Case-based/Passage-based Integrated Questions

1 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS
I. Read the given passage and answer the questions
that follows based on the passage and releted
studied concepts.
Matter is anything that occupies space and
has mass. Matter is classified into solid, liquid
and gas. In solid state particles are closely
packed and have very strong force of attraction,
particles can only vibrate and rotate around
fixed positions. In liquid state, particles are
less closely packed and have strong force of
attraction but less than solids, particles can
move throughout the liquid.
In Gaseous state, particles are far apart with
weak force of attraction and are in state of
constant random motion. Gases can be easily
compressed where as solids and liquids are
incompressible.
1. An inflated balloon is placed in refrigerator,
3. A substance melts at 5°C and boils at 150°C.
What will be its physical state at room
temperature?
Ans. Liquid
4. Why do we feel more cold after taking bath
with hot water?
Ans. It is because hot water evaporates faster than
cold water and cause more cooling.
II. Boiling occurs when the particles in a liquid
state absorb enough energy to overcome the
forces holding them together and begin to move
apart to form a gas. A liquid is being heated, a
graph is plotted between time and temperature
in °C. Answer the questions based on graph.
Temperature in °C

what will happen?

C
(a) Balloon will shrink and particles will move
faster and become closer.
(b) Balloon will expand and particles will move A B
faster and become far apart.
(c) Balloon will shrink, particles will move
slower and become close together.
(d) Balloon will expand, particles will move
slower and come closer therefore, volume O
of balloon will decrease. Time from start (min.)
Ans. (c) Kinetic energy will decrease, so particles 1. What does OA represent?
will move slower, become closer and
Ans. It represents liquid is being heated and
volume of balloon will decrease.
absorbing energy, therefore, particles move
2. When solid changes into vapours, the process more energetically.
is called.
(a) Evaporation (b) Boiling 2. What does AB represent?
(c) Sublimation (d) Vapourisation Ans. It represents a mixture of liquid and vapours
Ans. (c) at boiling point of liquid.
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3. Why does temperature remain constant at 1. What is physical state of substance – 4 at

boiling point? –150°C and –100°C?
Ans. It is because heat of vapourisation is used to Ans. Substance 4 is liquid at –150°C and gas at
overcome force of attraction between particles –100°C.
of liquid.
2. What is physical state of substance – 1 and 3
4. What does BC represent? at room temperature?
Ans. It represents vapour state and particles absorb
Ans. Substance 1 and 3 are solids at room tempera-
heat and become more energetic. The tempera-
ture.
ture of gas will rise.
3. What is physical state of substance – 2 at 100°?
III. Read the following information and answer the
questions based on information and related Ans. It will be in liquid state.
studied concepts. 4. Out of substances – 1, 2, 3, 4 which one has
Substance – 1. is brittle. strongest force of attraction?
Substance – 2. melts at 5°C and boils at 150°C. Ans. Substance 3 has strongest forces of attraction.
Substance – 3. has high melting point of 800°C.
Substance – 4. has melting point –169°C and
boiling point –104°C.
 2 IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

I. Read the given passage and answer the questions 1. Name the process by which pure NaCl can be
that follow based on the passage and related obtained from salt solution.
studied concepts. Ans. Crystallisation
A pure substance consist of single type of 2. What are alloys-compounds or mixtures?
particles. Mixture consist of more than one
Ans. Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or
kind of pure form of matter. Mixtures can
more metals or a metal and a non-metal e.g.
be separated by physical methods but pure
Brass is alloy of Cu and Zn.
substances especially compounds cannot
be separated into chemical constituents by 3. What is size of particles in solution?
physical methods. Pure substance has same Ans. The size of particles in solutions are less than
composition throughout. Soil and soft drinks are 1nm (10–9m).
mixtures. Mixtures can be separated by various 4. What is solute and solvent in cold drinks?
methods depending upon nature of substance
Ans. CO2 gas, sugar, preservative are solute and
present in it. Solution is a homogeneous
water is solvent in cold drinks.
mixture.
II. Study the table showing melting points and boiling points of certain compounds. Answer the ques-
tions based on the table and related studied concepts.

Compound Melting point (°C) Boiling point (°C)

A. Ammonia – 78°C – 33°C

B. Butane – 135°C – 0.4°C

C. Sulphur dioxide – 73°C – 10°C

D. HCl – 115°C – 81°C

E. Pentane – 130°C + 36°C

F. Urea 133°C Decomposes at boiling point

G. Water 0°C 100°C

1. Which one of the given substances may be separated by using a water condenser ?
Ans. Pentane; because temperature of water condenser is 25°C and boiling point of pentane is 36°C.
454 Together with® Science—9

2. How can gases be separated that are present 4. Which of the following will have boiling point
in air? 100°C?
Ans. By fractional distillation of liquid air. (a) Distilled water.
3. If sample of urea has melting point 129°C, then: (b) Sea water.
(a) It is impure. (c) River water.
(b) it is pure. (d) Well water.
(c) It can not be predicted Ans. (a) Distilled water will have boiling point
(d) The compound is not urea. 100°C.
Ans. (a) It is impure.
 3 ATOMS AND MOLECULES
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

I. Read the following passage and answer the questions based on the passage and related studied concepts.
Chemical reactions follow laws of chemical combination such as law of conservation of mass, law of
constant (definite) proportion. Atom is smallest particle of an element that retains all its chemical
properties and takes part in chemical reaction. Molecule is made of elements or compounds, capable
of independent existence. It shows all properties of substance. A chemical formula of compound
show its elements and number of atoms of each element. Cluster of atoms act as polyatomic ions
having fixed charge on them and value helps to decide chemical formula. Atoms of C–12 are assigned
relative atomic mass–12 and relative mass of all other atoms are determined with the help of C–12.
The Avogadro’s number 6.022 × 1023 is defined as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon 12.
Mole is amount of substance that contains same number of atom as 12 g of C–12. Mass of 1 mole of
substance is called its molar mass.
1. Calculate the percentage of oxygen in CO2. [Atomic mass of C = 12 u, O = 16 u]
Total mass of oxygen 2 × 16 32
Ans. % of oxygen = × 100 =
× 100 = × 100 = 72.7%
Molar mass of CO2 12 + 2 × 16 44
2. How many mole of atoms are present in 10 g of calcium atom? [Ca = 44u]
Given mass 10 g
Ans. Number of moles = = = 0.25 mole.
Molar mass 40 g mol–1
Number of atoms = Number of mole × 6.022 × 1023 = 0.25 × 6.022 × 1023 = 1.505 × 1023 atoms.
3. 0.25 mole of an element ‘X’ is 9.75 g. What is X ?
Ans. 0.25 mole of X = 9.75 g
1 mole of X = 9.75 ÷ 0.25 = 39.0 g mol–1
The element is Potassium.
4. What is empirical formula of a compound with composition 80% copper and 20% sulphur. [At. mass
of Cu = 64 u, S = 32 u]

Ans. Element Percentage At. mass No. of mole Mol ratio

80 1.25
Cu 80% 64 = 1.25 =2
64 0.625

20 0.625
S 20% 32 = 0.625 =1
32 0.625

The emprirical formula of the compound is Cu2S.

