I NTRODUCTI ON TO PUMPS

Simply stated, a pump is a machine used to move liquid through a

piping system and to raise the pressure of the liquid. A pump can be further defined as a
machine that uses several energy transformations to increase the pressure of a liquid. The
centrifugal pump shown in Figure illustrates this
definition. The energy input into the pump is typically the
energy source used to power the driver. Most commonly,
this is electricity used to power an electric motor.
Alternative forms of energy used to power the driver
include high-pressure steam to drive a steam turbine, fuel
oil to power a diesel engine, high-pressure hydraulic fluid
to power a hydraulic motor, and compressed air to drive
an air motor. Regardless of the driver type for a
centrifugal pump, the input energy is converted in the
driver to a rotating mechanical energy, consisting of the driver output shaft, operating at a
certain speed, and transmitting a certain torque. The power transmitted from the driver to
the pump is a function of the rotating speed times the torque.

The remaining energy transformations take place inside the pump itself. The
rotating pump shaft is attached to the pump impeller. The rotating impeller causes the liquid
that has entered the pump to increase in velocity. This is the second energy transformation
in the pump, where the input power is used to raise the kinetic energy of the liquid. Kinetic
energy is a function of mass and velocity. Raising a liquid’s velocity increases its kinetic energy.

After the liquid leaves the impeller, but before exiting the pump, the final
transformation of energy occurs in a diffusion process. An expansion of the flow area causes
the liquid’s velocity to decrease to more than when it entered the pump, but well below its
maximum velocity at the impeller tip. This diffusion transforms some of the velocity energy
to pressure energy.
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by
mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method
they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and
consume energy to perform mechanical work moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many
energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power, come in
many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial pumps.
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from
wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-
cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for
operating cooling towers and other components of heating, ventilation and air
conditioning systems. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in
developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in
particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.
 When a casing contains only one revolving impeller, it is called a single-stage
pump. When a casing contains two or more revolving impellers, it is called a double- or multi-
stage pump.
There are different types of pumps available in the market. This article will assist
you to know the main functionalities of each type of pump. The type of pump, as well as
selection, mainly depend on our requirement. The application mainly includes the type of
fluid you desire to pump, the distance you desire to move the fluid, and the quantity you
require to get over a particular time frame. However, it is complicated to recognize accurately
what kind of pump you must select. The identifying of the pump can be done with the design
as well as positions. To make simpler things while seeking to choose your exact pump, and
the pumps can be classified into two types which function in extremely dissimilar ways &
generally summarize most of the pump designs.

REASONS FOR RAISING THE PRESSURE OF A LIQUID:

There are actually three distinct reasons for raising the pressure of a liquid with a
pump, plus another related factor:

 STATIC ELEVATION: A liquid’s pressure must be increased to raise the liquid from one
elevation to a higher elevation. This might be necessary, for example, to move liquid
from one floor of a building to a higher floor, or to pump liquid up a hill.
 FRICTION: It is necessary to increase the pressure of a liquid to move the liquid through
a piping system and overcome frictional losses. Liquid moving through a system of pipes,
valves, and fittings experiences frictional losses along the way. These losses vary with
the geometry and material of the pipe, valves, and fittings, with the viscosity and density
of the liquid, and with the flow rate.
 PRESSURE: In some systems, it is necessary to increase the pressure of the liquid for
process reasons. In addition to moving the liquid over changes in elevation and through
a piping system, the pressure of a liquid must often be increased to move the liquid into
a pressurized vessel, such as a boiler or fractionating tower, or into a pressurized
pipeline, or it may be necessary to overcome a vacuum in the supply vessel.
 VELOCITY: There is another factor to be considered here, namely that not all of the velocity
energy in a pump is converted to potential or pressure energy. The outlet or discharge
connection of most pumps is smaller than the inlet or suction connection. Because liquids
are, practically speaking, incompressible, the velocity of the liquid leaving the pump is
higher than that entering the pump. This velocity head may need to be taken into account
(depending on the point of reference) when computing pump total head to meet system
requirements.
 HI S TORY OF PUMPS
Ever since 2000 BC, when the Egyptians invented a rudimentary device to draw water from
wells, pumps have been an indispensable part of our lives. Though this first pump may seem
too simple by today’s standards, it has to be noted that it came about only after a thousand
or so years of human existence on the planet.
MES OPOTAMI A – 3000 BC:
The ancient empire of Mesopotamia is accredited with several modern-day inventions. The
Mesopotamians were indeed an intelligent lot and
had plenty of scientific thinking. Agriculture, writing,
wine, the wheel, and domestication of animals are
just a few of the things that this civilization introduced
to the world.

