BASIC ENGINEERING

LABORATORY,
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND
ENERGY ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT 1 : MARCET BOILER ( GUIDED )

GROUP MEMBERS: GROUP NUMBERS: 7

1. MUHAMMAD NABIL BIN MOHD EMRAN
(A22ET0180)
2. NUR NAJIHAH BINTI ZAMRI
(A22ET0215)
3. PUTERI NAJLA’ BINTI MOHTAR
(A22ET0323)
4. NUR ERINA ELYANA BINTI ROSLI
(A22ET0204)

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 12 NOVEMBER 2023 SECTION 04

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 5 NOVEMBER 2023

LABORATORY INSTRUCTOR: DR. HAMIDAH BTE KAMARDEN @ KAMARUDIN

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Theory Principle............................................................................................................ 4

1.2 Experimental Set-up ..................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 6

1.4 Safety Procedures .......................................................................................................... 6

1.5 Results and Calculation ................................................................................................ 7

1.6 Discussion..................................................................................................................... 12

1.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 14

1.8 References .................................................................................................................... 15

1.9 Appendices ................................................................................................................... 16

1.0 Introduction

Thermodynamics study about the interchange of heat and work between a system and
the surroundings which occurs when the system undergoes a process. Thermodynamics also
concerned about the changes in the properties of fluid. Most thermodynamics substances such
as gases and vapours are often referred as P-V-T substances.

An ideal gas obeys the equation of states that relates the pressure, the specific volume
or density, and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant, R. However,
real gas does not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few modifications on the ideal gas
equation of state allow its application in the properties of real gas. When energy is added within
water, the increasing of activities among the molecules caused the increase in the number of
molecules escape from a surface until the equilibrium sate is reached. The state of equilibrium
depends on the pressure between the water surface and steam. The lower the pressure, the
easier the molecules leaving the water surface and thus less energy is required to achieve the
state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where equilibrium occurs at a given
pressure level is called saturated temperature. The pressure where equilibrium occurs at a given
temperature is called saturated pressure.

Marcet boiler is used to investigate the relationship between the pressure and the
temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between the
atmospheric pressure and 10 bars. The measured value of slope of the graph (dT/dP) obtained
from the experiment results can be compared to the theoretical value determined through the
calculation from the steam table.
1.1 Theory Principle

Any phase-change process that takes place at constant pressure and temperature may
be described using the clapeyron equation. We can calculate the enthalphy change related to a
phase change using only the P, V, and T data according to the clapeyron quation. like figuring
out the ethalphy of vaporisation at a specific temperature (Çengel et al., 2018, p. 651).
𝑑𝑇
It is possible to compare the measured slope of the graph (𝑑𝑃) derived from the
𝑆𝐴𝑇

experiment's results with corresponding values computed using the information in steam tables
𝑇𝑣𝑔
(ℎ𝑓𝑔).

Clausius-Clapeyron equation

𝑑𝑇 TΔ𝑣
(𝑑𝑃) = Δℎ
𝑆𝐴𝑇

𝑑𝑇 TΔvfg
(𝑑𝑃) =Δℎ𝑓𝑔
𝑆𝐴𝑇

𝑑𝑇 T(vg-vf)
(𝑑𝑃) =
𝑆𝐴𝑇 Δhg-hf

Where,
vf = volume of water
vf = volume of steam
hf = enthalphy of water
hg = enthalphy of steam
hfg = (hf-hf) = heat dormant of vaporization
1.2 Experimental Set-up

Figure 1
1.3 Methodology

After the filler plug was opened, water was poured into the boiler, and when it was full, it
flowed out. then the filler plug is closed once again. Then the overflow valve was left open
while the boiler's water was heated. When the temperature hit around 97 degrees, the overflow
valve was closed. Temperature increases are recorded for every 0.5 bar pressure increase up to
5 bar pressure. After that, the heater was turned off, and the temperature drop was noted for
every 0.5 bar of pressure.