456 Together with® Science—9

II. Table shows common ions with fixed charges Answer the questions based on this table and related
studied concepts.

Common ions with fixed charges

Sodium Na+ Chloride Cl–

Calcium Ca2+ Sulphate SO42–

Aluminium Al3+ Nitrate NO3–

Copper (II) Cu2+ Phosphate PO43–

Silver Ag+ Carbonate CO32–

Zinc Zn2+ Bicarbonate HCO3–

Iron (II) Fe2+ Permanganate MnO4–

Iron (III) Fe3+ Dichromole Cr2O72–

Mercury (II) Hg2+ Acetate CH3COO–

Chronium (III) Cr3+ Hydroxide OH–

Ammonium NH4+ Oxide O2–

Nitride N3–

1. What is formula of magnesium nitride?

Ans. Mg2+ N3–

Mg3 N2
2. Calculate the molar mass of Iron (II) Sulphate. [Fe = 56 u, S = 32 u, O = 16 u]
Ans. Fe2+ SO42–

FeSO4
Molar mass of FeSO4 = 56 + 32 + (16 × 4) = 152 g mol–1
3. Write name of (NH4)2SO4.
Ans. Ammonium sulphate.
4. Give one example of polyatomic anion.
Ans. CO32– (Carbonate).
 4 STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS
39
I. Read the given passage and answer the 3. Write electronic configuration of 19 K.
questions based on the passage and related Ans. 2, 8, 8, 1
studied concepts.
4. Isotopes differ in which sub-atomic particles?
Atom consists of electrons, protons and neutrons.
J.J. Thomson proposed that electrons are Ans. Neutrons
embedded in a positive charge uniform sphere. II. Observe the Bar-chart shown for elements with
Rutherford a-scattering experiment led to atomic number 1 to 10. Answer the questions
discovery of nucleus in the centre of atom which based on this graph and related studied
is positively charged and whole mass of atom is concepts.
concentrated in the nucleus. Neil Bohr proposed
Ne
that electrons are distributed in different shells in 10
F
M, N... with discrete energy around the nucleus. If 9
atomic shell is complete, atom will be stable and O
8
less reactive. Electrons are negatively charged, N
7
protons are positively charged, neutrons are 6
C
neutral. Valeney is the combining capacity of 5
B
an atom. Atomic number is equal to number Be
4
of protons in an atom. The mass number of an Li
3
atom is equal to sum of number of protons and He
2
neutrons in the nucleus. Isotopes have same H
atomic number but different mass numbers. 1

Isobars have same mass number but different

atomic numbers. Elements are defined by number
of protons (atomic number) they possess.
1. Which of the following does not contain
neutron?
(a) Al (b) Na
(c) H (d) Mg
Ans. (c) Hydrogen (H) does not contain neutron.
2. What is the atomic number of Al3+, if it has
13 protons, 10 electrons, 14 neutrons?
1. Name the element whose first shell is complete.
Ans. Helium
2. Name the element in which second shell has
twice electrons than 1st shell.
Ans. C(2, 4)
3. How does valence electrons vary from Li to Ne?
Ans. Valence electrons increase from Li to Ne.
4. Name the element which has 7 valence electrons.

(a) 13 (b) 10 Ans. Fluorine (F) 2, 7.

(c) 14 (d) 27
Ans. (a) 13, Atomic number is equal to number of
protons.
 5 THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS
I. Read the given passage and answer the
questions based on the passage and related
studied concepts.
Although the cell is the basic structural and
functional unit of all organisms, cells differ
enormously in size, shape, and function. Some
are free living, independent organisms, while
others are immovable fixed as part of tissues
of multicellular organisms. All cells exchange
materials with their immediate environment
and therefore, have a plasma membrane that
controls which substances are exchanged by
allowing some materials to pass through it
while slowing or stopping others. The cytoplasm
is protected from the environment, yet still
1.
State two differences between Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell.
Ans. Differences between
Prokaryotic Cell
(a) Nuclear region is poorly defined due to the absence (a) Nuclear region is well defined and surrounded by
of nuclear envelope.
(b) Contains single chromosome.
2. Name a cell organelle found only in plant cell 3. What is the function of Golgi body?
and name its type.
Ans. Plastids are a type of cell organelle found only in
plant cells. They are of two types- chromoplasts
and leucoplasts.
can exchange materials with it. Within the
cytoplasm, cells differ in the type and number of
organelles. Prokaryotic cells have the simplest
structure with each independent cell lacking
any internal membrane organelles, including
the lack of a nuclear membrane to separate
the genetic chromosome material from the
rest of the cytoplasm. More typical and more
specialized are the eukaryotic cells, with a
double nuclear membrane and membrane
organelles specialised to fit their function. Since
no one cell would have all organelles possible,
observing a variety of animal cells will give
you an idea of the similarities and differences
among cells.
Eukaryotic Cell
a nuclear membrane.
(b) Contains more than one chromosome.
Ans. Golgi body is the secretary organelle of the cell.
It is involved in the formation of lysosomes and
perixosomes.
4. What is the function of Endoplasmic
Reticulum(ER)?
Ans. It helps in lipid and protein synthesis.
 Case-based/Passage-based Integrated Questions 459

II. Read the given passage and answer the questions based on the table and related studied concepts.
Plant and animal cells have several differences and similarities. For example, animal cells do not have
a cell wall or chloroplasts but plant cells do. Animal cells are mostly round and irregular in shape
while plant cells have fixed, rectangular shapes. Plant and animal cells are both eukaryotic cells, so
they have several features in common, such as the presence of a cell membrane, and cell organelles,
like the nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Given below a comparison of Animal Cells
and Plant Cells shown in the table.
Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell wall Absent Present (formed of cellulose)

Shape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)
Vacuole One or more small vacuoles (much One, large central vacuole taking up to
smaller than plant cells). 90% of cell volume.
Chloroplast Absent Plant cells have chloroplasts to make
their own food.
Cytoplasm Present Present
Ribosomes Present Present
Mitochondria Present Present
Plastids Absent Present
Endoplasmic Reticulum Present Present
Peroxisomes Present Present
Golgi Apparatus Present Present
Nucleus Present Present

1. Name the cell organelle and structures held by 3. Why is mitochondria called ‘power house of
only plant cell and not by animal cell. cell’?

