MARCET BOILER

Name: Zawar Memon

Student number: SUKD1703021
Course: BME
Subject Title: Laboratory Experiments 1
Subject Code: EME3401
Lecturer: Ir Assoc. Prof. Dr Tan

Date of Experiment: 13/3/18

Date of Submission: 20/3/18

Group: F5

1
 1. ABSTRACT
This experiment was carried out to determine the relationship between
the pressure and the temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium
and was also performed to present the vapor pressure curve.

The equipment used in this experiment is known as Marcet boiler or

HE-169 to perform.

When the pressure increases, the temperature also increases.

Therefore, the relationship between pressure and temperature is
directly proportional.

In this experiment we have been heating fluid/liquid in shape of water

in the boiler from 1 bar until 8 bar of pressure. Air was removed first to
avoid any type of inaccuracy. After the heater was turned off and being
cooled, the temperature was recorded again until the steam pressure
reached the atmospheric pressure.

After receiving the experimental data, we will compare it with the

theoretical data via a graph. We also have to plot the graph of
Temperature against Pressure.

Theoretically, the values measured should be almost the same with the
calculated values. However, due to different values at certain points,
there might be some errors occurred during the experiment.

2
 2. OBJECTIVE
I. To demonstrate the relationship between the pressure and
temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water.
II. To determine the vapour pressure curve.

3. INTRODUCTION
The ideal gas law is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It
is a good approximation to the behavior of many gases under many
conditions, although it has several limitations. It was first stated by
Émile Clapeyron in 1834 as a combination of law, Charles’s and
Avogadro's Law.[1] The ideal gas law is often written as:

where the letters denote pressure, volume, amount (in moles), ideal
gas constant, and temperature of the gas, respectively.

The state of an amount of gas is determined by its pressure, volume,

and temperature. The modern form of the equation relates these
simply in two main forms. The temperature used in the equation of
state is an absolute temperature: in the SI system of units, Kelvin.

The most frequently introduced form is

3
Where:

P is the pressure of the gas

V is the volume of the gas

n is the amount of substance of gas (also known as number of moles)

R is the ideal, or universal, gas constant, equal to the product of the

Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro constant.

T is the temperature of the gas,

The Marcet boiler is a unit designed for the determination of the

thermodynamics studies which is the boiling phenomenon. It make us
able to study the relationship between the pressure and temperature
of saturated steam in equilibrium with water.

The unit is made up of stainless steel pressure vessel and it also comes
together with a safety relieve valve, temperature and pressure
measuring devices. So that would be easy to read the respective values
on the digital indicator.

Marcet boiler is also consist of some features like;

1.The On/Off switch: It is used to turn the heater either on/off in the
boiler. This switch is slightly important because in the situation when
the boiler became faulty, the current supplied to the boiler can be cut
off and it will stop the boiler from heating the fluid.

2.Pressure Relief Valve: It is also known as a safety valve, It is used to

control the pressure in a system. This safety valve also prevents
accidents leading to severe injuries.

4
When energy is added within water, the increasing of activities among
the molecules caused increase in the numbers of molecule escape from
the surface until an equilibrium state is reached. The state of
equilibrium depends upon the pressure between the water surface and
steam. The lower the pressure, the easier the molecules would be
leaving the water surface and less energy would be required to achieve
the boiling point.

The temperature where equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level is

called saturated pressure. The pressure where equilibrium occurs at a
given temperature is called saturated pressure.

Marcet Boiler is used to investigate the relationship between pressure

and temperature of steam in equilibrium with water, the experiment
was conducted from 1 bar until 8 bars.

Real life uses of a Boiler

Boilers are commonly used for residential and industrial purpose.
The most common function for any boiler whether it is an
industrial or residential boiler, is to serve as the central heating
for a home, business facility, hospital, commercial complex etc.
Boilers operate with the same basic functions that work together
to create a heat generating process.

Boilers can be found in manufacturing industries. Thy are applied

where steam, hot water and superheated water production is
needed. For example, in cement production, running a steam
turbine, etc.

5
4. APPARATUS

a. Pressure transducer
b. Temperature controller/Indicator
c. Pressure indicator
d. Control panel
e. Bench
f. Bourdon tube pressure gauge
g. Temperature sensor
h. Pressure relief valve
i. Water inter port and valve
j. Heater

6
5. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

1. The power supply switch was turned on.

2. The valves at the level side tube was opened to check the water
level, Additional distilled water was poured in, Then go valves was
closed.
3. The temperature controller was set to 185°C, which is slightly
above the expected boiling point of the water at 10 bar (abs)
4. The valve at feed port was opened and the heater was turned on.
5. The steam temperature rising was observed as the water boils.
6. Steam was allowed to come out of the valve for about 30 seconds.
Then the valve was closed.
7. The steam temperature and pressure when the boiler was heated
until the team pressure reaches 10 bar (abs) were all recorded.
8. Then, the heater was turned off. The steam temperature and
pressure started to drop and the boiler was allowed to cool down
to the room temperature.
9. The steam temperatures at different pressure readings were
recorded when the boiler was heated and cooled.