1.4 Safety Procedures

When the vessel is in operation, do not open the valves on the level sight tube. The sight
tube wasn't designed for use under high pressures or temperatures. Always alert through-out
the process to avoid leaking. If the is any leaking, fix it because it might be dangerous because
we are dealing with presuarize component. Avoid skin contact with the hot component surface
unit because the process dealing with liquid at high temperature to prevent burning. Wear a
glove when shut off the overflow valve which have high temperature reading.
1.5 Results and Calculation

Table 1.4.1 Experimental Data for Marcet Boiler

Steam Temperature (℃)

Gauge Absolute Calculated
Measured
Pressure Pressure Increasing Decreasing Slope
Mean Slope
(bar) (bar) Pressure Pressure TVg/Hfg
DT/DP
0.5 1.5 108.20 112.20 110.20 0.00 0.2217
1.0 2.0 116.80 120.30 118.55 0.167 0.1575
1.5 2.5 123.50 127.40 125.45 0.138 0.1362
2.0 3.0 129.00 133.40 131.20 0.115 0.1132
2.5 3.5 134.10 138.30 136.20 0.100 0.1017
3.0 4.0 138.40 142.00 140.20 0.080 0.0896
3.5 4.5 142.60 145.50 144.05 0.077 0.0823
4.0 5.0 145.80 149.80 147.80 0.075 0.0748
4.5 5.5 149.60 151.00 150.30 0.050 0.0698
5.0 6.0 152.50 152.50 152.50 0.024 0.0644

Table 1.4.2 Saturated Water and Steam Table

Pressure, P (bar) Temperature, T Vg (m3/kg) Hfg (Kj/kg)

(℃)
1.0 99.60 1.6940 2258
2.0 120.20 0.8856 2202
3.0 133.50 0.6057 2164
4.0 143.60 0.4623 2134
5.0 151.80 0.3748 2109
6.0 158.80 0.3156 2087
7.0 165.00 0.2728 2067
8.0 170.40 0.2403 2048
9.0 175.40 0.2149 2031
10.0 179.90 0.1944 2015
11.0 184.10 0.1774 2000
12.0 188.00 0.1632 1986
13.0 191.60 0.1512 1972
14.0 195.00 0.1408 1960
15.0 198.30 0.1317 1947
16.0 201.40 0.1237 1935
17.0 204.30 0.1167 1923
18.0 207.10 0.1104 1912
19.0 209.80 0.1047 1901
20.0 212.40 0.09957 1890
 Table 1.4.3 Calculation of Measured Slope

Absolute Average
dP dT dT/dP
Pressure Temperature
(kPa) (K) (K/Kpa)
(bar) (K)
1.5 0.00 383.35 0.00 0.00
2.0 50.00 391.70 8.35 0.167
2.5 50.00 398.60 6.90 0.138
3.0 50.00 404.35 5.75 0.115
3.5 50.00 409.35 5.00 0.100
4.0 50.00 413.35 4.00 0.080
4.5 50.00 417.20 3.85 0.077
5.0 50.00 420.95 3.75 0.075
5.5 50.00 423.45 2.50 0.050
6.0 50.00 425.65 1.20 0.024

Table 1.4.4 Calculation of Calculated Slope

Absolute Average Specific

Enthalpy, Hfg
Pressure Temperature Volume, Vg TVg/Hfg
(kJ/kg)
(bar) (K) (m3/kg)
1.5 383.35 1.2898 2230.0 0.2217
2.0 391.70 0.8856 2202.0 0.1575
2.5 398.60 0.7457 2183.0 0.1362
3.0 404.35 0.6057 2164.0 0.1132
3.5 409.35 0.5340 2149.0 0.1017
4.0 413.35 0.4623 2134.0 0.0896
4.5 417.20 0.4186 2121.5 0.0823
5.0 420.95 0.3748 2109.0 0.0748
5.5 423.45 0.3452 2098.0 0.0697
6.0 425.65 0.3156 2087.0 0.0644

Table 1.4.5 Calculation of Percentage Error (%)

