Question Answers

Q1 Some hydrogen gas leaking out of the container and increasing the volume of the
container of hydrogen gas. Why?
Answer: Because Hydrogen gas leaking from the container leaves some vacant space inside the
container. So, hydrogen gas molecules inside the container occupy all the space available and the
distance between the molecules of hydrogen gas will be increased. On increasing the volume of
the container of hydrogen gas, more space will be available inside the container and hydrogen
gas molecule will occupy all the space available and hence distance between the molecules will
be increased. On increasing pressure, hydrogen molecules will come closer and the distance
between them will be decreased. More hydrogen gas molecules are available in less volume, so
the distance between them will be decreased.
Q2 Why bromine vapor is heavy than air?
Answer: Bromine gas is heavier than air due to its atomic weight. Being heavier it still floats in
the air due to diffusion and collision between the particles of bromine and air molecules. The
particles collide with each other, so the two different gases can mix completely with each other.
Q3 When heat is constantly supplied by a gas burner with small flame to melt ice, then the
temperature of ice during melting will be?
Answer: During melting, the temperature of the ice does not change at all because the heat is
used in overcoming the particle-particle attraction forces, which in turn keeps the temperature
constant.
Q4 Which condition will increase the evaporation of water?
Answer: Increase in temperature of water will increase the evaporation of water. It is because,
on increasing the temperature, kinetic energy of water molecules increases, and more particles
get enough kinetic energy to go into the vapour state. This increases the rate of evaporation.
Evaporation is the surface phenomenon, so it depends upon the exposed surface area. Higher the
exposed surface area of water, the higher will be the evaporation. When common salt is added to
water then the surface is occupied by the solvent as well as non-volatile solute particles. So, the
escaping tendency of solvent particles decreases and thus the evaporation of water decreases.
Q5 When water at 0°C freezes to form ice at the same temperature as 0°C, then what
happens to it?
Answer: At 0°C, water releases some heat to lower the speed of molecules, and when it is cool
enough the molecules of water are fixed at one position, and they start vibrating. Ultimately, the
water molecules convert into ice (solid).
Q6 Explain:
a) Sublimation: Conversion of solid into vapours on heating or vapours into solid on
cooling without undergoing in liquid state is called sublimation.
b) Vaporization: The conversion of liquid into gas or vapour is called vaporization.
 c) Freezing: The conversion of liquid into solid is called freezing.
d) Melting: The conversion of solid into liquid is called melting.
Q7 A few substances are arranged in the increasing order of ‘forces of attraction’ between
their particles. Which one of the following represents a correct arrangement?
Answer: The correct order of increasing “force of attraction” between their particles is.
For Example: Oxygen < Water < Sugar It is because the force of attraction increases in the
order i.e., Gas < Liquid < Solid.
Q8: In which condition does evaporation of water increase?
Answer: When surface area increases and temperature rises, evaporation of water increases
because the area which is exposed to the outer atmosphere is more and increasing the
temperature leads to increase in the kinetic energy, due to which rate of evaporation increases.
Q9: Explain True or False:
[A]. Ammonia gas can be liquefied by applying high pressure and lowering the
temperature.
True, Ammonia gas can be liquefied by applying high pressure and lowering the temperature.
[B]. Solid carbon dioxide is stored under less-high pressure.
False, Solid carbon dioxide is stored under high pressure.
[C]. The conversion of solid carbon dioxide into carbon dioxide gas is a change of state
which is caused by the increase in pressure and decrease in atmospheric temperature.
False, the conversion of solid carbon dioxide into carbon dioxide gas is a change of state which
is caused by the decrease in pressure and increase atmospheric temperature.
[D]. Whatever the temperature at which evaporation takes place, the latent heat of
vaporization need not be supplied whenever a liquid changes into vapour or gas.
False, whatever be the temperature at which evaporation takes place, the latent heat of
vaporization must be supplied whenever a liquid changes into vapour or gas.
Q10 Name the state of matter which define: The property to flow is unique to fluids?
Answer: Gases and liquids behave like fluids. Both gases and liquids tend to flow due to less
force of attraction between their particles. Also, they required a vessel to keep them. Solids do
not flow.
Note: Fluid means a material which can flow easily and requires a vessel to keep it.
Q11 Name the specific condition in which the gas can be liquefied under temperature and
pressure?
Answer: Low temperature and high pressure required to liquefy gases to liquids. There is a lot of
space between the particles of gas. On applying high pressure, the particles of gas move get so
close that they start attracting each other sufficiently forming a liquid. When gas is compressed
too much, heat is produced, so it is necessary to cool it. Cooling lowers the temperature of
compressed gas and helps in liquifying it. Hence, a gas can be liquefied by applying high
pressure and lowering the temperature (cooling).
Q12 When a gas jar full of air is placed upside down on a gas jar full of bromine vapors,
the red-brown vapors of bromine from the lower jar go upward into the jar containing air.
What happens to it?
Answer: The process occurring here is diffusion and it is unaffected by the mass. Therefore,
bromine being heavier, mixes with the colorless air.
Q13 Once the water has begun to boil, what happens to the temperature until it reaches
100 degrees Celsius?
Answer: Once the water has begun to boil, the temperature remains constant at a hundred
degrees Celsius until all the water has changed into steam.
Q14 It has been found that the burns caused by boiling water are much more severe than
those caused by steam. Why?
Answer: it has been found that the burns caused by stems are much more severe than those
caused by boiling water though both of them are at the same temperature of 100 degree Celsius.
This is due to the fact that steam contains more heat, in the form of latent heat, than boiling
water. So, when stem falls on our skin and condensed to produce water it gives out 22.5 x 10 to
the power 5 J/kg more heat than boiling water, at the same temperature. Since steam gives out
more heat than boiling water it causes more severe burns.
Q15 Why do gases exert pressure on the walls of container?
Answer: In the gaseous state, the particles move about randomly at high speed and because of this
random movement, the particles hit each other and also the walls of the container. That is why they
exert pressure on the walls of containers.