Ans. Cell Wall, Chloroplast and Plastid. Ans. Mitochondria is called the power house of cell
because energy required by various chemical
2. Name two cell organelle that have their own
activities for life is released by mitochondria
genetic materials. in form of ATP.
Ans. Two cell organelles that have their own genetic 4. What is the main function of lysosomes?
materials are mitochondria and plastids. Ans. They act as ‘digestive bags’ which fight against
any infection inside the cell.
 6 TISSUE
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

I. Read the given passage and answer the 1. What are various types of muscular tissues?
questions based on the passage and related
Ans. Muscular tissues are of three types
studied concepts.
(a) Striated or voluntary muscles
Sports injuries of hand and finger are
quite diversified, and include fractures, (b) Unstriated or involuntary muscles
dislocation,ligament and tendon injuries. The
(c) Cardiac muscles
metacarpal bones are vulnerable to injury after
a fall upon the hand or a direct blow with a 2. What are the functions of bones ?
closed fist so-called boxer’s fracture. The fin- Ans. Bones provide shape and skeletal support to the
ger joints and bones are more prone to injury
body. It also anchors the muscles and supports
upon sudden hyperextension, thus resulted in
fractures of the phalanx, dislocations of the the main organs of the body.
metacarpal or inter-phalangeal joint, or tendon 3. State two features of Cardiac muscles.
ruptures. Gamekeeper’s thumb occurs among
Ans. Two features of cardiac muscles are:
athletes with a fall onto an outstretched hand
with the thumb hyperabducted. Physical exami- (a) They are involuntary in action and are
nations usually reveal localised pain, swelling available in heart only. They show rhythmic
and tenderness over the injured area, with
contraction and relaxation throughout life.
deformity sometimes obvious. Mallet fingers
(extensor tendon injuries) and jersey fingers (b) Cardiac muscles are composed of branched,
(flexor tendon injuries) are usually presented cylindrical and uninucleate cells.
with the inability to actively extend or flex the
4. Which animal tissue connects muscle to bones ?
finger, respectively and local tenderness and
swelling at the region of the distal phalanx. Ans. Tendons

II. Read the given passage and answer the questions based on the table and related studied concepts.
Muscle tissue is a soft tissue that composes muscles in animal bodies, and gives rise to muscles the

ability to contract. This is opposed to other components or tissues in muscle such as tendons. It is
formed during embryonic development through a process known as myogenesis. Muscle tissue consists
of elongated cells also called as muscle fibres. This tissue is responsible for movements in our body.
Muscles contain special proteins called contractile protein which contract and relax to cause movement.
 Case-based/Passage-based Integrated Questions 461

Muscle tissues vary with function and location in the body. In mammals the three types are: skeletal
or striated muscle; smooth or non-striated muscle; and cardiac muscle. Below is a comparison table
of three types of muscle tissue.
  Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle
Neuromuscular junction none none present
fusiform, short cylindrical, long
Fibers branching
(<0.4 mm) (<15 cm)
Mitochondria few numerous many to few (by type)
Nuclei 1 1 >1
present, max. length present, max. length
Sarcomeres none
2.6 mm 3.7 mm
Sarcoplasmic reticulum little elaborated moderately elaborated highly elaborated
spontaneous action none (requires nerve
Self-regulation yes (rapid)
(slow) stimulus)
Response to stimulus unresponsive all-or-nothing all-or-nothing

1. Which tissue forms the inner lining of blood 3. What is the specific function of cardiac muscle?
vessels? Ans. The specific function of cardiac muscles is that
they show rhythmic contraction and relaxation
Ans. Squamous epithelium tissue
throughout the life without any fatigue under
2. What is epithelial tissue? What type of normal conditions.
epithelial tissue present in the lining of blood 4. Identify the type of muscular tissues having
vessels? the following characteristics:
Ans. The covering or protective tissue in the animal (i) cylindrical, branched and uninucleated.
body is called epithelial tissue. The epithelial (ii) long with pointed ends and uninucleated.
tissue which covers the lining of blood vessels Ans. (i) Cardiac muscle
is called squamous epithelium. (ii) Unstriated muscles
 7 DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

I. Read the given passage and answer the questions based on the passage and related studied concepts.
Animal evolution began in the ocean over 600 million years ago with tiny creatures that probably
do not resemble any living organism today. Since then, animals have evolved into a highly diverse
kingdom. Although over one million extant (currently living) species of animals have been identified,
scientists are continually discovering more species as they explore ecosystems around the world.
While we can easily identify dogs, birds, fish, spiders, and worms as animals, other organisms, such as
corals and sponges, are not easy to classify. Animals vary in complexity—from sea sponges to crickets
to chimpanzees—and scientists are faced with the difficult task of classifying them within a unified
system. They must identify traits that are common to all animals as well as traits that can be used to
distinguish among related groups of animals. The animal classification system characterizes animals
based on their anatomy, morphology, evolutionary history, features of embryological development, and
genetic makeup. This classification scheme is constantly developing as new information about species
arises. Understanding and classifying the great variety of living species help us better understand how
to conserve the diversity of life on earth.
1. What is the basis of classification of animals?
Ans. Animals are classified mainly on the basis of:
(a) Cell organization
(b) Symmetry and
(c) Presence or absence of notochord and body cavity
2. State two characteristics of mammalian.
Ans. Two characteristics of mammals are:
(a) Mammals are warm blooded animals
(b) Their heart has four chambers.
3. Give the name of group in which related genera are placed.
Ans. Family
4. State two differences between plants and animals.
Ans. Differences between:
Plants Animals
(a) Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall. (a) Animal cells do not have cell wall
(b) Plants grow throughout their lives. (b) Animals grow upto a certain age.
 Case-based/Passage-based Integrated Questions 463