Absolute Pressure Measured Slope, Calculated Slope, Percentage Error

(bar) dT/dP TVg/Hfg (%)
1.5 0.00 0.2217 0.00
2.0 0.167 0.1575 5.69
2.5 0.138 0.1362 1.31
3.0 0.115 0.1132 1.57
3.5 0.100 0.1017 1.70
4.0 0.080 0.0896 12.0
4.5 0.077 0.0823 6.88
5.0 0.075 0.0748 0.27
5.5 0.050 0.0698 39.6
6.0 0.024 0.0644 62.73
 Pressure (bar) VS Temperature (C) for Heating Process
7

6
y = 0.1025x - 9.9866
5
Pressure, bar

0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Temperature,C

FIGURE 1.4.1 shows the graph for Heating Process

Pressure (bar) VS Temperature (C) for Cooling Process

7

6
y = 0.1075x - 10.997
5
Pressure , bar

0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Temperature,C

FIGURE 1.4.2 shows the graph for Cooling Process

1) To calculate the Absolute Pressure

𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 + 𝑷𝒈𝒂𝒖𝒈𝒆

Ex ; At 0.5 bar,
Pabs = 1.0 + 0.5 = 1.5 bar

Note: Repeat step to find Pabs for each Pgauge.

2) To calculate the Mean temperature

𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒏(℃) = (𝑻𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 + 𝑻𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈) ÷ 𝟐

Ex ; At 1.5 bar,
Mean (℃) = ( 108.20 + 112.20 ) ÷ 2 = 110.20℃

Note: Repeat step to find mean temperature for each Pabs.

3) To calculate absolute temperature

𝑻(𝑲) = 𝑻(℃) + 𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓

Ex ; At 1.5 bar,
T(K) = 110.20 + 273.15 = 383.35 K

Note: Repeat step to find absolute temperature for each Pabs.

4) To calculate the pressure difference, dP

𝒅𝑷 = ( 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 )𝒌𝑷𝒂

Ex ; At 2.0 bar and 1.5 bar

dP = 200 – 150 = 50 kPa

5) To calculate the temperature difference, dT

𝒅𝑻 = ( 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 )℃

Ex ; At 2.0 bar and 1.5 bar

dT = ( 391.70 – 383.35 ) = 8.35℃

Note: Repeat step to find temperature difference at each Pabs.

6) To calculate the measured slope
𝒅𝑻
𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 = 𝒅𝑷

Ex ; At 2.0 bar,
dT/dP = ( 8.35 ÷ 50 ) = 0.167

Note: Repeat step to find slope for each Pabs.

7) To calculate calculated slope

𝑻𝑽𝒈
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 =
𝑯𝒇𝒈

Ex ; At 2.0 bar,
TVg/Hfg = ( 391.70)(0.8856)/(2202.0) = 0.1575

Note: Repeat step to find calculated slope for each Pabs.

8) To calculate percentage error

𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 − 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 (%) = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍

Ex ; At 2.0 bar,
0.1575−0.167
Percentage error (%) = x 100 = 5.69%
0.167

Note: Repeat step to find percentage error for each Pabs.

1.6 Discussion

The data collected during the experiment reveals a clear correlation between pressure and
temperature in saturated steam in equilibrium with water. When the temperature reached 97 °
C, the overflow valve was turned off. As a result, the valve was closed just as the water was
approaching the boiling point (Hamid, 2014). The experiment allowed for a direct observation
of the phase transition from liquid to vapor as the water in the boiler reached its boiling point.
By closing the overflow valve before heating commenced, a closed system was achieved. This
is required for the water pressure in the Marcet boiler to rise with the interior temperature so
that the manometer can reliably read the gauge pressure.

As expected, the temperature increases with an increase in pressure when heating process
and it is vice-versa throughout the cooling process which the temperature decreasing with the
pressure, showcasing the fundamental thermodynamic relationship between these two
parameters. The plotted graph of pressure against temperature in figure 1.4.1 and figure 1.4.2
show the heating and cooling process demonstrate a graph about to linear relationship in
accordance with the ideal gas law. Figure 1.4.1 show that the equation of the plotted line is y =
0.1025x - 9.9866 while figure 1.4.2 produce the plotted line y = 0.1075x - 10.997.

