Solutions!

Coligatives Properties!
Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!

 Coligative Properties!

➀  They are the properties (or characteristics) which

modify or appear in solvents when they have a not
volatile solute in solution.!
➀  They depend on the number of particles solved in
solution not on the nature of the same ones.!
➁  Decrease of the steam pressure!

➁  Increase in Boiling point!

Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

➁  Decrease in Melting point!

➁  The Osmotic pressure appears.!

Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!

 Particle number!
Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!

 Particles number (disociation)!

Molecular Solute : It does not dissociate itself!

Ionic Solute : It dissociate!

Equal Molar solute concentration but

Different number of solved particles!
Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!

 Phase Diagram!

Phase diagram!
of pure solvent!

Liquid
P0
Steam Pressure

Solid Phase diagram!

of solution!
Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

Gaseous

Temperature
ΔMP ΔBP ΔPS
Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!
 Decrease of the steam pressure!

➀  The steam pressure is the pressure that produces

a liquid evaporated inside a closed container.!

PS!
Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

Time
Air
Air +
Steam

In a solution the PS is lower than in solvent.!

Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!
 Increase in Boiling point!

➀  The interactions soluto solvent change the

cohesion among molecules, they them increase,
which causes that the energy needed to separate
them is major.!
➀  Consequence is needed to warm and reach a major
temperature to separate the particles.!
Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!

 Increase in Boiling point!

BP BP = Boiling point

ΔBP α m

Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

ΔBP
BP P.S.

ΔBP = kE m

BP sol = BPPS + ΔBP

Concentration
BP sol = BPPS + kE m
Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!
 Decrease in Melting point!

➀  Solute solvent interactions change the cohesion between

molecules, the increase, which causes the energy
required to unite them is less, and that the presence of
the solute and are more united.!

➀  As a result more cooling is required (to achieve a lower

temperature, which means less energy) to unite the
particles.!
Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!

 Decrease in Melting point!

MP MP = Melting point

ΔMP α m

Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

MP P.S.

ΔMP ΔMp = kc m

MP sol = MPPS - ΔTC

MP sol = MPPS - kc m
Concentration

Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!

 Osmotic Pressure!

➀  Osmosis:!

➁  When two solutions of different concentrations are in

contact with a semipermeable membrane, the solvent flows
from the lowest concentration to highest concentration
through the membrane, trying to equal concentrations.!
Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

Solvent

[A] > [B]!

Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!
 Presión osmótica!

➀  Osmotic Pressure!
➁  Is the pressure of the solvent to pass through the
semipermeable membrane through the pores of this.!
Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!

 Ósmosis (2)!
Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!

 Osmotic Pressure!

n
PV = n R T ⇒ P= RT
V

h si P = π y
n
V
=M

π  = M R T
π  = Osmotic Pressure
Manometric Pressure
Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

Pm =ρgh
Osmotic Pressure (π)
π = Pm
∴ ρgh = MRT
Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!
 Reverse Osmosis!
It is a very
effective method
of purifying
water.!
External! Semi-permeable!
Pressure! Membrane!
Q. David Antonio Vásquez Lynn!

Salt Pure
Water Water

Organic Chemistry Course! octubre 29, 2016!