II. Read the given passage and answer the questions based on the passage and related studied concepts.

Recent advances in biochemical and electron microscopic techniques, as well as in testing that
investigates the genetic relatedness among species, have redefined previously established taxonomic
relationships and have fortified support for a five-kingdom classification of living organisms. The
eukaryotic kingdoms now include the Plantae, Animalia, Protista, and Fungi.
The protists are predominantly unicellular, microscopic, nonvascular organisms that do not generally
form tissues. The fungi, also nonvascular organisms, exhibit an osmotrophic type of heterotrophic
nutrition. The plants are multicellular, multitissued, autotrophic organisms with cellulose-containing
cell walls. The animals are multicellular, multitissued, heterotrophic organisms whose cells are not
surrounded by cell walls. The monerans, the only prokaryotic kingdom in this classification scheme,
is principally made up of the bacteria. Table below shows number of the species identified against
various animal group.
Animal group Number of species
Vertebrates 59,811
Invertebrates 1,203,375
Plants 297,326
Others 28,849
Total 1,589,361

1. Name the largest group of animals. Ans. Both snake and turtle are kept in the same
Ans. Invertebrates are the largest group of animals. group, because
2. In which group of classification do bacteria (a) Both of them are cold blooded animal.
fall? (b) Their body is covered with epidermal
scales.
Ans. Bacteria fall in the group Monera.
4. In which phylum the animal has blood vascular
3. Why are snake and turtle kept in the same system?
group? Give any two similarities. Ans. Echinodermata
 8 MOTION
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

I. The following table shows the speedometer readings of a car:

Time Speedometer readings (km/h)
10 : 25 p.m. 62
10 : 35 p.m. 74
10 : 45 p.m. 90
10 : 55 p.m. 60
11 : 05 p.m. 65
11 : 15 p.m. 38
Based on the above table, answer the questions that follow.

1. What is the acceleration of the car from 3. In which time interval does the speed of car
10:55 pm to 11:05 p.m. if its acceleration is change by maximum value?
uniform? Ans. The speed of the body changes by maximum
Change in velocity amount in time interval 11:05 p.m. to 11:15 p.m.
Ans. Acceleration =
Time 4. Find the displacement of the car in last
Dn 10 minutes of the journey.
=
t 1
1 Ans.  t = 10 min =  h;  u = 65 km/h,  n = 38 km/h,
Dn = 65 – 60 = 5 km/h,  t = 10 min =  h 6
6 n–u
5 km/h a =
\ a = = 30 km/h2 t
(1/6)h
38 – 65
2. Convert the speed of the car at 10:45 p.m. into = = –162 km/h2
1/6
SI unit of speed.
n2 – u2
Ans. SI unit of speed = m/s. s =
2a
At 10:45 p.m. speed = 90 km/h
(38)2 – (65)2
90 × 1000 m = = 8.58 km
= = 25 m/s 2 × (–162)
3600 s
 Case-based/Passage-based Integrated Questions 465

II. Observe the following velocity-time graph of a III. Paragraph based question
body in motion and answer the questions that Read the given passage and answer the
follow. questions that follows, based on the passage
n
and related studied concepts.
30 D An object appearing at rest to one person may
25 appear to be moving to another person at the
20
same time. This is the best way to explain that
Velocity B motion is relative in nature. For example, a boy
(m/s) 15 C
standing in a field finds that the trees along the
10
boundary of the field are at rest. But for a boy
5 A
riding a bicycle finds that trees appear to move
G
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 t
in apposite direction to that of his motion.
F
Time (s) 1. When is a body said to be in motion?
1. Which part of the graph represents uniform Ans. A body is said to be in motion when it changes
motion of a body? Give one example of such its position from one point to another with
motion. respect to a reference point called origin.
Ans. Part BC represents uniform motion. A body 2. Give an example to show motion is relative in
moving with constant speed on a straight line nature.
such as a car on a highway is an example of Ans. The sun appears to rise from the east and set
uniform motion. in the west when observed from earth, as earth
2. Calculate the acceleration of the body from rotates on its axis from west to east. But in outer
C to D. space, sun appears to be at rest according to
Ans. Acceleration of body from C to D = Slope pictures taken from satellites.
of graph 3. What is meant by the statement ‘motion is
(30 – 15) m/s relative in nature’?
= = 3.75 m/s2
(18 – 14) s Ans. Relative nature of motion implies that motion
3. What is the displacement of the body in first 8 can be interpreted with respect to a reference
seconds of the motion? point only; for example, a building is at rest
Ans. Displacement in first 8 s = Area of ABFG w.r.t. us, but to a person sitting in a moving car,
1 it appears to move in his backward direction.
= (AG + BF) × GF
2 4. If origin is at the centre of a circular field and
1 a body covers one round of the field, what is
= (5 + 15) × 8 = 80 m
2 its displacement and why?
4. In which interval – A to B or C to D is acceleration Ans. The displacement is zero as the body returns
of the body more and by how much? back to its initial position and hence, shortest
Ans. Acceleration from A to B = Slope of graph distance between the initial and final position
15 – 5 10 of the object is zero.
= = m/s2
8 8
Acceleration is more from C to D by
10
(3.75 – ) m/s2 = 2.5 m/s2.
8
 9 FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

I. Observe the following n–t graph of a body moving 3. In which time interval does the retarding force
on a straight road and answer the questions that act on the body?
follow. Mass of the body is 40 kg. Ans. Retarding force acts on the body from t = 12 s
to t = 14 s.
4. In which direction does frictional force act on
25
a moving body?
B C
20
Velocity Ans. Frictional force acts on a body in opposite
15
(m/s) direction to its motion.
10
II. Observe the following distance-time table for a
5
A body of mass m and answer the questions that
D
0 4 6 8 10 12 14
follow.
2
Time (s) Time (s) Distance (m)

1. What force acts on the body from 10 s to 12 s 1 1

time interval and why? 2 4
Ans. The body moves with uniform velocity from 3 9
t = 10 s to t = 12 s. So net force acting
4 16
on it is zero, according to Newton’s first
law of motion. 5 25

2. Calculate the force acting on the body from 6 36

t = 0 s to t = 10 s 1. Is the body moving with constant acceleration
Ans. Force = mass × acceleration or varying acceleration?
or F = ma
Ans. Initial speed, u = 0
m = 40 kg
a = Slope of graph 1 2s
⇒ s = at2 or a =
(20 – 5) m/s 15 2 t2
= =
(10 – 0) s 10
2
Acceleration at t = 1s
= 1.5 m/s
2s1 2×1
F = 40 × 1.5 = 60 N. a1 = = = 2 m/s
2
t 1
 Case-based/Passage-based Integrated Questions 467