The ancient civilization of Mesopotamia

lived in the regions of modern-day Iran, Turkey, Iraq
and Syria. Though their invention wasn’t a pump by
today’s definition, it’s worth mentioning here.

They used a wooden lever that was placed adjacent to a water bank. On one end
of the lever was a bucket and to the opposite end was attached a counterweight. When the
lever was pushed down, the bucket filled with water and the counterweight bounced back
the lever, bringing the bucket up. This was then emptied into a trough.

EGYPTI ANS – 2000 BC:

The first pump invented by mankind was the Shadoof. And, the Egyptians are
the ones who are credited for this invention,
millennia back in 2000 BC. The Shadoof is a bucket
that was tied to a rod or a rope and was used to raise
water from deep wells.

Though this doesn’t accurately describe

the workings of a pump, this is the first proof from
history that states that man has always been looking
for gadget to make it easy to transport water.

The first pump invented by mankind was the Shadoof. And, the Egyptians are
the ones who are credited for this invention, millennia back in 2000 BC. The Shadoof is a
bucket that was tied to a rod or a rope and was used to raise water from deep wells.
Though this doesn’t accurately describe the workings of a pump, this is the first proof from
history that states that man has always been looking for gadget to make it easy to transport
water.
GREEKS – 3 RD TO 1 S T CENTURY BC:

The next big advances to pumps came during the era of the Greek civilization.
Between the third and first centuries BC, the Greeks were at the zenith of their civilization
and significant advances were made in science, technology, warfare and arts.

The engineers of Hellen

invented the water wheel, which was then
used for irrigation and to generate power.

It was during this period in

history, that Archimedes came up with one
of the best inventions of all mankind – the
screw pump. It’s a simple but ingenious
invention that is still seen today in various
parts of the world. Rural areas that don’t
have electricity use the screw pumps to raise water for irrigation.

Another significant contribution during this era was made by Ctesibus from
Alexandria in Egypt. He was the inventor of the force pump, which is a type of hand-
operated pump. It consists of a cylinder along with a top-mounted plunger, which was used
to draw water via valves.

MODERN DAY PUMPS :

After the fall of the great Roman Empire, pump technology became stagnant
for nearly a millennium and a half. It was only during the Enlightenment Period that
hydraulic science began to be focused on again.

It was during this era that pumps had a rebirth and over the next couple of
centuries, new ideas and inventions began to flood the market, all of which led to the design
of modern day pumps.

Let’s take a look at few modern-day pumps and their inventors.

GEAR PUMP - In the year 1593, a Frenchman
named Nicolas Grollier de Serviere charted the
early designs for a gear pump. Later in 1636, a
German engineer named Pappenheim invented
the double, deep-toothed rotary gear pump,
that is still used for lubricating engines even
today.

CENTRI FUGAL PUMP- This is one of the most

common types of pumps used today and it was
invented in the 17th century by Denis Papin, a French inventor. He used straight vanes for
drainage. The centrifugal pump is a motor driven pump that pulls water by creating a suction
force.

S AVERY PUMP- In the year, 1698, an inventor Thomas Avery created a pump that used
steam for operation. The steam generated a vacuum which in turn pulled up water.

AXI AL FLOW PUMP- Since the 1940s, axial pumps are a constant presence in water
services. Apart from this application, the axial flow pump is also used extensively in the
industrial and commercial sectors.

J ET PUMP- This is similar to the centrifugal pump but is mainly used to raise water up from
deep wells.

ELECTROMAGNETI C PUMPS - This is mainly used in advanced applications like nuclear

reactors. This is because electromagnetic pumps can handle very high temperatures. Hence,
it’s ideal for applications that move liquid metals and other electrically conducive liquids. It
uses an electromagnetic force to displace the liquids.

S UBMERS I BLE PUMP- deep well turbine pump, seal-less vertical pump, bush pump,
peristaltic pump, metering pump, magnetic drive pump, chopper pump, circulated pump, air-
operated double diaphragm pump – are some of the other pumps that were invented in the
1900s.
 PUMP TERMI NOLOGY
ABS OL UTE PRES S URE Is the pressure above absolute zero, and is equal to the barometric
(atmospheric) pressure plus the gauge pressure.

AI R L OCKED A condition occurring when a centrifugal pump body is filled with air and a
vacuum can no longer be formed allowing water to flow into the pump.

