RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING

CORPS

MILITARY SCIENCE 1

HANDBOOK/WORKBOOK
(INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)

QUIRINO S CALONZO
2007
 PREFACE

The implementation of Republic Act 9163 otherwise known as the National

Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001 made the Reserve Officers Training
Corps (ROTC) program voluntary. The law also reduced the training period from two
years to one year only. This necessitated revisions on the approach on the conduct
of the ROTC program particularly on the conduct of advocacy campaign, incentives to
cadets and the program of instruction (POI) itself. The latter aims to make instructions
more appealing to the cadets and for them to devote more time for practical
exercises and other hands-on activities. However, there are mandatory subjects
which normally need more time longer than what is allocated. There is a need to
reduce the teaching period with out affecting the scope of the subject.

This handbook and also a workbook is a compilation of the subjects for

Military Science 1 taken from applicable US Field Manuals and Philippine Army
Manuals as well. It is devised to assist the instructors and cadets to easily achieve the
teaching and learning objectives of the ROTC program. This is in consonance with
HPA Letter Directive dated 12 June 2007. Subject: Revitalizing the Reserve Officers’
Training Corps (ROTC) Program.

Upon completing the MS 2 of the ROTC program, the cadets will be enlisted
into the reserve force. This handbook, containing basic military subjects, will remain
as one of their reference materials whenever they will be called for active military
training or service.

QUIRINO S CALONZO
Tarlac City
5 July 2007

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my grateful acknowledgement on the invaluable

assistance extended to me by the following in the preparation of this material:

The Training Staff of the 3rd Regional Community Defense Group, ARESCOM,

headed by LTC DANIEL A DELA CRUZ INF (GSC) PA;

To Msgt FABIAN SEGUERA (RES) PA who is also a professor of Tarlac State

University for his technical assistance in the design of this workbook;

To the ROTC Instructors and cadets who inspired me to prepare this material

to standardize teaching and enhance learning of the basic military subjects;

To my Family for their morale support and for those whose names were not

mentioned but have assisted me in one way or the other in the preparation of this

material for their time and effort;

And above all, to the Great Architect of the Universe for giving me the right

attitude, strength and wisdom, my sincerest thanks and heartfelt gratitude.

3
 MILITARY SCIENCE I

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

1. MILITARY ORIENTATION:

a. Legal Bases
b. Military Organization
c. Philippine Military History
d. AFP Core Values
e. Military Courtesy and Discipline
f. Military Justice
g. Military Justice
h. Military Leadership

2. COMBAT TRAINING OF INDIVIDUAL SOLDIER (CTIS):

a. Basic Intelligence
b. Basic Map Reading and Land Navigation
c. Individual Movement Technique
d. Basic Formation
e. Basic Weapon Training

1) M16 Rifle Cal 5.56 mm

2) M14 US Rifle Cal 7.62 mm
3) Hand Grenade

f. Pre-Marksmanship Training

3. PUBLIC INFORMATION

a. Threat to National Security (Knowing the Enemy of the State)

b. Peace Process

4. CIVIL AFFAIRS

a. Army Social Responsibility Program

b. Disaster Preparedness
c. Community Service

5. MANDATORY READINGS

a. Interior Guard Duty

b. Human Rights
c. Anti and Counter Terrorism
d. Basic Signal Communication
e. Basic Survival
f. Intro to CMO

6. ANNEXES

a. Republic Act 9163

b. POI for MS1

4
 LEGAL BASES

Section 4, Article II of the Constitution provides that the prime

duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The
Government may call upon the people to defend the State and in
the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under
conditions provided by law, to render personal military or civil
service.