Q16 What is Dry Ice?

Answer: Solid CO2 gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1
atmosphere without coming into liquid state. This is known as Dry Ice.

NCERT QUESTIONS

Question 1. Which of the following are matter?

Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-drink, smell of perfume.

Answer: Chair, air, almonds, and cold drink.

Question 2. Give reasons for the following observation:

The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters away, but to get the smell from cold
food you have to go close.

Answer: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches severed meters away, as the particles of hot food
have more kinetic energy and hence the rate of diffusion is more than the particles of cold food.

Question 3. A diver can cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter
does this observation show?

Answer: A diver can cut through water in a swimming pool. This shows that the particles of water
have intermolecular space and have less force of attraction.

Question 4. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?

Answer: The characteristics of the particles of matter are:

(1) Particles have intermolecular space.

(2) Particles have intermolecular force.

(3) Particles of matter are moving continuously.

Question 5. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density.

(density = mass/volume).

Arrange the following in order of increasing density: air, exhaust from chimneys, honey,
water, chalk, cotton and iron.

Answer: Increasing density:

air < exhaust from chimneys < cotton < water < honey < chalk < iron.

Question 6. (a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter.

(b) Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas container,
shape, kinetic energy and density.

Answer: (a) Difference in the characteristics of 3 states of matter.

(b) Comment on:

(i) Rigidity: The tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their shape when subjected to outside
force.

(ii) Compressibility: The matter has intermolecular space. The external force applied on the
matter can bring these particles closer. This property is called compressibility. Gases and liquids
are compressible.

(iii) Fluidity: The tendency of particles to flow is called fluidity. Liquids and gases flow.

(iv) Filling of a gas container: Gases have particles which vibrate randomly in all directions. The
gas can fill the container.

(v) Shape: Solids have maximum intermolecular force and definite shape.

Whereas liquids and gases take the shape of containers.

(vi) Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by particles due to their motion is called kinetic energy.
Molecules of gases vibrate randomly as they have maximum kinetic energy.

(vii) Density: It is defined as mass per unit volume, the solids have highest density.

Question 7. Give reasons

(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.

(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.

(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.

(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of wood we
need a karate expert.

Answer: (a) The molecules of gas have high kinetic energy due to which they keep moving in all
directions and hence fill the vessel completely in which they are kept.

(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container because the molecules of the gas are in
constant random motion due to high kinetic energy. These molecules constantly vibrate, move and
hit the walls of the container thereby exerting pressure on it.
(c) The molecules/particles of wooden table are tightly packed with each other, there is no
intermolecular space, it cannot be compressed, it cannot flow, all these characteristics are of solid.
So wooden table should be called a solid. ‘

(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of wood we need
a karate expert. It is because the molecule of air has less force of attraction between them, and a
very small external force can separate them and pass through it. But in the case of solids, the
molecules have maximum force of attraction, the particles are tightly bound due to this force.
Hence a large amount of external force is required to pass through solid.