BAROMETRI C PRES S URE Is the atmospheric pressure at the altitude where it is

measured.

DI S CHARGE HOS E A collapsible hose used to move the water discharged from the pump.

CAVI TATI ON Is a phenomenon causing vacuum pockets to form within the pump that
eventually implode under pressure pitting the impeller and volute surfaces.

DEWATERI NG The removal of unwanted water (clear or dirty) but free from hazardous
materials.

DI FFUS ER A stationary housing similar to a volute in which the impeller rotates enabling
the pump to produce higher heads.

DRAI N PLUGS : Removable plugs used to drain water from the pump during periods of
inactivity or at service intervals.

F LAPPER VAL VE RUBBER moulded around a steel weight that seals off the inlet or outlet
preventing water from either entering or exiting the pump at the wrong time of the cycle.

F LOWRATE ( Q) is the flow (volume of liquid per unit of time) delivered by a pump through
the outlet, normally expressed in litres per second (L/s).

F OOT VALVE A check valve placed in the water source below a surface pump to prevent
loss of liquid and loss of prime in the pump.

F RI CTI ON LOS S Refers to reductions in flow due to turbulence as water passes through
hoses, pipes, fittings and elbows.

GAUGE PRES S URE Is the pressure measured by a gauge and is the pressure above
atmospheric pressure at the altitude being considered.

NET POS I TI VE S UCTI ON HEAD NPS H is a type of pressure at the inlet of a pump. It is
used by pumping system designers to determine whether or not a pump will cavitate. NPSH
Available (NPSHA) is calculated as the Total Head in a liquid at the pump suction (in metres
water, ABSOLUTE Pressure) minus the Vapour Pressure of the liquid. Vapour Pressure varies
with temperature and is usually found in tables. NPSH Required (NPSHR) is determined by the
pump design and the operating condition selected and is provided by the pump
manufacturer. To avoid cavitation the NPSHA has to be greater than the NPSHR. Priming The
process of initially filling the suction pipe and intake of a surface mounted pump. Priming is
generally necessary when a pump must be located above the water source. To prime, a
suction line will require the installation of a foot valve.

PUMP HOUS I NG The pump body or casing. Depending on the design may be made of plastic,
aluminium, cast-iron or stainless steel.

S ELF PRI MI NG The ability of a pump to purge air from inside its system and creating an
area of low pressure that permits water to flow into the pump casing. Centrifugal Self Priming
pumps will require an initial charge of liquid to cover the impeller for self priming to occur.

S TRAI NER A fitting at the end of the suction hose that prevents solids larger than the pump
is capable of passing from entering.

S TRAI N RELI EF PROTECTOR A support that prevents the electrical cord of a

submersible pump from being accidentally pulled out of the casing.

S UCTI ON HOS E A reinforced hose through which water flows into the suction end of a
pump.

TOTAL DYNAMI C HEAD Total dynamic head (sometimes called differential or generated
head) is a measure of the energy imparted to the liquid by the pump, and is equal to the
algebraic difference between the total discharge head and the total suction head.

Total dynamic head, where suction lift exists is the sum of the total discharge head minus the
total suction head.

VACUUM Is any pressure below atmospheric and is a negative gauge pressure.

WATER HAMMER ENERGY transmitted from a sudden stoppage in the flow of water out of
the pump.

WEAR PLATE A replaceable steel insert that fits inside the volute or suction cover of a pump.
Helps to form a vacuum with the impeller and reduce the cost of replacement parts

CAS I NG: The portion of the pump that includes the impeller chamber and volute diffuser.

VOLUTE: The pump casing for a centrifugal type of pump, typically spiral or circular in
shape.

I MPEL LER - The bladed member of a rotating assembly of the pump which imparts the
principle force to the liquid pumped.
CLAS S I FI CATI ON OF PUMPS
Pumps are classified into two types namely Dynamic pumps as well as Positive Displacement
Pump

DYNAMI C PRES S URE PUMPS :

Dynamic pumps are classified into different types but some of them are discussed below
like Centrifugal, propeller, Submersible, and Fire hydrant systems.

1) CENTRI FUGAL PUMPS :

These types of pumps are most commonly used

worldwide. The working is very simple, described well
and carefully tested. This pump is strong, efficient and
fairly cheap to make. Whenever the pump is in action,
then the fluid pressure will increase from the inlet of
the pump to its outlet. The change of pressure will
drive the liquid throughout the system.