Section 38, Article VII, Republic Act 7077 – states that,

“Military training for students enrolled in colleges, universities and
similar institutions of learning is mandatory pursuant to the
provisions of the National Defense Act of 1935 and the 1987
Constitution.”
Commonwealth Act Number 1, otherwise known as the
National Defense Act, was the very first statutory enactment by the
Commonwealth government on December 23, 1935. Commonwealth
Act Number 1 required the compulsory military training of all
college students. Executive Order Nr 207 was later issued by
President Manuel L Quezon requiring all college students to
undergo military instructions pursuant to Commonwealth Act Nr 1.
The very rationale of military training is the defense of the state,
whether actual or in preparation to make it more effective in case of
need.
The National Defense Act was amended in 1980 by
Presidential Decree 1706 (The National Service Law) which directs
that military service will no longer be compulsory, but leaving the
national service or training to be in effect. Military Training Service
(MTS), Civic Welfare Service (CWS), Law Enforcement Service
(LES) make up the National Service Program. But the CWS and LES
component were suspended, leaving only the MTS program, which
is the present ROTC program. In SY 1993-1994 DND, CHED and
DILG formed a tripartite committee, the Basic ROTC Program was
expanded upholding three (3) programs of the National Service Law
(MTS, LES and CWS). It was implemented in 1996 but failed since
only five percent (5%) of the students enrolled in CWS and LES
components while ninety-five percent (95%) took the MTS (ROTC).
The rising agitation and recent events call for the re-
examination and review of the sixty-year-old law requiring college
students to undergo military training. This resulted to the
enactment of Republic Act Number 9163 which makes ROTC
Optional and requires male and female freshmen students taking
baccalaureate degree and at least two (2) year vocational/technical
or associate courses to take the National Service Training Program
(NSTP) with any of the three (3) Program Components namely:
ROTC, Literacy Training Service and Civic Welfare Training Service.
5
 MILITARY ORGANIZATION

The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) recognizes the

constitution of the Republic of the Philippines as the legitimate
expression of the people’s will. It is mandated to serve and protect
the people and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity
of its national territory from internal and external threats.
Therefore, the AFP pledges allegiance to the Filipino people,
adheres to the principle of supremacy of civilian authority over the
military at all times and vows to uphold and defend the
constitution.

MILITARY ORGANIZATION

It is defined as a group of persons or units bonded together to

perform military functions with definite responsibilities and duties
assigned to each individual.

THE CHAIN OF COMMAND

In any organization, flow of authority and responsibility is of

utmost importance. It enables an organization to function
smoothly. And thus, everything that has to do with the operation of
the group must pass through channels. In the military point of
view, effective management of the groups is shown through the
chain of command.

The President (Commander-in-Chief)

Secretary of National Defense –
Chief of Staff, AFP
Major Service Commanders (PA, PN, PAF)
Unified Command Commander (NOLCOM, SOLCOM,
WESCOM, VISCOM, WESTMINCOM, EASTMINCOM)
Division Commanders
Brigade Commanders
Battalion Commanders
Company Commanders
Platoon Leaders
Squad Leaders/Team Leaders

DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE

The Department of National Defense (DND) is located at Camp

Emilio Aguinaldo, EDSA, Quezon City.

6
 The DND is the agency under the Executive Branch of the
government which is responsible for the supervision of the national
defense program of the country. To accomplish this mission, it has
executive supervision over the bureaus, offices and services that
are placed by the President under its jurisdiction.

MISSION OF DND

1. To support and defend the constitution of the Republic

of the Philippines against all enemies both foreign and domestics.
2. To ensure, by timely and effective action, the security of
the RP and of vital interest.
3. To uphold and advance the national policies and
interests of the RP.
4. To safeguard the internal security of RP.

ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES

In line with the accepted concept of civilian authority over the

military and as provided in our Constitution, the President is the
Commander –in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The
President exercises strategic direction through the Secretary of
National Defense and exercises the same through the Chief of Staff,
AFP who directly represents him.

MISSION OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES.

1. To uphold the sovereignty, support the constitution and

defend the territory of the RP against all enemies, both foreign and
domestic.
2. To advance the national aims interests and policies.
3. To effectively plan for the organization, maintenance,
development and employment of its active and reserve forces for
national security.
4. To perform such other duties as the President may
direct.