10. The heater was switched off and the boiler temperature was
allowed to drop.

7
 6. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

6.1 Tables

6.1.1 Experimental Values

Pressure, P (bar) Temperature  

Measured
Slope, Calculated
Gaug Average Average
Absolute Increasing (OC) Decreasing(OC) dT/dP Slope,
e Tavc (OC) Tavc (K) Tvg/hfg
1 0 99.8 99.4 99.6 372.6 - 0.276
1.5 0.5 111.4 111.4 111.4 384.5 0.237 0.206
2 1 120.4 120.6 120.5 393.5 0.176 0.155
2.5 1.5 127.5 127.8 127.65 400.65 0.145 0.137
3 2 133.7 134 133.85 406.85 0.121 0.12
3.5 2.5 139 139.3 139.15 412.15 0.107 0.093
4 3 143.9 144.1 144 417 0.095 0.082
4.5 3.5 148.3 148.4 148.35 421.35 0.087 0.073
5 0.4 152.3 152.4 152.35 425.35 0.079 0.074
5.5 4.5 156 156 156 429 0.073 0.066
6 5 159.4 159.4 159.4 432.4 0.063 0.059
6.5 5.5 162.5 162.6 162.55 435.55 0.063 0.059
7 6 165.4 165.6 165.5 438.5 0.059 0.053
7.5 6.5 168.1 168.3 168.3 441.3 0.055 0.047
8 7  170.8  170.7 170.75  443.75  0.048  0.048 

8
 6.1.2 Table of Theoretical values

Theoretical Values
Temperature, T (OC) Saturated Pressure, Saturated Pressure, PSAT (bar)
PSAT (kPa)

105 101.42 1.0142

110 120.9 1.209
115 143.38 1.4338
120 169.18 1.6918
125 198.67 1.9867
130 232.23 2.3223
135 270.28 2.7028
140 313.22 3.1322
145 361.53 3.6153
150 415.68 4.1568
155 476.16 4.7616
160 543.49 5.4349
165 618.23 6.1823
170 700.93 7.0093
175 792.18 7.9218

6.2 Calculations
Slope of Graph 6.3.1 : (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)

= (417-412.15)/(3-2.5)

Gradient = 9.7 K/Pa

9
 6.3 Graphs
6.3.1 Graph of Temperature, T against Absolute pressure, P

As we can observe in the graph above, Temperature is directly proportional to absolute

Pressure.

6.3.2 Graph (dT/dP)SAT versus P and Tvfg/hfg versus P

As we observe in the graph above, the graph of calculated slope is steeper than the graph of
the measured slope.

10
7. DISCUSSION

Before conducting the experiment it is necessary to remove the air from the
container as it can affect the accuracy of the experiment. This experiment uses
steam and no air to determine the relationship between pressure and
temperature. From the graph between measured and calculated slope vs.
absolute slope in proportional but there is a deviation between measured and
calculated slope.

When we observe the graph, we can view a directly proportional relationship

between Pressure, P and Temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with
water.

There are Sources of errors or reading accuracy, room temperature and pressure,
the stability of materials and calculations. When the liquid absorbed enough heat
energy, it changed to vapor form. The pressure increased as well as the
temperature due to the fact that the steam wasn’t allowed to exit.

The theoretical value differs from the the practical value because of certain
inevitable external factors.

Besides that,

Once the boiler reached 8 bar, the heater was stopped and a fan was pointed to
the boiler to assist in the cooling process of the fluid.

After the water transforms into steam at its boiling point 1000C. When the
temperature increases the steam molecules gains internal energy which increases
the molecules velocity and the molecules starts to hit the container walls faster
and harder which increases the pressure of the steam.

11
8. CONCLUSION

Marcet Boiler experiment is designed to determine the relationship between

pressure and temperature of gases and to demonstrate the vapour pressure
curve.
From the graphs and the calculations we conclude that the relationship between
the pressure and the temperature of a gas is proportional as when the
temperature increases the energy of the gas molecules increases leading into
collisions between the gas molecules and the molecule with the container walls
which leads to pressure increasing.

9. REFERENCES

1.John, W. 2008. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics.
7th ed. Bedford Row: Thomas Higher Education.
2.Douglas. C. Giancoli. 2005. Physics Giancoli. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River:

Pearson Education Inc.

3.David. H. Loyd. 2008. Physics Laboratory Manual. 3rd ed. Belmont: Thomas
Higher Education.
4.Prof. Dr S.L. Kakani. 2008. Comprehensive Physics Concepts Problems. 1st

ed. Darya Ganj: CBS Publishers & Distributors.

5.Randall. D. Knight. 2008. Physics for Scientists and Engineers A strategic

approach. 3rd ed. Bedford Row: Pearson Education.

12