This kind of pump produces an enhancement within force by transmitting mechanical power
from the electrical motor to the liquid throughout the revolving impeller. The flow of
liquid will enter the centre of impeller and exits along with its blades. The centrifugal power
hereby enhances the velocity of fluid & also the energy like kinetic can be altered to force.

2) PROPEL L ER PUMP:

A common feature of a ship's propeller, a propeller-type mixer and a propeller pump is

the axial flow impeller (see Axial flow
pump and Propeller).
Propellers can be designed with fixed-pitch
blades (fixed-pitch propeller), blades whose
pitch can only be adjusted with the propeller
dismantled (adjustable-pitch propeller) or
blades whose pitch can be adjusted during
operation (variable-pitch propeller). For this
reason a pump with adjustable vanes in a mixed flow impeller is also referred to as a propeller
pump.
Of all centrifugal pumps, propeller pumps have the highest specific speeds (ns > 110 rpm) but
are used most commonly for ns > 160 rpm. The higher the specific speed, the smaller the
number of impeller blades, the less pronounced the profile convexity and the smaller
the hub-to-tip ratio.
Propeller pumps are suitable for large flow rates and low heads (up to approximately 15 m in
a stage with an axial flow propeller and 20 m in a stage with a mixed flow impeller).
Tubular casing pump with mixed flow propeller
Since the flow in axial flow impellers is very sensitive to disturbances in the approach flow,
particular attention must be paid to the design and implementation of the intake
chambers, bellmouths or intake elbows (see Inlet conditions).
Propeller pumps can be several metres in diameter.

3) S UBMERS I BL E PUMPS :

These pumps are also named as stormwater, sewage, and

septic pumps. The applications of these pumps mainly
include building services, domestic, industrial, commercial,
rural, municipal, & rainwater recycle applications.
Submersible Pumps

These pumps are apt for shifting stormwater, subsoil

water, sewage, black water, grey water, rainwater, trade
waste, chemicals, bore water, and foodstuffs. The applications of these pipes mainly include
in different impellers like closed, contra-block, vortex, multi-stage, single channel, cutter,
otherwise grinder pumps. For different applications, there is an extensive selection is
accessible which includes high flow, low flow, low head, otherwise high head.

4) F I RE HYDRANT S YS TEMS :

Fire hydrant pump systems are also named as hydrant

boosters, fire pumps, & fire water pumps. These are high force
water pumps intended to enhance the capacity of fire fighting
of construction by increasing the force within the hydrant
service as mains is not sufficient. The applications of this
system mainly include irrigation as well as water transfer.

POS I TI VE DI S PLACEMENT PUMPS :

These are again classified into
 Rotary pumps, and
 Reciprocating pumps

ROTARY PUMP
Rotary pump glands commonly use up to 5 rings of packing material. For most applications
up to a PV of 150 bar m/sec (sealed pressure × shaft surface speed) a simple design as in Figure
25.3 is adequate. In most pumps the pressure at the gland will be 5 bar or less and those with
pressures over 10 bar will be exceptional.

These are again classified into four types:

a) gear pump
b) vane pump
c) lobe pump
d) screw pump

a)GEAR PUMPS

These pumps are a kind of rotating positive dislocation pump, which means they force a stable
amount of liquid for every revolution. These pumps move liquid with machinery coming inside
and outside of mesh for making a non-exciting pumping act.
These pumps are capable of pumping on high forces &
surpass at pumping high thickness fluids efficiently.

A gear pump doesn’t contain any valves to cause

losses like friction & also high impeller velocities. So this
pump is compatible for handling thick liquids like fuel as
well as grease oils. These pumps are not suitable for driving solids as well as harsh liquids.

b) VANE PUMP:
A Vane Pump is a type of positive displacement pump. It uses the back and forth motion of
the rectangular shaped vanes inside slots to move fluids. They are sometimes also referred to
as sliding vane pumps.

As the rotor rotates and fluid enters the

pump, centrifugal force, hydraulic pressure,
and/or pushrods pushes the vanes to the
walls of the housing. A tight seal in the vanes,
rotor, cam, and side plate is important for
good suction characteristics described in the
vane pumping principles.

The housing and cam forces the fluid into the pumping chamber through the holes located in
the cam. Fluid enters the pockets created by the vanes, rotor, cam, and side plate.