STATEMENT OF BASIC FUNCTIONS

1. The Chief of Staff, AFP – is the highest military officer in

the AFP. Being the Commanding General of the AFP, he exercises
command over all elements of the organization. He executes the
President’s command functions in relation to military strategy,
tactics and operation. He is the immediate adviser of the SND and
is responsible for the planning, development and examination of
the National Defense Program.
7
 2. The Vice Chief of Staff, AFP – VCSAFP is the Deputy
Commanding General of the AFP. He assist the Chief of Staff and
performs his function during the latter’s absence or inability to
perform.

3. The Deputy Chief of Staff, AFP – DCSAFP is designated

by the CSAFP and exercises general supervision over the Joint
Staff and Special Staff (Administrative and Technical).

4. Secretary of Joint Staff, AFP – the SJSAFP is the

executive officer of the CSAFP, VCSAFP and DCSAFP. He is the
secretary of the Joint Staff.

a. The Joint Chief, AFP:

The general staff of the AFP is known as the Joint

Staff, AFP (JSAFP). It is composed of the CSAFP, the VCSAFP, the
DCSAFP and the heads of the Joint Staff Divisions. Following are
the different Joint Staff Divisions:

1) The Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel and

Administration, J1
2) The Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, J2
3) The Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, J3
4) The Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics, J4
5) The Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans, J5
6) The Deputy Chief of Staff for
Communications, Electronics and Information System, J6
7) The Deputy Chief of Staff for Civil Military
Operation, J7
8) The Deputy Chief of Staff for Reservist and
Reserve Force Development, J8

b. The Special Staff:

The Special Staff for the AFP consist of the two

staff groups, which advise the CSAFP on matters pertaining to their
specialized fields of service or activity.

1) The Administrative Staff

a) The Inspector General (TIG)

b) The Adjutant General (TAG)
c) The Judge Advocate General (TJAG)
d) The Chief, Chaplain Service (TCCHS)
e) The Chief Finance Service (TCFS)
8
 f) The Chief Provost Marshal General
(TCPMG)
g) The Chief Special Services (TCSPS)
h) The Chief Historical Activities (TCHA)
i) The Chief Doctrines Development
(TCDD)

2) The Technical Staff

a) The Chief of Engineers (TCE)

b) The Quartermaster General (TQMG)
c) The Chief, Communication, Electronics
& Information Service (TCCES)
d) The Surgeon General (TSG)
e) The Chief Dental Service (TCDS)
f) The Chief Nurse (TCN)

c. The AFP Wide-Support and Separate Units

Directly under the CSAFP are a number of separate

units called the AFP Wide Support and Separate Units (AFPWSSU).
These units perform specific function and services for the whole
armed forces.

1) GHQ & HSC

2) Presidential Security Group (PSG)
3) Philippine Military Academy (PMA)
4) Joint Command and Staff College (JCSC)
5) AFP Reserve Command (AFPRESCOM)
6) AFP Logistics Center (AFPLC)
7) Intelligence Service, AFP (ISAFP)
8) AFP Medical Center (AFPMC)
9) AFP Communications, Electronics and
Information System (AFPCEIS)
10) AFP Finance Center (AFPFC)
11) AFP Commissary and Exchange Service
(AFPCES)
12) Civil Relation Service, AFP (CRSAFP)

MISSION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE AFP

The mission of the Armed Forces of the Philippines is: “To

protect the people and secure the sovereignty of the state and the
integrity of the national territory.”

9
 The following are the functions of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines:

1) Uphold the sovereignty, support the Constitution

and defend the territory of the Republic of the Philippines against
all enemies, foreign and domestic.
2) Promote and advance the national aims, goals,
interest and policies.
3) Organize, maintain, develop and deploy its regular
and reserve forces.
4) Perform other functions as provided by law or
assigned by higher authority.

