
increases.

Steam temperature (°C) versus Absolute pressure

(bar)
250
Steam Temperature (°C)

200

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Theoretical Graph Absolute pressure (bar)
Experimental Graph

This was because when heat was transferred to the water, the temperature rises and as
it reaches to 100-110°C in which valve will be shut , temperature stops rising because it reaches
the boiling point in which the heat is now used to break the water molecule bonds to change
phase from liquid phase to vapor phase. After vaporization process was completed, temperature
will then start to increase again. During this, water liquid changes to vapor phase in which
result in the expanding of volume in the boiler, this will also increase the pressure in the boiler
as the volume rises due to the increase of steam from the vaporization process. Thus, both
graph of the experimental and theoretical data shows a curve of steam temperature being
directly proportional to absolute pressure.

7.2 Azly Ameeruddin Bin Yunus (2022970757)

In this experiment, Marcet Boiler was used to conduct the relationship between the
saturated pressure and temperature of water. In this scenario, the relationship between pressure
and temperature is directly proportional to the increase in temperature. The boiler's exterior
surface temperature was assumed to be the same as the steam temperature, and the temperature
inside the boiler was assumed to be constant. The values from the steam table ought to roughly

7
match the values that were recorded. If the values in this instance are not the same, an
experimenting error is to blame.

To ensure an exact result, the experiment was thoroughly carried out and every step
was followed. The first step in the starter method is to fill the Marcet boiler with water until
the water level is halfway up the boiler. The supply switch was then activated. In this scenario,
the valve would be open from the beginning of the experiment because it is crucial to remove
the air from the boiler. Once the temperature reaches 100°C, the steam is allowed to briefly
escape from the valve before it is shut. When the steam pressure reaches 14 bars, note it. When
a water is heated in a container to a boiling point the tempreture increases and presussre also
increase in the case where the steam is closed in a cylinder, there will be internal pressure in
the container and also internal forces. It is shown in the graph that temperature is relatively
proportional to pressure.

7.3 Azfar Daniel Bin Azhar (2022772269)

The objective of Marcet Boiler experiment is to study relationship between pressure
and temperature of saturated steam of water and to determine the steam curve
of saturated steam. Based on the data we get, the steam temperature between experimental and
the theoretical are close to each other whereby the smallest percentage error was 0.02% while
the highest percentage error was only 7.10% which mean the relative error are small in this
experiment as we get the value near to the theoretical value.

Based on the graph steam temperature (experimental) versus absolute pressure, we can
describe it as the temperature is directly proportional to the pressure. The inside temperature
of the boiler was supposed to be constant, and the outside surface temperature of the boiler was
assumed to be equal to the temperature of the steam. While, referring to the steam temperature
(theoretical) versus absolute graph, it is nearly the same where the temperature is directly
proportional to the pressure as the temperature increase, the pressure also increases.
7.4 Abdul Rahman Auf Bin Mohd Fareh (2022972687)
By using the Marcet Boiler WL-204 This experiment was conducted to determine the
relationship between the saturated pressure and temperature of water. Based on the graph the
pressure is directly proportional to the temperature of the water. The pressure and the
temperature of water was increased. The value of the steam pressure experimental was
compared with the steam pressure theoretical from the saturated water and steam table. The
error percentage of the result was calculated based on the theoretical value.

8
The highest percentage error in the result is 7.10% where the steam temperature recorded is
129°C while its theoretical is 138.86 °C. The graph of steam temperature versus absolute
pressure for both experimental and theoretical slightly similar due to its error percentage that
does not exceed more than 10% and most of them are slightly below and near to 1%.

8.0 CONCLUSION

8.1 Amir Joy Bin Juliman (2022736329)

In conclusion, the relationship between pressure and temperature saturated steam water
can be identified by using the market boiler, in which the data can be taken after heating the
water in the marcet boiler to 100-110°C and closed the valve to maintain the superheated steam
vapor inside and the reading can then be taken. From the data in the table 1, a graph temperature
versus pressure was plotted for experimental and theoretical value. It is concluded that the
temperature is directly proportional to pressure. Next, after comparing the curve of graph
between experimental and theoretical data, a slight difference in the curve can be spotted as
there are percentage errors in the data with the highest is 7.10% which were due to how the
procedures was handled, future experiments can be improved to prevent more errors to get a
more accurate data.

8.2 Azly Ameeruddin Bin Yunus (2022970757)

The experiment confirms the theory and table that temperature and pressure are roughly
proportionate to one another when water is in equilibrium. With the exception of a few minor
flaws, this experiment can be deemed effective. However, the results can be improved by
conducting the experiment at room temperature while turning off all air conditioners, as well
as by repeating it and averaging the results. The experiment may be more precise if the Marcet
boiler had some insulation to prevent heat loss.

8.3 Azfar Daniel Bin Azhar (2022772269)

In conclusion, the experiment confirms the theory and table that temperature and
pressure are roughly proportionate to one another when water is in equilibrium. With the
exception of a few minor flaws, this experiment can be deemed effective. However, the results
can be improved by conducting the experiment at room temperature while turning off all air

9
conditioners, as well as by repeating it and averaging the results. The experiment may be more
precise if the Marcet boiler had some insulation to prevent heat loss. So, the objective in this
experiment are achieved where we know that the relationship between the pressure and the
temperature of saturated steam of water is directly proportional.

8.4 Abdul Rahman Auf Bin Mohd Fareh (2022972687)

Based on the experiment, we know that when the liquid water is heated its pressure will
remain constant while its specific volume and temperature will increase. The water will expand
slightly, and its specific volume will also increase. The experiment objective was obtained
when the theory and table temperature and pressure of water in equilibrium are followed.

9.0 REFERENCES
1. “Gay-Lussac’s Law - Statement, Formula, Detailed Explanation.” BYJUS, BYJU’S, 4
Jan. 2016 Retrieved from https://byjus.com/chemistry/gay-lussacs-law/
2. Lakna, B. (2018, April 24). Relationship Between Pressure and Temperature. Retrieved
from https://pediaa.com/relationship-between-pressure-and-temperature/
3. Yunus A. Cengal & Michael A. Boles, “Thermodynamics – An Engineering
Approach”, 3rd Edition, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2002.

10