As the rotor rotates, the vanes sweep the fluid to the opposite side of the crescent. This fluid
is then squeezed through discharge holes of the cam as the vane approaches the point of the
crescent. This is followed by the exiting of the fluid from the discharge port i.e. the outlet.

c) LOBE PUMPS :

These pumps offer different characteristics like an excellent

high efficiency, rust resistance, hygienic qualities, reliability,
etc. These pumps can handle high thickness fluids & solids
without hurting them. The working of these pumps can be
related to gear pumps, apart from the lobes which do not
approach into contact by each other. Additionally, these
pumps have superior pumping rooms compare with gear pumps that allow them to move
slurries. These are made with stainless steel as well as extremely polished.

d) S CREWPUMP:
A screw pump is a subset of positive displacement pump that use one or more
than one screw; to perform pump action along its spindle axis. The complete assembly
consists of two main parts; the driving motor ( prime mover ) and the pump assembly. The
motor provides the necessary rotary motion to the pump drive screw coupled to its shaft;
which combined with low clearance in between screw create suction pressure.

Screw pumps are best suited for application such as; fuel transfer, high pressure fuel
injection, lubrication and hydraulic
power implication. This make them
suitable for a variety of industrial
application inducing; marine
industry, refineries, food
processing, chemical plant, heavy
industries with hydraulic power
control and power plants. The main
job of screw pumps on ship is to;
transfer fuel oil from double bottom tank up to settling tanks. While a screw pump came in
variety of shapes and types the most common are with three and two screws. The close
clearance in between their screw grooves trap the fluid medium forcing it to move forward.

RECI PROCATI NG PUMPS :

These are again classified into four types:

a) diaphragm pups

b) Peristaltic pumps

c) Piston pumps

d) Plunger pumps

a) DI APHRAGM PUMPS
 Diaphragm pumps also known as AOD pumps (Air operated diaphragms),
pneumatic, and AODD pumps. The applications of these pumps mainly include in continuous
applications like in general plants, industrial and mining. AOD pumps are particularly
employed where power is not obtainable, otherwise in unstable and combustible regions.
These pumps are also utilized for transferring chemical, food
manufacturing, underground coal mines, etc.

These pumps are responding pumps and include two diaphragms which are driven with
condensed air. The section of air by transfer valve applies air alternately toward the two
diaphragms; where every diaphragm contains a set of ball or check valves

b) PERI S TALTI C PUMPS

Peristaltic pumps are also named as tube pumps,

peristaltic pumps. These are a kind of positive displacement
pumps and the applications of these pumps mainly involve in
processing of chemical, food, and water treatment industries.
It makes a stable flow for measuring & blending and also
capable of pumping a variety of liquids like toothpaste and all
kinds of chemicals.
c) PI S TON PUMPS

Piston pumps are one kind type of

positive dislocation pumps wherever the high force
seal responds through the piston. These pumps are
frequently used in water irrigation, scenarios
requiring high, reliable pressure and delivery
systems for transferring chocolate, pastry, paint,
etc.
Thus, this is all about classification
of pumps like centrifugal & positive displacement. These are used in different kinds of
buildings to make simpler the movement of liquid materials. The pumps which are used in
housing & commercial can handle water. Fire pumps supply a rushed water supply for
automatic sprinklers and firefighters, and booster pumps supply clean water to higher floors
in apartments.

d) PL UNGER PUMP:
A plunger pump is similar to a piston pump, except the reciprocating member
is a plunger rather than a piston. The plunger is single-acting (i.e., only has liquid discharging
during the forward stroke), and the plunger is sealed with packing in the cylinder walls.

.
 THI NGS WE NEED TO CONS I DER
WHI LE S ELECTI NG A PUMP
You’ve probably heard the saying that less is more. Well, that’s not always true. When it
comes to selecting a pump more information is better. Several variables play a direct role in
how long a pump will last and how it'll operate. If you aren't sure about how to select the
right pump, or what information you should know before contacting a vendor, you're not
alone! We've put together a list of 7 things you should know when selecting a pump to help
guide you through the process.

1. PROCES S LI QUI D PROPERTI ES :

What type of liquid is the pump intended for? Below are process liquid properties that must
be considered before selecting a pump.

 Liquid viscosity
 Temperature
 Specific gravity
 Vapor pressure
 Solids present & concentration
 Shear sensitive
 Abrasive or Non-abrasive

2. MATERI ALS OF CONS TRUCTI ON:

What materials of construction are compatible with the process liquid or any other liquids the
pump might come into contact with? Chemical compatibility charts are available to help you
identify the most appropriate materials of construction for the pump.

3. I S THE PUMP CRI TI CAL TO PL ANT OPERATI ON?

In critical applications, where downtime is NOT an option, more expensive, heavy-duty pumps
with special features can be chosen. If pumps can be removed from service for maintenance,
less expensive options could be considered.