MAJOR SERVICES OF THE AFP

The armed force is composed of the Regular Force and the

Reserve Force. The regular force consists of the regular officers
and men and a percentage of reserve officers and personnel called
for or to active duty. The AFP has three Major Services namely:

1. Philippine Army
2. Philippine Navy
3. Philippine Air Force
AFP ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

AFP

PA PN PAF Major Services

Area Commands

WESTMINCOM
NOLCOM SOLCOM VISCOM WESCOM SOUTHCOM
EASTMINCO M

AFP-Wide Support Separate Units

GHQ/HSC PSG PMA AFPJCSC AFP

RESCOM
LOGCTR ISAFP AFPMC

AFPCEIS AFPCEIS PASAFP AFPFC

10
MISSION OF PHILIPPINE ARMY

To conduct prompt and sustained ground operations to

accomplish the AFP mission.

CAPABILITIES

1. Organize, train and equip army forces for the conduct of

prompt and sustain combat operation on land.
2. Develop doctrines, procedures, tactics, organization &
equipment peculiar to the army.
3. Develop in coordination with other major services,
doctrines, procedures, tactics and equipment of interest to the
army for joint operations.
4. Provide an organization capable of furnishing adequate,
timely and reliable intelligence for the army.
5. Organize, train and equip all army reserve units.

MISSION OF THE PHILIPPINE AIR FORCE

To conduct prompt and sustained operations in the air

especially those forces needed to defend the Philippines against air
attacks, to gain air superiority and control vital air areas.

CAPABILITIES

1. Organize, train and equip air forces for close support of

surface troops.
2. Develop doctrines, procedures, tactics organization and
equipment peculiar to air force for uni-service operations.
3. Develop in coordination with other major services,
doctrines, procedures, tactics and equipment of interest to the air
force for joint operations.
4. Furnish aerial photography for cartographic purposes in
coordination with other government agencies.
5. Perform such other functions as the President may
direct.

MISSION OF PHILIPPINE NAVY

To organize, train, equip, maintain and operate naval forces,

aircraft and other naval units necessary to provide the water borne
support required by the AFP in accomplishment of its mission.

11
CAPABILITIES

1. Assist proper government agencies in the enforcement

of laws and regulations pertaining to navigation, immigration,
custom revenue, quarantine and fishing in the territorial and
contiguous water of the Philippines.
2. Develop doctrines, procedures, tactics, organization and
equipment peculiar to the navy for uni-service operations.
3. Perform such other duties as the President may direct.

MISSION OF ARESCOM

To develop, organize, train, equip and administer a high

competent mobilizeable reserve force as an integral component of
the total army in the defense of the state and to participate in socio-
economics development effort of the government.

CAPABILITIES

1. Administer reservists.
2. Provide ready reserve force.
3. Conduct informal assembly.
4. Sustain the production of reservists.
5. Assist in relief and rescue operations during disaster
and calamities.
6. Assist the local government units.
7. Assist in socio-economic activities.
8. Assist retirees and veterans.
9. Support the internal security operations in terms of
intelligence collection and civil military operations.
10 Support the “Berdeng Pilipinas” Program of PGMA.

12
 PHILIPPINE ARMY ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

PA

Combat Units HHSG

LABDe SOCOM
Combat Support Units
INF DIV

SG, PA CAG ISG 525ECBn

Engr Bde

Service Support Units

TRADOC AREO ASCOM ARESCOM AMIC SSU PAFC

VICECOM

CS

RMISO PED ATC HQS BN

NCR

HSCOY

CDC

RES Units ROTC UNIT

13
 PHILIPPINE MILITARY HISTORY

1. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AFP

Pre-Spanish Occupation

The first recorded organized resistance against foreign

aggressor took place in the Visayas during the Battle of Mactan on
27 Apr 1521 when the native chieftain named Lapu-lapu, the
acknowledge father of the AFP fought against the Spaniards led by
Magellan in the latter’s effort to subdue the former. Lapu-lapu
refused to pay homage to the King of Spain. Under estimating the
capability of the natives, the foreigners lost in the battle and
Magellan was killed.

Spanish Occupation

Some islands of the archipelago were successfully occupied

by the Spaniards. In 1570, they tried to land in Manila, however, the
Muslim leader, Rajah Soliman resisted their effort. In 1571, Legaspi
conquered Manila and made it as the capital of the Philippines.

