BATCH

FLUID
BASIC MATHS
MECHANICS

Introduction
1. Liquids and gases can flow and are therefore, called
fluids.

2. An Ideal Fluid is one which is

a) Incompressible

b) Non - Viscous

Pressure

Pressure is a scalar quantity

 Unit Of Pressure

Unit Of Volume

Q1)

•Pressure in Fluids
When an object is submerged
in a fluid at rest, the fluid
exerts a force on its surface.
This force is always normal to
the object’s surface
•Density of Fluids

•Relative Density /specific gravity

• The relative density of a substance is the ratio of its
density to the density of water at 4oC.
Q2)

•Variation of Fluid Pressure with depth

Q3)
a) P=Po +𝝆g(1)
b) P=Po +𝝆g(2)
𝟏
c) P=Po +𝝆g( )
𝟐
d) P=Po
•Graph between P and h

•Gauge Pressure and Absolute Pressure

Q4)
Q5)

Q6)The density of the atmosphere at sea level is 1.29 kg/m3

. Assume that it does not change with altitude. Then how
high would the atmosphere extend?

a) 5km

b) 8km

c) 11km h

d) 13km
Q7)

Q8)The three vessels shown in the following figure have

same base area. Equal volumes of a liquid are poured in. The
force on the base will be
a) maximum in vessel A
b) maximum in vessel B
c) maximum in vessel C
d) equal in all vessels

Q9)
Q10)The force acting on a window of area 50 cm x 50 cm of a
submarine at a depth of 2000 m in an ocean, the interior of
which is maintained at sea level atmospheric pressure is
(Density of sea water= 103kg m-3 , g=10 m/s2)

a) 5x105 N
b) 25x105 N
c) 5x106 N
d) 2.5x106 N
 •Variation of Fluid Pressure along the same
Horizontal Level
For a liquid in equilibrium the pressure
is same at all points in a horizontal
plane. Suppose the pressure were not
equal in different parts of the fluid, then
there would be a flow as the fluid will
have some net force acting on it. Hence
in the absence of flow the pressure in
the fluid must be same everywhere in a
horizontal plane.

Q11)

•U – tube problems
Q12)

Q13)
Q14)

Q15)Find x , so  = 1g/cm
3
 = 2g/cm3
x
that fluid remains x

9 cm

9 cm

in equilibrium

a) 1 cm
Sliding boundary
b) 2cm

c) 3cm

d) 4cm
  = 1g/cm3  = 2g/cm3
x
x


9 cm

9 cm
Sliding boundary

Q16)

•Variation of Pressure in vertically

accelerating Fluid –
•Variation of Pressure in horizontally
accelerating Fluid –

Q17)
Q18)A closed rectangular tank is completely filled with water
and is accelerated horizontally with an acceleration towards
right. Pressure is

i. Maximum at (ii) minimum at

(a) (i) B (ii)D
(b) (i)C (ii)D
(c) (i)B (ii)C
(d) (i)B (ii)A

Shape of Liquid Surface due to horizontal

acceleration
Q19)

•Barometer
• Torricelli devised a method for
measuring atmospheric pressure.
• A long glass tube closed at one
end and filled with mercury is
inverted into a trough of mercury
• This device is known as ‘mercury
barometer’.

• In the experiment it is found that the mercury column in the

barometer has a height of about 76 cm at sea level

• A pressure equivalent of 1 mm is called a torr

(after Torricelli). 1 torr = 133 Pa.
•Manometer

•Pascal’s Law
“ Whenever external pressure is applied
on any part of a fluid contained in a
vessel, it is transmitted undiminished
and equally in all directions”

•Hydraulic Lift
Q20)Two pistons of a hydraulic machine have diameters 20 cm and
2 cm. Find the force exerted on the larger piston when 50 kg wt is
placed on the smaller piston. When the smaller piston moves
through 50 cm, by what distance the other piston moves out?

•Upthrust / Buoyancy
•Archimede’s Principle

When a body is immersed wholly or

partially in a fluid, it is lifted up by a
force equal to the weight of fluid
displaced by the body.

Q21) A Stone of density 3000 kg/m3 is submerged in

water.If the mass of stone is 30kg , find upthrust.

a) 300N
b) 100 N
c) 75N
d) 10N

Q22)An iron cube of mass 5kg and side 10 cm is

suspended by a thread in water. Find the tension in
thread.

a) 50N
b) 80N
c) 40N
d) 10N
Q23)

•Apparent Weight Of a Body

When a body is wholly immersed in a fluid,
it’s effective weight decreases.
•Apparent Weight formulae

Q24)A stone of density 3000 kg/m3 is lying submerged in

water of density 1000 kg/m. If the mass of stone in air is 150
kg, calculate the force required to lift the stone
.

a) 1200 N
b) 1000 N
c) 850 N
d) 812 N
Q25)

•Condition for floatation & sinking

 •Law Of Floatation

•For Cylindrical or cubical body

Q26)
Q27)

Q28)
Q29)
 REMEMBER

Q30)
Q31)
 Fluid Dynamics

Steady Flow / Streamlined Flow / Laminar Flow

At different points,
➢ velocities of fluid particles
can be different.
➢ But velocity at a given
point is constant with time

• The flow of the fluid is said to be steady if at any given

point, the velocity of each passing fluid particle remains
constant in time

• This does not mean that the velocity at different points

is same. The velocity of a particular particle may change
as it moves from one point to another.