4. PUMP I NL ET CONDI TI ONS :

You don’t want to starve a pump. System Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) available is
calculated by knowing pump inlet pressure and liquid vapor pressure. Always make sure
NPSHA exceeds pump Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) required.
5. PUMP ENVI RONMENT:
If your pump will be outside, special construction or installation considerations may need to
be made for freezing temperatures. If the environment is hazardous, contains explosive
vapors or dust, special motor features will be required. These are just a few examples of
environmental conditions to consider.

6. POWER S OURCE AVAI L ABI L I TY:

The most common power source in the United States is 115-230 Volts/60 Hertz/1-phase or
230-460 Volts, 60 Hertz/3-phase. Special motors can be specified for operation outside of the
United States or by using DC batteries. Compressed air or pressurized hydraulic oil can also
be used for power.

7. F LOWRATE AND PRES S URE:

Your total volume and knowing how much time you have to move the fluid will determine
flow rate. Pump differential pressure can be calculated by knowing pipe size (length &
fittings), static lifts, and system equipment (filters, valves, etc.) friction losses.
By understanding the above factors, you're arming yourself with the knowledge necessary to
select the right pump. No matter the application, you can feel confident with your next pump
selection!
 TYPES OF FLOWI N A PUMP

RADI AL - F L OWPUMP:
The fluid that enters along the axial plane is accelerated by the impeller and exits at right
angles to the shaft (radially). Radial-flow pump operate at higher pressures and lower flow
rates than axial and mixed-flow pump

AXI AL - FL OWPUMP:
Axial-flow pump differ from radial-flow pump in that the fluid enters and exits along the same
direction parallel to the rotating shaft. The fluid is not accelerated but instead "lifted" by the
action of the impeller. Axial-flow pump operate at lower pressure and higher flow rates than
radial flow pump.

MI XED- FL OWPUMP:
Mixed-flow pump function as a compromise between radial and axial-flow pump. The fluid
experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the impeller somewhere between 0 and
90 degrees from the axial direction. As a consequence, mixed-flow pump operates at higher
pressures than axial-flow pump while delivering higher discharge than radial-flow pump.
 APPLI CATI ONS OF DI FFERENT
TYPES OF PUMPS
CENTRI FUGAL PUMPS APPLI CATI ONS :
• These pumps are used in the oil and energy industries for pumping oil, mud, slurry,
and power generation plants.
• These pumps are used in industrial and fire protection for ventilation & heating, boiler
feed, pressure boosting, fire security sprinkler systems, and air conditioning.
• These pumps are used in waste management, agriculture, and manufacturing for
wastewater processing plants, gas processing, irrigation, drainage, municipal industry,
and overflow security.
• These pumps are used in food, chemical, pharmaceutical industries for hydrocarbons,
paints, cellulose, petrochemical, beverage production, sugar refining, and food

PERI S TAL TI C PUMP APPL I CATI ONS :

• Dialysis machine
• Open-heart by pass machines
• Sewage sludge
• Analytical chemistry experiments
• Food manufacturing industries
• Pharmaceutical production
• Construction-pumping cement
• Pulp and paper industries
• Aquariums

PI S TON PUMP APPL I CATI ONS :

• Pumping water from wells Aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration.
• In the car industry for water-cooling and fuel injection.
• In the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for operating cooling towers.
• In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes and in biomimicry
such as creation of artificial heart.

GEAR PUMP APPL I CATI ONS :

• Various fuel oils and lube oils
• Chemical additive and polymer metering
• Chemical mixing and blending (double pump) .Industrial and mobile hydraulic
applications (log splitters, lifts, etc.) Acids and
• caustic (stainless steel or composite construction)
• Low volume transfer or application

VANE PUMP APPL I CATI ONS :

 • Aerosol and Propellants
• Aviation Service - Fuel Transfer, Deicing
• Auto Industry - Fuels, Lubes, Refrigeration Coolants
• Bulk Transfer of LPG and NH3
• LPG Cylinder Filling
• Alcohols
• Refrigeration — Freons, Ammonia
• Solvents
• Aqueous solutions

L OBE PUMP APPL I CATI ONS :

• Polymers
• Paper coatings
• Soaps and surfactants
• Paints and dyes
• Rubber and adhesives
• Pharmaceuticals
• Food applications

S CREWPUMP APPLI CATI ONS :

• Screw pumps find considerable applications in machinery lubrication, fuel-oil
transport.
• powering of hydraulic machinery, conveyance of high temperature and viscous fluid
like asphalt and residual oils in refinery.
• They find extensive use in ships, commercial vessels and barges to handle lubricating
oils and hydraulic fluids.

