Discussion

From our experiment, we note that after we filled the boiler with the water, and the boiler is switched
on. The temperature starts to increase gradually until 97 °C - 100 °C , the water starts to evaporate at
this temperature. By the time we close the tap valves, we note that the temperature increases for each
0.5 bar. In addition, the volume of water increases as the temperature increases inside the boiler until
it reach to 5 bar where the temperature become maximum and the volume of water vapour is constant.
On the other side, as we reverse the process by turning the boiler off cooling process starts. We note
that the temperature decreases for each 0.5 bar and the water vapour condenses down. However, due
personal capabilities and machine usage some errors occurred in the experiment in addition to the
panel mistakes in collecting the data.

Graph 1 : Pressure (bar) versus Temperature ℃ for Heating process

Graph 2 : Pressure (bar) versus Temperature ℃ for cooling process

Graph 3 : Pressure (bar) versus Mean Temperature ℃

 0.25

0.2

0.15
Measured Slope
Calculated Slope
0.1

0.05

0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

Graph 4 : Measured Slope Against Calculated Slope

Refer to the graph of cooling and heating, we can see the plotted graph that we have from this
experiment is a curve for both cooling and heating process. Graph of pressure versus temperature for
heating process shows the relation between absolute pressure and the saturated steam temperature for
heating process. This graph produces exponential equation which was a curvy line. It shows that as
the temperature increases inside the boiler, pressure increases and since the volume is kept constant
due to the size of the boiler until the pressure reaches to 5 bar, then the cooling process starts and the
water vapour condenses down. Since the volume decrease due to decrease in temperature, the pressure
compresses the vapour and converts it into water. So it requires long time to happen, and temperature
becomes minimum value when the pressure reaches 0 bar.

Graph of pressure versus temperature for cooling process shows relation between absolute pressure
and saturated steam temperature for cooling process. The form of curve we have for cooling process is
quite similar as for the heating process. This because the decreasing rate of temperature during the
cooling process is almost same as increasing rate of temperature during the heating process. But
cooling process needs longer time as water cooling slower than heating it up.Initially, technical error
occurs during the cooling process. Where the initial value of temperature was taken when the
temperature was still increasing even heating switch was turned off. Supposedly the reading of
temperature starts being taken after it reaches it maximum value.

Heat losses also needs more time, this can be seen clearly in both graphs which show the smaller
difference in decreasing during cooling process than the heating one. This will cause the results
different from saturated steam tables because the volume is assumed to be constant throughout the
experiment. And also,Based on the GRAPH 4, the relationship between pressure and temperature is
directly proportional while there is a small deviation between the experimental slope and the
theoretical slope. Therefore, the cleanliness of the Marcet Boiler should be taken in consideration
because it can cause the water inside the boiler mixed with the impurities inside the boiler. These
errors can be avoided by washing the boiler before experiment to hinder from the impurities.
Water was heated while the wash valve opened to make sure that there is no air inside the boiler
which can affect the temperature reading. The air inside the boiler will form a pressure to the surface
of the water. So, more extra heat energy needed to change water phase into steam. Water molecules
are hard to release from this surface. This mixed pressure will affect the saturated steam temperature.

There are also errors that can affect the accuracy of the result such as parallax error. Parallax error is
occurs when taking the reading of thermometer and Bourdon measurer. Eyes must be same level as
thermometer and cautiously read it to minimize the error. Technical error also occurs where the valve
is not closed correctly answer causes some liquid water flowing out. This will also cause the changes
of the volume of the boiler. All the errors can be avoided by checking the boiler before we start the
experiment.