Question 8. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have
observed that ice floats on water. Find out why?

Answer: Ice is a solid, but its density is lower than water due to its structure. The molecules in ice
make a cage like structure with a lot of vacant spaces, this makes ice float on water.

Question 9. Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale:

(a) 300 K (b) 573 K

Answer. (a) 300 – 273 = 27°C

(b) 573 – 273 = 300°C

Question 10. What is the physical state of water at:

(a) 250°C (b) 100°C

Answer: (a) 250°C = gas

(b) 100°C liquid as well as gas

Question 11. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of
state?

Answer: During the change of state of any matter heat is supplied to the substance. The molecules
of this matter use heat to overcome the force of attraction between the particles, at this period of
time, temperature remains constant. This extra heat is acquired by the molecules in the form of
hidden heat called latent heat to change from one state of matter to the other state.

Question 12. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases?

Answer: The atmospheric gases are taken in a cylinder with piston fitted on it. By cooling and
applying pressure on them, the gases can be liquefied.

Question 13. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?

Answer: The outer walls of the cooler get sprinkled by water constantly. This water evaporates
due to hot dry weather. Evaporation causes cooling of inside air of cooler. This cool air is sent into
the room by the fan.

Question 14. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer?

Answer: The earthen pot is porous with lot of pores on it, the water oozes out through these pores
and the water gets evaporated at the surface of the pot thereby causing cooling effect. This makes
the pot cold and the water inside the pot cools by this process.

Question 15. Why do our palms feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it?

Answer: Acetone, petrol or perfume evaporate when they come into contact with air. The
evaporation causes a cooling sensation in our hands.

Question 16. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup?

Answer: Tea in a saucer has a larger surface area than in a cup. The rate of evaporation is faster
with increased surface area. The cooling of tea in saucer takes place sooner than in a cup. Hence,
we are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup.

Question 17. What type of clothes should we wear in summer?

Answer: We should wear light coloured cotton clothes in summer. Light colour because it reflects
heat. Cotton clothes because it has pores in it, which absorbs sweat and allows the sweat to
evaporate faster thereby giving cooling effect.
Question 18. Convert the following temperatures to the Celsius scale.

(a) 293 K (b) 470 K.

Answer: (a) 293 K into °C

293 – 273 = 20°C

(b) 470 K into °C

470 – 273 = 197°C

Question 19. Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale.

(a) 25°C (b) 373°C.

Answer: (a) 25°C into K

25 + 273 = 298 K

(b) 373°C into K

373 + 273 = 646 K

Question 20. Give reason for the following observations.

(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.

(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several meters away.

Answer: (a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid, because naphthalene
balls sublime and directly changes into vapor state without leaving any solid.

(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several meters away because perfume contains volatile
solvents and diffuse faster and can reach people sitting several meters away.

Question 21. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of forces of attraction
between the particles—water, sugar, oxygen.

Answer: Oxygen —> water —> sugar.

Question 22. What is the physical state of water at—

(a) 25°C (b) 0°C (c) 100°C

Answer: (a) 25°C is liquid

(b) 0°C is solid or liquid

(c) 100°C is liquid and gas

Question 23. Give two reasons to justify

(a) water at room temperature is a liquid.

(b) an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.

Answer: (a) Water at room temperature is a liquid because its freezing point is 0°C and boiling
point is 100°C.

(b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature because the melting point of iron is higher than
room temperature.

Question 24. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same
temperature?

Answer: Ice at 273 K will absorb heat energy or latent heat from the medium to overcome the
fusion to become water. Hence the cooling effect of ice is more than the water at same temperature
because water does not absorb this extra heat from the medium.

Question 25. What produces more severe bums, boiling water or steam?

Answer: Steam at 100°C will produce more severe bums as extra heat is hidden in it called latent
heat whereas the boiling water does not have this hidden heat.

Question 26. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing change in its state
Answer: A —> Liquefication/melting/fusion

B —> Vaporization/evaporation

C—> Condensation

D—> Solidification

E —> Sublimation

F —> Deposition