This experiment aligned with the expectations set by the ideal gas law, emphasizing the
applicability of this law to saturated steam under the conditions of the experiment. The ideal
gas law predicts that, at constant volume, pressure is directly proportional to temperature. In
the Marcet boiler experiment, as the temperature of the water increases, the pressure of the
steam also increases, consistently for the heating process. Similar to the cooling process the
temperature of the water decreases, the pressure of the steam also decreases (Libretexts, 2021).
 At the beginning of the heating process, the water in the boiler is at a lower temperature,
and the heating element introduces heat into the system. Initially, the rate of temperature
increase is relatively rapid as heat is transferred to the water, causing it to undergo sensible
heating which at that moment temperature rise without having a phase changes. As the
temperature approaches the boiling point, the rate of temperature increase slows down during
the phase transition from liquid to vapor (Shuaib, 2016).. The energy supplied during this phase
is primarily utilized in converting water from the liquid state to the vapor state which called as
latent heat of vaporization. Once the water reaches the saturation temperature, further heat input
results in the formation of saturated steam (Marcet Boiler, n.d.). The rate of temperature
increase during this phase is again more rapid due to sensible heating. In the steady-state phase,
where saturated steam is continually produced, the rate of temperature increase becomes more
stable and linear.

When the heat source is turned off, the boiler transitions from the heating phase to the
cooling phase. At the beginning of cooling process, the rate of temperature decrease is rapid as
the system loses heat to the surroundings. As the temperature decreases, the steam in the boiler
starts to condense back into liquid water. The rate of temperature decrease is slower during this
phase as the released latent heat of condensation partially offsets the heat loss. Once the system
is entirely in the liquid state, the rate of temperature decrease becomes more rapid as it
approaches the ambient temperature (Marcet Boiler, n.d.). The cooling process continues until
the system reaches equilibrium with the surroundings, and the temperature stabilizes at the
ambient temperature.
1.7 Conclusion

Marcet Boiler is a device that we used to investigate the relation between temperature and
pressure for water in the saturated liquid phase. Following the guided procedures, we began
heating the water until it reaches 97℃ under constant pressure. Immediately following that,
the overflow valve was closed which to establish a system with constant volume. A system
with constant force is needed as a driving force for pressure to increase as the temperature rises.
Therefore, we can study the relationship that exists at point between water’s temperature and
pressure.

In this experiment, we considered that 97℃ is the boiling point. As we approach the boiling
point, it becomes obvious that the overflow valve must be closed immediately to ensure that
the process is now operating at a constant volume system. Otherwise, the pressure would not
have grown rendering the experiment worthless. The overflow valve also needs to be closed
immediately which is to ensure that the water is in saturated liquid phase.

After analysing the data and plotting the graphs, we can conclude that the relation between
pressure and temperature is directly proportional. The disparity between theoretical or known
as measured slopes and experimental or known as calculated slopes is minorly caused by the
inaccuracies in specific acceptable percentages. When comparing the theoretical and
experimental values, it displays a slight difference between both values which can be conclude
that it was caused by the percentages error.
1.8 References

1. Çengel, Y. A., Boles, M. A., & Kanoglu, M. (2018). Thermodynamics: An Engineering

Approach.
2. Shuaib, A. (2016). marcet boiler. www.academia.edu.
https://www.academia.edu/29632187/marcet_boiler
3. Marcet boiler. (n.d.). PDF. https://www.slideshare.net/ShwanSarwan/marcet-boiler

4. Hamid, W. A. (2014). Marcet Boiler. Uitm.

https://www.academia.edu/7625789/Marcet_Boiler

5. Libretexts. (2021, January 26). 11.9: The ideal gas law: pressure, volume, temperature,

and moles. Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/can/intro/11:_Gases/11.09:_The_Ideal_Gas_Law:

_Pressure_Volume_Temperature_and_Moles
1.9 Appendices

Table 1.9.1: Collected Result