S UBMERS I BLE WATER PUMP APPL I CATI ONS :

• Single stage pumps are used for drainage,
• sewage pumping, general industrial pumping and slurry pumping.
• They are also popular with pond filters.
• Multiple stage submersible pumps are typically lowered down a borehole and most
typically used for residential, commercial, municipal and industrial water extraction
(abstraction), water wells and in oil wells.

PROPEL LER PUMPS APPL I CATI ONS :

• Land reclamation pumps (see Pumps for use in low-lift pumping stations) (drainage
and irrigation),

• Cooling water pumps (power stations, on board vessels), as circulating pumps (boiling
water reactor, heating system), as universal elbow casing pumps (in the chemical and
food processing industries) as well as for generating thrust with a propeller in
a transverse thruster.
DI APHRAGM PUMP APPLI CATI ONS :

• These pumps are used to push liquids like corrosive chemical, volatile solvents,
viscous, shear-sensitive foodstuffs, pharma product, sticky fluids, dirty water, smaller
solids, creams, abrasive slurry, oils, and gels.
• Thus, this is all about diaphragm pumps, and normally they work most excellent for
dirt free fluids & hard chemicals within fewer pressure applications

DES I GN OF A CENTRI FUGAL PUMP

KEY DES I GN PARAMETERS :
CAPACI TY ( DELI VERY, FLOWRATE) : volume of medium pumped by a pump per unit
of time. It is denoted by letter Q and has dimension in m3/h, l/s, etc. Flow rate quantity includes
only factual volume of displaced fluid ignoring return leakages. The theoretical and factual flow
rate ratio is expressed by volumetric efficiency quantity:

But in modern pumps thanks to reliable sealing of pipelines and joints the factual capacity
coincides with theoretical. In the majority of cases a pump is selected for the particular pipeline
system and flow rate value is set in advance.

HEAD: energy imparted by pump to the pumped medium and attributed to unit of pumped
medium mass. It is denoted by letter H and has dimension in meters. It should be clarified that
the head is not geometrical characteristic and is not the height to which a pump can lift pumped
medium.

POWER CONS UMPTI ON ( S HAFT POWER) : power consumed by pump during operation.
Power consumption differs from pump useful capacity consumed directly for imparting of
energy to the pumped medium. Part of consumed power can be lost due to leakages, bearings
friction, etc. Performance factor determines ratio between these quantities.

Calculation of these characteristic may vary for different types of pumps, which is associated
with differences in their design and operating principles

I MPEL L ER POWER AND EF F I CI ENCY CALCULATI ON:

With the pressure values obtained from the simulation results, the efficiency and
static head of the respective centrifugal pump impeller can be calculated. The input
and output power are calculated in order to obtain the impeller efficiency. The
impeller with highest efficiency and best pressure distribution will be employed in
the centrifugal pump.
Inlet power = 2𝜋𝑁𝑇
60×1000
Where, N – Rotation speed
T – Shaft torque

Outlet power = (𝑃0−𝑃1 )

 𝑄 *1000
Where, P0 – Pressure outlet
P1 – Pressure inlet

Q – Flow rate
Efficiency = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 *100
𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Head = 𝑃0−𝑃1
𝜌𝑔
Where, P0 – Pressure outlet

P1 – Pressure inlet
g – Gravitational force
ρ – Water density Sample

ADVANTAGES OF CENTRI F UGAL PUMPS

 These pumps do not include drive seals that reduce leakage risk.
 These pumps are used to pump out harmful and risky fluids.
 These pumps have magnetic coupling that can be damaged simply in overload situations
as well as protects the pump from external forces.
 The motor and pump are separated from each other so heat transfer is impossible from
the motor to pump.
 These pumps generate low friction.

DI S ADVANTAGES OF CENTRI F UGAL PUMPS

 The energy loss can be occurred due to the coupling that generates some magnetic
resistance.
 Once the intense load occurs, possibilities are there for the coupling fall.
 If fluids with ferrous particles are pumped out, then rust occurs & over the time pump
stops working.
 When the flow of liquid is less through the pump, then the overheating can occur.