Pockets of rebellion took place. Notable of which was the

uprising led by Diego Silang where he displayed his exemplary
military leadership style and tactics in defeating the Spaniards.

The Filipino soldiers were also organized to fight for Spain

and to support some expeditions. Filipino forces were also sent to
reinforce Spanish troops during the Chinese revolt in 1603.

General Jose Prim dethroned Queen Isabela II of Spain in

1868. The latter espoused liberal principles of democracy. This
paved the way for the exposure of the Filipinos in foreign culture
leading to the development of strong sense of nationalism among
Filipinos. The works of famous propagandists Marcelo H del Pilar,
Graceano Lopez Jaena and Jose Rizal further nurtured the national
spirit. Andres Bonifacio, who is considered as the father of the
Philippine Army, founded a more radical group called the
“Katipunan” on 7 Jul 1892. In August 23, 1896, the Cry of Pugad
Lawin signaled the start of the Philippine Revolution against Spain.
This was followed by pockets of rebellion which inflicted so much
loss to the Spaniards. While Katipunan was gaining strength, two
factions emerged – the Magdalo led by Aguinaldo and the
Magdiwang led by Bonifacio. On 22 Mar 1897, the Tejeros
Convention was called to resolve the conflict between the two

14
factions. As a result, Aguinaldo won the presidency. The occasion
also gave birth to the Philippine Army.

American Influence

As the war broke out between the United States and Spain on
April 23, 1898, the Americans convinced the Filipinos to cooperate
with the Americans against Spain with the promise that the United
States will grant independence to the Philippines. Aguinaldo
declared war against Spain. In June 12, 1898, the Philippine
Independence from Spain was declared in Kawit, Cavite. Later on,
the Philippine Navy was created 22 June 22, 1898 by the
Revolutionary Army.

The occupation of the American forces did not gain much

acceptance from the Filipinos because of many restrictions
imposed to the Filipino forces as to access to some areas. The
harse treatment by the Americans ignited the conflict between them
and the Filipinos. The latter were defeated which led to the fall of
the Malolos Republic.

With the Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded the Philippines to the

United States. Finding the archipelago as a lucrative place for some
economic activities, the United States strengthened their presence
in the Philippines. This prompted the Filipinos to again unite and
fight for the freedom they have just won. Significant battles
followed suit exemplifying the fighting spirit and skills of the
Filipino soldiers against formidable opponents. The capture of
General Aguinaldo by the Americans in Palanan, Isabela in March
23, 1901 and the laying down of arms of General Malvar in April 16,
1902 ended the organized resistance against the American forces.

To hasten the Philippine campaign and to establish peace and

order, an insular police force known as the Philippine Constabulary
was organized on August 8, 1901 followed by the establishment of
the Philippine Military Academy on February 7, 1905.

On December 21, 1935, the National Defense Act was enacted

which officially created the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The
Philippine Air Force was later established on July 1, 1947

The Japanese Occupation

Consequent to the declaration of war by Japan with the United

States, the invading Japanese Forces landed in Vigan and Aparri in
Luzon on December 10, 1945. Un-able to withstand the very strong
15
adversary and to save more lives and properties from destruction,
the combined military forces of the United States and the Filipinos
withdrew to Bataan for the implementation of War Plan Orange. Un-
abated Japanese strikes caused the fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942
and Corregidor on May 6, 1942. These events ended the organized
resistance against the Japanese invasion.

The defeat of the Fil-Am forces did not end the armed struggle
in the Philippines. Those who refused to surrender went
underground and waged a guerilla fighting against the Japanese.
The activities of the guerilla forces were very instrumental in the
successful come back of the liberating US Forces under Gen
Douglas Mc Arthur who landed in Leyte on October 20, 1944.