Acceleration at t = 2s While Newton’s first law of motion is called

the law of inertia, second law is called the real
2s2 2×4
a2 = 2
= = 2 m/s2 law of motion. But it is the third law of motion
t 4
which enables our movement on earth. During
Acceleration at t = 3s our movement, the total momentum of any
2s3 2×9 system of which we are a part, remains constant,
a3 = = = 2 m/s2
t2 9 as obtained from third law of motion. Despite
Acceleration at t = 4s that, action and reaction forces cannot create
an equilibrium.
2s4 2 × 16
a4 = 2
= = 2 m/s2 1. Newton’s first law states that no net force acts
t 16
on a body moving with uniform velocity. Then
Thus, acceleration is constant. why do we have to spend fuel in keeping our
2. Is the force acting on the body balanced or car in constant speed?
unbalanced? Give one example of such a force. Ans. We have to spend fuel to maintain a zero net
Ans. Since the body is accelerating, force acting on force acting on the car by balancing the applied
force with frictional force acting in the opposite
it is unbalanced, e.g. a train starts from rest and
direction of motion.
accelerates to acquire a maximum velocity.
2. Give one example each of inertia of rest and
3. After t = 6 s, if the body suddenly collides with
inertia of motion observed in daily life.
a wall and comes to rest, why does the wall get
Ans. Inertia of rest: Leaves get detached from a tree
damaged? when the branch is shaken.
Ans. The wall gets damaged because a large Inertia of motion: When a bus suddenly comes
momentum change of body occurs over a short to rest, the passengers fall forward.
period of time. Thus a large force is exerted on 3. If action and reaction forces are equal and
the wall. apposite, why don’t they cancel each other?
4. How is the force exerted by a body related to Ans. Action and reaction forces do not cancel each
its momentum change? State the law which other because they act on different bodies and
depicts this relation. not on the same body. For example, action force
of swimmer acts on water while reaction force
Ans. The force exerted by a body is directly
of water acts on the swimmer.
proportional to the rate of its momentum
4. If two identical balls moving in opposite
change. This is the statement of newton’s
directions with equal speed collide and stick
second law of motion. to each other, what is the velocity after collision
III. Read the given passage and answer the and why?
questions based on the passage and related Ans. The velocity of the balls after collision (when
studied concepts. they stick together) is zero. This is because the
The force acting on a body is capable of bringing total initial momentum of the balls is zero. So
changes in its motion. Newton’s three laws of according to the law of conservation of mo-
motion are a consequence of this effect of force. mentum, final momentum of the system is also
zero.
10A GRAVITATION
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

I. Observe the following graph and answer the 4. Find the total distance and displacement of
questions that follow. the body.
Y Ans. Distance = ar(DABE) + ar(DCBD)
30
A C 1 1
= AE × EB + CD × BD
25 2 2
20 1 1
Velocity
= × 30 × 3 + × 30 × 3
(m/s) 15
2 2
10 = 90 m.
5 Displacement = zero, as the body returns back
B D
E to ground.
X
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (s)
II. Following table gives the values of weight of
a body of mass 25 kg on different surfaces.
1. Find the retardation of the body from A to B?
Observe the values and answer the questions
Ans. Retardation = Slope of AB that follow.
0 – 30
= = – 10 m/s2 Name of place Value of weight
3–0
Earth’s equator 245 N
2. Is this retardation equal to the acceleration
from B to C? Centre of earth 0N
Ans. Yes, it is equal (in magnitude) to the accelera- Surface of Sun 6850 N
tion from B to C as slope of BC = 10 ms–2.
Jupiter 612.5 N
3. What type of motion can you predict from the
Moon 40.8 N
above graph?
Ans. The above graph demonstrates free fall of the 1. What is the ratio of ‘g’ on earth and on Jupiter?
body. From A to B, the body travels in upward g on Earth Weight on Earth
Ans. Ratio: =
direction after being thrown upwards. It comes g on Jupiter Weight on Jupiter
to a momentary rest at the highest point at 245 N
t = 3 s and then falls back freely. = = 0.4
612.5 N
 Case-based/Passage-based Integrated Questions 469

2. How is the value of ‘G’ on sun different from
the value of ‘G’ on moon? Why?
Ans. The value of ‘G’ on sun as well as on moon
is equal to 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2 because it is
universal gravitational constant whose value is 1. How does the gravitational force change if
constant at every point in the universe.
3. On what factors does weight of a body on a
particular surface depend?
Ans. Weight of a body on a particular surface is:
• Directly proportional to its mass.
• Directly proportional to mass of the celestial
body.
• Inversely proportional to square of the
distance between centre of the celestial
body and the mass.
4. Why is the weight zero at the centre of earth?
What is this state called?
Ans. Weight of a body under the surface of earth at
depth ‘d’ is given by
d in earth.
W = mg  1 –
R 4. What is the magnitude of gravitational force
At centre of earth, d = R. Hence weight =
zero. This is called weightlessness. It is also 
experienced in free space.
III. Read the given passage and answer the
questions based on the passage and related Ans. F =
studied concepts.
The universal law of gravitation, proposed
by Sir Isaac Newton, is widely accepted to
find the magnitude of attractive gravitational
force between any two bodies in the universe.
Greater the distance between the bodies,
weaker is the gravitational force between them
and vice versa. Two bodies attract each other
with equal and opposite force irrespective of
their individual masses as gravitational force is
directly proportional to product of masses.
distance between the objects is halved?
Ans. When distance is halved, the gravitational
force between two objects becomes 4 times,
1
as F a 2 .
r
2. What is the importance of universal law of
gravitation?
Ans. Universal law of gravitation has enabled us to
explain various phenomena such as occurrence
of tides on earth and motion of planets.
3. If two bodies attract each other with equal and
opposite force, then why does an apple fall
towards earth and not earth towards apple?
Ans. Apple falls towards earth because its mass is
very small as compared to earth. So its accelera-
tion is very large as compared to that produced
between earth and a unit mass on its surface ?
[Given mass of earth = 6 × 1024 kg;
 R = 6.4 × 106 m]
G m1 m2
r2
G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2,
m1 = 1 kg,  m2 = 6 × 1024 kg
r = 6.4 × 106 m.
6.67 × 10–11 × 1 × 6 × 1024
\ F =
(6.4 × 106)2
= 9.8 N
10B GRAVITATION (Floatation)
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS
I. Read the given passage and answer the 1. How is pressure exerted by a body on a surface
questions based on the passage and related related to its area?
studied concepts. Ans. Pressure is inversely proportional to area.
The following graph shows the variation of 2. From the above graph, calculate the thrust
pressure with change in area of base of the exerted on the surface by the body.
object. Observe the graph and answer the Ans. Thrust = Pressure × Area.
questions that follow. When Area = 4 m2,  Pressure = 10 Pa.
Y Thus, Thrust = 10 Pa × 4 m2 = 40 N
3. Give one example from daily life to explain the
40
variation of pressure with area of the base.