PERORMANCE CHARACTERI S TI CS
CURVE OF PUMPS
 HEAD V/ S CAPACI TY

POWER V/S DISCHARGE

FLOW V/S HEAD, POWER, EFFICIENCY

FLOW V/ S
HEAD OF CENTRI FUGAL PUMP
 CAS E S TUDY FOR A CENTRI FUGAL
PUMP

DATA:
• Materials of Construction = SS-316
• Pumping fluid = Methanol
• flow rate = 10 m3 /hr
•
Density = 790 kg/m3
• Specific gravity = 0.79
• Viscosity = 0.61cp
• Vapour pressure = 400mm Hg = 5.44mWc
• Pressure in suction tank =1.033 kg /cm2 = 10.33 mWc
• pressure in discharge reactor =1.033 kg/ cm2 = 10.33 mWc
• Suction static head (hs)= 3m
• Discharge static head (hd) = 19 m
• Suction side velocity (vs) = 0.55 m /s
• discharge side velocity (vi) = 1.41 m /s
• Methanol temperature in Storage Tank = 35° c
• temperature of Chilled Water in Heat exchanger — 115° c
• Methanol temperature in the reactor-15° c

PUMP CALCULATI ONS :

De t e r mi na t i on of Di s c ha r g e Pi pe Di a me t e r :
Flow rate(m3/s) = 𝜋/4*D2 m/s
4 0.0027 = = 𝜋/4*D2 m/s
D = 0.042m
= 42mm 50mm
Discharge pipe size = 50mm — 50NB 2
Suction pipe size = 80mm — 80NB — 3

S UCTI ON S I DE:
N re = (D*v*𝜌)/µ = 57933
Friction Factor f = 0.078 = 0.005
(Nre)
Pressure Drop(ΔP) =4*F*L*V2* 𝜌
2*g*D
= 4*0.005*9.82*0.552*790
2*0.08*9.81
= 0.003 kg/cm2
= 0.037mLc
Suction Pressure = Pressure inside the storage tank + Static height – ΔP
= 13.07 + 3 - 0.037
= 16.03mLc = 1.22 kg/cm2
NPS H AVAI L ABL E:
NPSH Available = Suction Pressure — Vapour Pressure
= 16.03 — 6.53
= 9.49mLc

DI S CHARGE S I DE:
NRE = (D*v*𝜌)/µ = 92825
Friction Factor( f )= 0.078 = 0.004
(Nre)

PRES S URE DROP( ΔP) :

Pressure Drop(ΔP) =4*f*L*V2* 𝜌
 2*g*D
= 4*0.004*39.69*1.412*790
2*0.05*9.81
= 0.11 kg/cm2

= 1.43mLc

System Losses = (hd – hs) + (ΔPs+ ΔPd) +(vs2+vd2)

2*g
=19-3 + 0.037 + 1.43 +(1.142+0.552)
2* 9.81
= 17.54mLc = 1.34 kg/cm 2

ΔP across heat exchanger = 0.33 kg/cm2= 4.31mLc

DISCHARGE PRESSURE:
Discharge Pressure = Pressure inside the reactor + Static height +
Discharge ΔP +ΔP due to heat exchanger
=10.33+3+1.43+4.31

Power Requirement Assuming Pump Efficiency(n) = 55% = 0.55

Power Requirement = ( Q*System Head (hd-hs)* 𝜌 *g)

n
(0.0027*16*790*9.81)
0.55
= 626 W
= 0.62 kW = 0.83 HP
1HP Power Required in Motor = 1HP

ENERGY REQUI REMENT:

Assuming pump runs for 4 hrs
Energy required = 0.62 kW*4 hrs = 2.48 kW/day
Cost Requirement Pumping cost = 2.48 kW/day*5.5 Rs/kW
= 13.64 Rs/day
CONCLUSION

I hereby concluded that pumps plays a vital role in every fields of our daily
lives. This report includes history of pumps, various types of pump and their
applications that are used different fields. This overall report says about the
parameters that we need to consider while selecting the pump and selection of pumps
depends of flow.
While majority of centrifugal pumps with low and medium specific
speeds, have efficiency in the region of 65% to 75% for single impeller. It can go as low
as 30–40% in pumps with semi open straight radial impellers.

pump is a device which converts velocity energy into pressure energy. Many
researches are going on to increase the efficiency of the pumps On the other end, large
pumps ( pumps with high specific speeds) like axial pumps, have attained efficiency of
85%. Where as capacity of a reciprocating pump depends on the speed and piston /
cylinder geometries. above.

It looks after a number of various departments and hence its importance can be
compared to none when the question of implementing and executing the process
comes.