• That is, at some other point the particle may have a

different velocity, but every other particle which passes
through same point behaves exactly as the previous
particle that has just passed that point.
 Properties Of Streamline Flow

(iv)

Turbulent Flow
(i)

(ii)
 Reynolds Number →dimensionless number

Equation Of Continuity
 Volume Rate of Flow

Q32)
Q33)

Q34)
 BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
We now suppose that an incompressible ,
Non – Viscous and Irrotational fluid is
flowing through the pipe in a steady flow
Different Heads

For Fluid at Rest

In a Horizontal Pipe
Q35)

Q36)
Q37)

MENTOZ METHOD
Q38)

Q39)
Q40)

(density of air = 1kg/m3)

Q41)
 The Venturi-meter is a device to measure the
Venturimeter flow speed of incompressible fluid.
Q42) The speed of Water at X is 30cm/s . Find the speed of
water at Y , if difference in heights of two coloumns of
water is 2 cm.

a) 70 cm/s
b) 65 cm/s
c) 80 cm/s
d) 100 cm/s

Q43)The Area of cross section of wide and narrow

portions of the tube are 5cm2 and 1cm2 respectively. The
rate of flow of water through the tube is 500 cm3/s. Find
the difference in heights of two coloumn.

a) 0.1 m
b) 0.6m
c) 0.9m
d) 1.2m
Speed of Efflux: Torricelli’s Law

Very small hole

OPEN TANK / VESSEL

Rate of Flow
Q44)

Q45)
Q46)

Q47)

Range
Q48) Figure shows two holes in a wide tank containing a liquid in
common. The water streams coming out of these holes strike
the ground at the same point. The height of liquid column in
tank is

a) 10 cm
b) 8 cm
c) 9.8 cm
d) 980 cm

Maximum Range
 Time taken to empty the tank

Q49) A rectangular vessel when full of water, takes 10 min to be

emptied through an orifice in its bottom. How much time will
it take to be emptied when half filled with water?

a) 9 min
b) 7 min
c) 5 min
d) 3 min

Q50)
Velocity of Efflux in closed container
 Viscosity

Viscous Force -
1)Viscosity is internal friction in a fluid
motion
2)It occurs due to relative motion
between layers of liquid
3)The internal friction force in fluids is
called Viscous Force.
4)Viscous Force depends on relative
motion between layers (velocity
gradient) , Area of contact between
two layers and type of fluid.

Velocity profiles of fluids-

1) A layer of liquid sandwiched
between two parallel glass plates,
in which the lower plate is fixed
and the upper one is moving to
the right with velocity v
 For any layer of liquid, its upper layer pulls it forward
while lower layer pulls it backward. This results in force
between the layers. This type of flow is known as
laminar.

Coeffecient of Viscosity

The viscosity of liquids decreases with temperature, while it

increases in the case of gases.

2) velocity distribution for viscous flow in a pipe

Q51)

Stoke’s Law
When an object moves
through a fluid , it
experiences a viscous force
It is seen that the viscous force
is proportional to the velocity
of the object and is opposite to
the direction of motion.
Terminal velocity

Terminal velocity VS radius and time

 If density of sphere is less than that of fluid

Rain drops
We consider a raindrop in air. It
accelerates initially due to gravity. As
the velocity increases, the retarding
force also increases. Finally, when
viscous force plus buoyant force
becomes equal to the force due to
gravity, the net force becomes zero
and so does the acceleration. The
sphere (raindrop) then descends with
a constant velocity

Q52)
 Q53)

Q54)
Q55)

Q56)
Q57)

BATCH
Surface
BASIC MATHS
Tension
Surface Tension :
1) Surface Tension is the property of Liquid
surface.

2) The Property of Liquid Surface due to which

it tries to attain minimum Surface Area is
called Surface Tension.

3) A Small drop of Liquid is spherical in shape ,

because for given Volume , sphere has
minimum Surface Area.

Q 1)The rain drops are in spherical shape due to

A .Viscosity

B. Surface tension

C. Thrust on drop

D. Both A and B
 Surface Tension is numerically equal to the force
acting per unit length of a hypothetical line drawn
on a liquid surface normal to it in either direction.