Pressure
30 Ans. The vegetables and fruits are easily cut with
(Pa) sharp knife but not with blunt knife as sharp
20
edge has smaller area than blunt edge. So it
10 exerts more pressure on object to be cut.
X 4. When is the pressure exerted said to be one
1 2 3 4 pascal?
Area (m2)
Ans. Pressure exerted is said to be one pascal if a
thrust of one newton acts on a unit surface area.

II. The following table shows the weights (W) of objects of equal volume immersed in water (having
density = 1000 kg/m3), observe the table and answer the questions that follow. [Given g = 9.8 m/s2]
Object Weight (N)
U
(W)

A 10

B 15
W
C 20

D 25

1. On which object is the maximum upthrust exerted by water?

Ans. The upthrust exerted by water is equal on all objects.
 Case-based/Passage-based Integrated Questions 471

2. If object C floats inside water (while completely 1. A body of mass 20 and volume 5 cm 3 is
immersed in it), what is the upthrust acting placed on water surface. Will it float or
on it? sink in water ?
Ans. The upthrust acting on object C is equal to its Mass
Ans. Density of body = rb =
weight, i.e. 20 N. Volume
20 g
3. State the principle based on which the upthrust = = 4 g/cm3
3
acting on an object is obtained. 5 cm
Ans. Archimedes’ Principle. It states that if a body Density of water = rw = 1 g/cm3.
is partially or fully immersed in a fluid, it rb
Relative density =
experiences an upthrust which is equal to weight rw
of fluid displaced by it. 4
= = 4.(>1), thus the body will sink.
4. Give two applications of this principle. 1
Ans. Two applications of this principle are: 2. How is loss in weight of a substance related to
its relative density?
• Making of hydrometer to measure density
Weight to bodyin air
of water. Ans. Relative density =
Loss of weight of
• Ship designing and making submarine. body in water
III. Read the given passage and answer the 3. Which out of the following will cause maximum
questions based on the passage and related apparent loss in weight of a body and
studied concepts. why—mustard oil or glycerine?
The density of an object is different from its Ans. Glycerine will cause greater loss in weight as
relative density. Relative density of an object it has more density than mustard oil.
helps to determine whether an object will float 4. If relative density of an object is equal to 1,
or sink in water. The relative density of a body will it float or sink in water?
can be 1, greater than 1 or less than 1. It has
Ans. If relative density of an object is equal to 1, it
no unit as it is simply a ratio of two similar will float in water when completely immersed
quantities – density of object and density of in it.
water.
11 WORK AND ENERGY
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS
I. Observe the graph showing variation of potential Ans. Kinetic energy of a freely falling body increases
energy and kinetic energy for a body dropped at every point of motion. Thus it is represented
from height (h) and answer the questions that by graph A.
follow. 2. Does the variation in potential energy violate
the law of conservation of energy? How?
Y
Ans. No it does not violate the law of conservation
of energy as loss in potential energy of the body
Total energy is equal to gain in kinetic energy of the body.
mgh
A 3. What is the sum total of kinetic energy and
Energy (E)

potential energy called?

Ans. Sum total of kinetic energy and potential energy
is called mechanical energy.
B
O X 4. After falling half the height, what is the ratio of
height (h)
potential energy to kinetic energy of the body?
1. Which graph line (A or B) represents variation Ans. Half way during free fall, the potential energy
in kinetic energy of a freely falling body? becomes equal to kinetic energy. Thus, their
ratio is equal to 1.

II. Observe the following table and answer the questions that follow.
Electricity Consumed by a Household
S.No Item Number Power Time Units
1 Light 4 40 W 8h 1.28
2 Fan 2 50 W 16 h 1.6
3 Television 1 100 W 4h 0.4
4 Refrigerator 1 400 W 12 h 4.8

1. What is one unit of electrical energy consumed equal to?

Ans. One unit of electrical energy consumed is equal to one kilowatt-hour (kWh).
2. What is electric power of a device?
Ans. Electric power of a device is the electrical energy consumed by it per unit time.
 Case-based/Passage-based Integrated Questions 473
3. What is the cost of electrical energy consumed
at ` 5 per unit in the above case?
Ans. Total electricity consumed =
U = 1.28 + 1.6 + 0.4 + 4.8 = 8.08 Units.
Cost of electricity = 8.08 × 5 = ` 40.40.
4. Relate one unit of electrical energy with SI unit
of energy.
Ans. 1 kWh = 1 kW × 1 h
= 1000 W × 3600 s
= 3.6 × 106 J.
III. Read the given passage and answer the
questions based on the passage and related
studied concepts.
Work done in science is much different from
the conception of work in our daily life. We
consider that work is being done by a clerk while
sitting at one place from morning to evening.
But in terms of physics, work is done only when
an applied force produces a displacement in
the body in its own direction. Work is a scalar
quantity, but it can be negative, positive as well
as zero.
1. A continuous force of 60 N acting on a box
continuously, displaces it by 10 m in the
direction of force. What is the work done?
Ans. Work done = Force × Displacement
= 60 N × 10 m = 600 J.
2. Give two conditions of zero work done.
Ans. Conditions for zero work done are:
• When displacement of the body is zero.
• When directions of force and displacement
are mutually perpendicular.
3. Give two examples of situations in which work
done is negative.
Ans. Work done is negative in following cases:
• Work done by force of gravity when a body
is thrown up.
• Work done by frictional force when a body
is in motion.
4. Name the force which always does negative
work on a body. Why does it do only negative
work?
Ans. Force of friction always does negative work
on a body because it always acts in opposite
direction to that of motion.
12 SOUND
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS
I.
2
Displacement (cm) →

0.4 0.5 0.6

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 Distance (m)

–1

–2

The propagation of a wave travelling through a medium at a velocity of 340 m/s is shown in the graph
above. Find Wavelength, Frequency, Time period and Amplitude.