International Peace Keeping Operations

It is also noteworthy that the AFP had participated in

international peace keeping efforts as its commitment to the United
Nations such as the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea
(PEFTOK) in the early 50’s, the Philippine Air Force Contingent in
Congo, Africa in the early 60’s and the Philippine Civic Action
Group (PHILCAG) in South Vietnam in the 60’s. Philippine
contingents were also sent to East Timor, Iraq and Liberia to
participate in UN peace keeping operations.

2. EVOLUTION AND ROLE OF THE ROTC IN THE PREVIOUS

WARS

The Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program has gone

a long way in the Philippine history. The Commonwealth Act
Number 1 otherwise known as the National Defense Act provided
the legal basis for the conduct of ROTC instruction, the need for a
citizen reserve force had been realized as early as before the
American occupation of the Philippines. In fact, it was utilized even
during the long and arduous Spanish colonial rule in the
archipelago. A military training course, that time, became inevitable
in the light of the constant

As the result of the so called Seven Year’s War in Europe

between France and Great Britain, a British flotilla of thirteen ships,
headed by Admiral Samuel Cornish and General William Draper,
arrived in the Colony on September 22,1762. The Philippines got
entangled in this European power struggle because the monarchs
of Spain and France both belonged to the Bourbon Dynasty. On
the one side where the combined French and Spanish forces
together with their colonies; on the other, the rising tide of British
16
colonialism in Asia. In retaliation for this entanglement, a military
expedition from Madras was sent to India, then a British colony.

Spanish authorities in the colony were ill- prepared for such

kind of international assault. During this tumultuous period, the
Philippines was headed by Archbishop Manuel Rojo, a situation
clearly indicative of the unstable political situation in the
archipelago. Father Domingo Collantes, OP, Rector and chancellor
of the University of Sto Tomas, organized a group of around two
hundred (200) students from UST and Colegio de San Juan de
Letran who underwent military training at Sto Tomas Plaza in
Intramuros, Manila. Father Collantes was assisted by a sergeant in
the Royal Spanish Army in setting up a battalion of young
students for military instruction.

These students were immediately sent to action together with

500 Hispano-Filipino regulars (in the King’s Regiment ) and 80
Filipinos to counter the 7000 strong British Regiment. Though
obviously mismatched against the British force, the ragtag force
assembled by Spanish authorities was able to somehow
temporarily ward - off the advancing enemies. Their skirmish
lasted for five days, and the defenders suffered much in terms of
the number of casualties and injuries. Realizing the futility of
continuous fighting, Governor-Archbishop Rojo surrendered
Manila and Cavite to Lieutenant General Dawsonne Drake on
October 6, 1762. Though not so well known in the Philippine
history, our country did become a British colony foe a while until
June 1764. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10,
1763, the Seven Year’s War ended and the British consequently left
the archipelago for good.

Despite this debacle, the Spanish king duly recognized the

courage and bravery these students exhibited in the battlefield.
Henceforth, he granted the prestigious titles ‘muy leal’ (very loyal)
to these young defenders and ‘regalia’ (royal) to the institution to
which most of them belonged. Up until this day, the ‘muy leal’
emblem remains part of the UST ROTC seal. A testament to the
unwavering valor and the commendable spirit once shown in the
face of seemingly insurmountable adversity.

Exactly one hundred fifty years later after 1762, various

colleges and universities in the Philippines would offer military
training for their students. According to Brigadier General Jose
Syjuco, author of the Military education in the Philippines, most
military historians marked the year 1912 as the beginning of the
genuine ROTC instruction in the country. In that year, the
17
Philippine Constabulary (PC) started conducting military
instructions at the University of the Philippines (UP) on the old
Padre Faura Campus. All able- bodied male students in all colleges,
institutes, and schools of the university were required to undergo
military training that focused initially on infantry and use of rifles.
Appointed as the first military instructor was Captain Silvino
Gallardo, who assumed office in the first semester of 1912. The
need for reserve officer was further realized with the advent of the
First World War in Europe, even though the Philippines had no
direct military participation in that international squabble.