Q2) A beaker of radius 15 cm is filled with liquid of surface

tension 0.075 N/m. Force across an imaginary diameter on
the surface of liquid is

(A) 0.075 N
(B) 1.5 × 10–2 N
(C) 0.225 N
(D) 2.25 × 10–2 N

Liquid Film

Sliding wire
Q3) A thin liquid film formed between a U-shaped wire and a
light slider supports a weight of 1.5 × 10–2N(see figure). The
length of the slider is 30cm and its weight negligible. The
surface tension of the liquid film is

a) 0.1N/m
b) 0.05N/m
c) 0.025N/m
d) 0.0125N/m

Floating of Needle on Water surface

 Lifting of Needle above water surface

Q4)
Q5)

Some important points

1) Soap decreases the surface tension of water , which
helps soap water to reach in pores of clothes and take
out dirt.

2)Surface Tension of a liquid decreases with rise in

Temperature and becomes ZERO at critical temperature,
that is why hot soup tastes better than cold one

3) Surface Tension is a scalar quality. (However direction

of the force on the line on which it is calculated
can be known)

4) It depends on nature of liquid and its intermolecular

forces.

5) It depends on impurities added to a liquid

Surface Energy
1) Molecules on a liquid surface have some extra energy in
comparison to molecules in the interior. A liquid, thus, tends to
have the least surface to have minimum energy and most
stability

Surface Energy is nearly half of Heat Of Vapourisation

Surface Energy and Surface Tension

 Liquid Film

Q6)

Q7)
 Number of surfaces in liquid film and bubble

Q8)
 Q9)

Q10)
(Energy of new drop/ Energy of Old Drop)
Q11)
Excess Pressure in a Liquid Drop
Liquid Drop experiences
Compressive stress due to

Excess Pressure on concave side

For Soap Bubble

Q12)

Q13) 0.04 cm liquid column balances the excess pressure

inside a soap bubble of radius 6 mm. Evaluate density of the
liquid. Surface tension of soap solution =0.03N/m

a) 4x103 kg/m3
b) 5x103 kg/m3
c) 8x103 kg/m3
d) 12x103 kg/m3
Q14) A soap bubble , having radius of 1mm,is blown from a
detergent solution having a surface tension of 2.5 x 10-2 N/m.
The pressure inside the bubble equals at a point Zo below the
free surface of water in a container. Taking g=10 m/s2,density
of water=103 kg/m2,the value of Zo is [NEET 2019]

a) 0.5 cm
b) 100 cm
c) 10 cm
d) 1 cm

Contact Angle
The angle between tangent to the liquid surface at the
point of contact and tangent to solid surface, measured
inside the liquid is termed as angle of contact.
➢ For pure water and perfectly clean glass,the
angle of contact is 0o

➢ For ordinary water and glass,it lies between

8o and 18o.

➢ For pure water and pure silver,the angle of

contact is 90o
 ➢ For mercury and perfectly clean glass,the angle
of contact is 135o

Q15)

Cohesive Force: Force of attraction between

molecules of same kind.
Adhesive Force: Force of attraction between
molecules of different kind.
Capillarity

If a capillary tube of glass is dipped in liquid like

water, the liquid rises in the tube, but when the
capillary tube is dipped in a liquid like mercury, the
level of liquid falls in the tube. This phenomenon of
rise or fall of a liquid in the capillary is called
capillarity

Height of Capillary Rise

Q16) If the surface tension of water is 0.06 N/m then the

capillary rise in a tube of diameter 1mm is (θ=0o)

a) 3.86 cm
b) 3.12 cm
c) 2.4 cm
d) 1.22 cm
 Q17) Water rises to a height of 10 cm in a capillary tube and
mercury falls to a depth of 3.5 cm in the same capillary tube.
If the density of mercury is 13.6 gm/cc and its angle of
contact is 135o and density of water is 1 gm/cc and its angle
of contact is 0o, then the ratio of surface tensions of the two
liquids is (cos 135o=0.7) [MP PMT 1988;EAMCET 2003]
a) 1:14
b) 5:34
c) 1:5
d) 5:27

Q18)
Q19)

a) 2.0 cm
b) 4.0 cm
c) 4/ 𝟑 cm
d) 2 𝟐 cm

Q20)

Q21)

a) 2 cm
b) 4 cm
c) 8 cm
d) 16 cm
 Q22) A capillary tube of radius R is immersed in water and
water rises in it to a height H.Mass of water in the capillary
tube is M.If the radius of the tube is doubled,mass of water
that will rise in the capillary tube will now be
[RPMT 1997;RPET 1999;CPMT 2002]

a) M
b) 2M
c) M/2
d) 4M

Q23)

[NEET 2020]
a) 2.5 g
b) 5.0 g
c) 10 g
d) 20 g
Radius of Tube(r) and Radius of Meniscus(R)

Capillary Tube of Insufficient height

 If tube is cut

Q24)
Q25)