1. Wavelength II. S peed of sound travelling through three

Ans. Wavelength: l = distance between two different media at a particular temperature
consecutive crests = 0.5 m – 0.1 m = 0.4 m. is given below. Observe the table and answer
the following questions:
2. Frequency
Velocity S.No Medium Speed of Sound (m/s)
Ans. Frequency =
Wavelength 1 Iron 5100
340 m/s 2 Water 1450
= = 850 Hz.
0.4
3 Air 340
3. Time period
1 1. It is possible to hear the sound of an approaching
Ans. Time period = train in the rails, but not in the air, much before
Frequency
1 the train comes. Why?
= = 0.00117 s. Ans. Sound travels at a much faster rate in solid
850
4. Amplitude (iron) than in air. Thus we hear the sound of
approaching train in rails much earlier than in
Ans. Amplitude (as read from graph) = 2 cm.
air.
 Case-based/Passage-based Integrated Questions 475

2. On what factors does speed of sound in a for us to hear an echo every-time. Bats use
medium depend? reflected ultrasonic squeaks from prey to
Ans. Speed of sound in a medium depends on detect its location. Ultrasound finds endless
• Temperature— as temperature increases,
applications in the fields of medicine as well as
speed of sound increases. industry. Ultrasound is also used in the working
of SONAR. Many animals such as dogs can
• Speed of sound is highest in solids, lesser

detect ultrasound.
in liquids and least in gases.
1. How is echo different from reverberation?
3. Why is sound wave called longitudinal wave?
Ans. Echo is simply reflected sound. Reverberation
Ans. Sound wave is called longitudinal wave
is the persistence of sound due to its multiple
because it propagates in the form of density or
reflection.
pressure variations through a medium creating
compressions and rarefaction. 2. List two applications of ultrasound in medicine.

4. We receive heat and light from the sun but Ans. Ultrasound is used in medical techniques
cannot hear the sound of explosions occurring of diagnosis such as ultrasonography and
on its surface. Give reason. echocardiography.

Ans. We do not hear the sound of explosions 3. How is ultrasound useful in industry?
occurring on sun because sound waves are Ans. Ultrasound is used to detect flaws in the metal.
mechanical waves and cannot travel through It is also used for cleaning of hard to reach
vacuum/empty space. places such as spiral tubes etc.
III. Read the given passage and answer the questions 4. How is SONAR useful in defence of the
based on the passage and related studied country?
concepts. Ans. SONAR is used in defence of the country as it
Reflected sound is called echo. Sometimes is used to detect hidden submarines of enemics
echo results in reverberation. It is not possible in the ocean.
13 WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS
I. Read the given passage and answer the 1. List two ways of spreading communicable
questions based on the passage and related diseases.
studied concepts.
Ans. Communicable diseases spread from an infected
Infections transmitted directly between person to a healthy person by following ways:
individuals are dependent on the contact rate
(a) Through little droplets thrown by an infected
between susceptible and infectious people, and
person during sneezing or coughing.
thus subsequently on the population density and
the mixing of populations. Direct transmission (b) Water borne diseases through contaminated
of zoonotic diseases require contact between water.
animal hosts and humans, as in the case of rabies 2. What is immunisation? List two diseases
transmission, but transmission can also occur against which vaccines are available.
in the other direction. Close contact increases
Ans. Immunisation is the production of immunity in
risk of transmission from pets or livestock to
an individual by artificial means. Vaccines are
their owners, and the growing demands for
available against tuberculosis and polio.
exotic pets with subsequent increased trade
further increases risk for introduction of new 3. Why a person suffered once from small pox
pathogens. Food and water-borne pathogens cannot suffer from it again.
are the major contribution to the billions of Ans. When the immune system of body witnesses an
annual diarrhoea cases that occur. infectious disease like small pox, it responds
Vector-borne diseases constitute around 23% against it. But when the particular microbe
of the infections. Although arboviruses can enters the body for the next time, the immune
be transmitted by a wide range of arthropods, system of the body responds with even greater
mosquitoes are the most important from a vigour. This eliminates the infection more
veterinary and medical point of view and may quickly than the first time. So, a person suffered
have been parasitising on mammalian blood for once from small pox cannot suffer from it again.
100 million years. Disease from vector-borne
4. Why is rabies virus called neurotrophic in
pathogens often occurs as spillover events,
nature?
as the pathogens generally circulate between
reservoir hosts and the invertebrate vectors Ans. Because its toxins damage the motor neurons
without causing apparent disease. of brain.
 Case-based/Passage-based Integrated Questions 477

II. Read the given passage and answer the questions based on the table and related studied concepts.
Tuberculosis is one of the deadliest communicable diseases worldwide, causing around 1.3 million
deaths per year. Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases, are spread from person to
person either directly or indirectly, such as through an insect bite or ingesting contaminated food or
water. Some of the deadliest communicable diseases include HIV/AIDS, malaria, hepatitis C, cholera,
and measles. Table below shows number of deaths caused by selected communicable diseases annually
worldwide in 2016.
Disease Number of death in 1,00,000
Tuberculosis 1293
HIV/AIDS 1012
Malaria 446
Hepatitis C 300
Cholera 143
Measles 91

1. Who discovered ‘vaccine’ for the first time? disease. Vaccination protects us from diseases
Ans. Edward Jenner like small pox, rabies, polio, diphtheria, chicken
2. Why are antibiotics not effective for viral pox and hepatitis.
diseases? 4. Name the target organs for the following
Ans. Antibiotics normally block the biosynthetic diseases.
pathways of microbes. However, viruses have (a) Hepatitis targets ____________.
very few biochemical mechanisms of their own (b) Tuberculosis targets ____________.
and hence are unaffected by antibiotics. Ans. (a) Liver
3. What is the importance of vaccination? (b) Lungs
Ans. The importance of vaccination is that it helps
a person to acquire immunity against a certain
14 NATURAL RESOURCES
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS
I. Read the given passage and answer the 2. What is greenhouse effect?
questions based on the passage and related
Ans. It is an effect occurring in the atmosphere
studied concepts.
because of the presence of certain gases that
Air pollution in Indian cities is legendary,
absorb infrared radiation and thereby increasing
and Agra is no exception. As in many Asian
cities, increasing car ownership has caused the temperature of earth.
traffic to surge, while dirty air seeps from 3. What is the importance of ozone layer in the
Agra’s oil refinery and tannery chimneys. These earth atmosphere?
pollutants – sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide
Ans. The ozone layer absorbs many harmful solar
and mainly carbon-based particulates – have
steadily weathered and eroded the Taj’s brilliant radiations such as ultraviolet rays, by which it

white facade, giving it a yellow sheen. provides protection to our life.