In 1912, during the American regime, UP and Ateneo de

Manila started to offer military training. But their graduates could
not find a career in military unless they joined the PC or the
Philippine Scouts (PS). Governor General Leonard Wood
encouraged the development of ROTC units, which were quite
similar to those he had organized in the United States, in the
Philippines. With representation from the UP Board of Regents to
the US War Department, the services of an American Army officer
was obtained. This officer was later appointed as professor of
Military Science.

On March 17, 1922, the Department of Military Science and

Tactics (DMST) was formally organized in UP. Among the
department’s objectives were to: 1) develop patriotic, physically
sound, upright and disciplined citizens; 2) create a corps of trained
officers for the reserve force; and 3) take the lead in fostering the
university spirit. On July 3, 1922, with the first ROTC unit in the
country having been organized, formal military instruction began in
UP. Since then, basic course in infantry became compulsory and a
pre-requisite for graduation from the university. On October 26,
1929, the field artillery unit of UP was organized with the issuance
of 75mm field guns. In 1935, a mounted battery unit, equipped with
2.95-inch guns was also put in place.

As a result of these encouraging events, other colleges and

universities in Manila followed suit. Ateneo de Manila, National
University, Liceo de Manila, and San Juan de Letran later formed
their ROTC units. These units remained independent from one
another until 1936, when Office of the Superintendent (of ROTC
units) of the Philippine Army was activated to supervise all ROTC
units in the country.

Under the American tutelage, Commonwealth Act Number 1

provided the legal basis for the mandatory citizen military training
in the Philippines. The country’s national defense plan was put
18
into motion by the combined efforts of General Douglas McArthur
and Manuel Quezon. The defense plan envisioned an organization
on citizen army consisting of two major components: 1) a regular
force of about 10,000 men (including PC) and 2) a reserve force to
number 400,000 by end of ten-year period. The second component
was to be accomplished by way of continuing program to train 21-
year old able bodied men for a period of more than five months.
Quezon personally hand-picked Gen McArthur to become the
military adviser of the Commonwealth, with the responsibility of
formulating the Philippine Defense system. (Quezon later
conferred the status of “Field Marshall”, the highest military rank
known in international usage, on McArthur). At the opening session
of the National Assembly on November 26, 1935, Quezon re-iterated
the need for a defense plan. According to him “ Self defense is the
supreme right of mankind no more sacred to the individual than to
the nation, the interests of which are immeasurably of greater
significance and extent . . . In my opinion, the plan reflects the
lessons of history, the conclusion of the acknowledge masters of
warfare and of statesmanship, and the sentiments and aspirations
of the Filipino people. It is founded upon enduring principles that
are fundamental to any plan applicable to our needs,”

On December 21, 1935, the National Assembly approved the

plan amid criticisms it received and the strict opposition mounted
by several lawmakers namely Juan Sumulong and Camilo Osias,
and former President Emilio Aguinaldo. One important provision of
the plan stated the “ at such universities and colleges as the
President may designate, there shall be established and maintain
ROTC units of such arm and service as he shall specify, where
every physically fit student shall be required to pursue a course of
military instruction . . “ ROTC units in various universities and
colleges, therefore became source of reserve officers. However, a
major concern was that these units had yet to be standardized
(although most were yet to be formally recognized). UP’s ROTC
was the first to be officially recognized; the ROTC units of Letran,
UST, De la Salle, Adamson, Philippine Normal School, the
Philippine School of Arts and Trades, San Beda and Siliman were
likewise given recognition. By 1937, the Philippine government had
established and recognized seventeen ROTC, most of them infantry
units. UP had a field artillery unit aside from an infantry unit;
Adamson and the Quisumbing schools had chemical warfare units.
Furthermore, UP also served as the training ground for ROTC
instructors and a source of basic ROTC training policies.