Legal emission limits have been long contested 4. Which compound is responsible for the
by developers and are widely ignored. Smoky depletion of ozone layer?
funeral pyres are lit, and piles of rubbish are
Ans. CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons).
regularly burned very close to the buildings.
Pollution from the Yamuna river presents II. Read the given passage and answer the questions
a further challenge. Untreated sewage and based on the table and related studied concepts.
industrial waste pours in from the city, creating Air pollution is one of the world’s largest health
nutrient-rich waters. These nutrients are then
and environmental problems. It is one of the
picked up by the wind and deposited in the
world’s leading risk factors for death, attributed
Taj’s increasingly porous stonework, allowing
river-derived microorganisms to thrive on its to 5 million deaths each year. Air pollution
surfaces, colouring them green. is attributed to 9% of deaths globally. Death
1. Name two gases given out by burning fossil rates from air pollution are highest in low-to-
fuels which cause acid rain. middle income countries in the world. Table
Ans. Burning of fossil fuels gives out oxides of below shows number of deaths by risk factor
sulphur and oxides of nitrogen as pollutants worldwide in 2017.
which cause acid rain.
 Case-based/Passage-based Integrated Questions 479

Risk Factor Number of deaths in World (2017)

High Blood Pressure 10.44 million
Smoking 7.1 million
High Blood Sugar 6.53 million
Air Pollution (Outdoor & Indoor) 4.9 million
Obesity 4.72 million
Alcohol use 2.84 million
Low Physical Activity 1.26 million
Unsafe Water Use 1.23 million
Secondhand Smoke 1.22 million

1. What is the role of plants in controlling air 3. In which zone of atmosphere, ozone layer is
pollution? present ?
Ans. Burning of fossil fuels and other human Ans. Stratosphere.
activities have caused air pollution by increasing the 4. Name two gases produced by the combustion
amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Photosynthesis of fossil fuels.
in plants use CO2 and thus controls air pollution.
Consumption of CO2 controls global warming. Ans. Carbon dioxide and Sulphur.
2. What is smog?
Ans. During cold weather, water condenses around
unburnt carbon particles or hydrocarbons which
lowers the visibility. This is known as smog.
15 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES
CASE-BASED/PASSAGE-BASED INTEGRATED QUESTIONS

I. Read the given passage and answer the of the atmospheric increase of nitrous oxide
questions based on the passage and related (N 2 O), two thirds of the global ammonia
studied concepts. (NH3) input into the atmosphere, and 40%
There is concern that agricultural production in of global methane (CH 4) emissions. These
developing countries will cause environmental compounds play important roles in atmospheric
threats in the future, as production will have chemistry, ozone depletion, aerosol formation
to increase to satisfy the growing demand for and greenhouse warming.
food. Intensification leads to high inputs of 1. What are the harmful effects of pesticides and
nutrients in the form of mineral fertilizers and fertilisers over a long period of time on soil?
animal feed. Important parts of these inputs Ans. Use of pesticides and fertilisers over a long
leak from the system in the form of nutrient period make the soil either too alkaline or
leaching to groundwater and gaseous losses too acidic and thereby destroy the soil fertility.
to the atmosphere. Pressure on the existing Microorganisms of soil are harmed by fertilisers
agricultural land may increase by growing and also pollute the underground water, lakes
demand for productive land and degradation and rivers.
of the existing agricultural land base. Expansion
2. What is the significance of animal husbandry?
of agriculture generally leads to massive
Ans. (a) Improvement of breeds of the domesticated
deforestation.
animals.
There is an interactions between livestock
(b) Increasing the yield of food-stuff such as
production, crop production and land use. The
milk, egg and meat.
link between livestock and crop production is
through the demand for animal feedstuffs. As 3. List any two factors for which crop variety
the world population is expected to stabilise in improvement is done.
the second half of the twenty-first century, the Ans. Two factors for which crop variety improvement
scenarios must cover a period of 50-100 years is done are biotic and abiotic resistance and
to include the impacts of human population. change in maturity duration.
Not all environmental consequences can be 4. Name a method by which we can improve the
quantitatively evaluated. World agriculture desired characteristics of animals.
is currently responsible for more than half Ans. Selective breeding.
 Case-based/Passage-based Integrated Questions 481

II. Read the given passage and answer the questions based on the table and related studied concepts.
With a population of 1.3 billion, India is the world’s second most populous country. It is the seventh
largest country in the world with an area of 3.288 million sq kms. Agriculture, with its allied sectors,
is the largest source of livelihoods in India. 70 percent of its rural households still depend primarily
on agriculture for their livelihood, with 82 percent of farmers being small and marginal. In 2017-
18, total food grain production was estimated at 275 million tonnes.  India is the largest producer
(25% of global production), consumer (27% of world consumption) and importer (14%) of pulses in
the world. India’s annual milk production was 165 MT (2017-18), making India the largest producer
of milk, jute and pulses, and with world’s second-largest cattle population 190 million. It is the second-
largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton and groundnuts, as well as the second-largest fruit
and vegetable producer, accounting for 10.9% and 8.6% of the world fruit and vegetable production,
respectively. Year wise food grain production data in India are given below.

Year Rabi (million tonnes) Kharif (million tonnes)

2009-10 114 104
2010-11 124 121
2011-12 128 131
2012-13 124 132
2013-14 128 129
2014-15 126 126
2015-16 126 125
2016-17 135 138

1. What is the basic objective in mixed cropping? 3. Why is chemical methods of controlling pests
Ans. Basic objective of mixed cropping is to minimise not considered good?
the risk of crop failure due to adverse weather Ans. The chemicals sprayed on plants to control pests
condition. causes environmental pollution. Some part of
2. How does use of fertilizers improve crop the chemical gets penetrated into the grains
production? and is harmful to animals and human being.
Ans. To maintain soil fertility, regular dose of 4. What is the significance of animal husbandry?
nutrients in the form of fertilisers are added. Ans. (i) Improvement of breeds of the domesticated
These fertilisers provide the necessary nutrients animals.
in the soil and thereby increases the fertility of (ii) Increasing the yield of foodstuffs such as
the soil. milk, egg and meat.