Under the system, male students had to take basic two-year

course and attend training on weekends. Those students desiring
19
reserve commission could attend two more years of advanced
weekend training. Completion of the advanced course made one
eligible for a reserve officer commission. However, mandatory
training was not instituted in all colleges. As result, students who
did not want to undergo military training simply opted to transfer
to schools who did not have ROTC units. To resolve the issue,
President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 207. By virtue of this
directive, ROTC became compulsory in all colleges and universities
with enrollment of a hundred students or more. This action taken
by Quezon was partly in response to the protest launched by some
schools that their enrollment had dropped due to the institution of
ROTC units. By 1941, there were around thirty three colleges and
universities through out the country that maintained ROTC units.
However, all of these schools closed down during the Japanese
incursion in the Philippines.

Japan’s misadventure in the Philippines had ended, but the

service rendered to the nation by the heroic men of ROTC has
turned into a life-long commitment. Even during the post war era,
UP ROTC graduates exhibited here and abroad meritorious deeds
in the service of the Filipino people. On the one hand, they became
part of the government’s effort to solve the problem of insurgency
in the country; on the other, they manned the contingency forces
that were sent at the height of the Korean (1950) and Vietnam (1964)
wars.

Less than seventy years have passed since the inception of

student military training in various colleges and universities
throughout the country. Times have changed and the ROTC
program has been placed in constant scrutiny, especially in terms
of significance to the importance in today’s reality.
It drew a number of problems and subsequent protests not only
from the student sector but also from the school administration
and the parents of the students who view the program as
militarization. The strongest clamor for its abolition occurred in
March 2001 as a consequence of the death of University of Santo
Tomas ROTC Cadet Mark Chua who was allegedly hazed by senior
ROTC cadets for his expose’ of several malpractices in the ROTC
program. This incident was exploited by some leftist organizations
who staged rallies demanding the abolition of the ROTC. This
clamor prompted both Houses to file separate bills on the ROTC
program. The House of Representatives filed House Bill Number
3593 and The Senate filed Senate Bill Number 1824 which led to the
enactment of Republic Act 9163 otherwise known as the National
Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001, making the ROTC as
just one of the three components of the NSTP where the students
20
can choose from. The ROTC training period was also reduced from
two years to one year. Students can also select any component of
the NSTP, thus making ROTC optional. Female students are also
required to undergo NSTP as a prerequisite for graduation for a
baccalaureate degree or two-year vocational courses.

The NSTP has three (3) components namely: the ROTC, which
is designed to provide military training to students to prepare for
national defense, the Department of National Defense (DND) is the
lead agency in the implementation of the ROTC component, the
Literacy Training Service (LTS), which is designed to train students
to become teachers to school children, out of school youth and
other segments of the society who are in dire need of their service,
the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) is the lead agency in
the implementation of the LTS component and the Civic Welfare
Training Service (CWTS), which will involve the students to
activities to contribute to general welfare and betterment of life, the
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) is
the lead agency in the implementation of CWTS component. The
students can select any of the three (3) components as a
requirement for their baccalaureate degree or two-year vocational
course.

Prior to the implementation of the NSTP, the ROTC was a two

year mandatory training for male college students and also a
requisite for graduation in college. Through the years the
enrollment had gone down tremendously. The program also
experienced steady deterioration essentially due to issues and
concerns which include among others graft and corruption, lack of
competent, dedicated and committed instructors and higher
student-instructor ratio. Moreover, students do not appreciate the
Program as shown by the high rate of students dropping out or
deferring the ROTC training while many have decided to enroll in
the other two components. This has significantly reduced the
number of our reserve force pool who are not only to be readily
available in case of war or national emergency but also to perform
relief and rescue tasks when needed.

As of today, many concerned citizens and school

administrators and legislators alike are advocating for the
enhancement of the ROTC program by making the same
compulsory to state colleges and universities. The Armed Forces of
the Philippines is fully supporting this effort. The advocacy is
based on the perceived decline in the appreciation of the youth on
the value of patriotism and good citizenship.

21
 AFP CORE VALUES

1. The AFP Core of Values

a. Honor

The members of the AFP believe in honor as the most

important virtue that a soldier must posses. It is in fact considered
as more precious than life itself. Without honor, a man is nothing
but a beast. Honor means clean consciousness, personal dignity,
good reputation, unquestionable character. Honor means
truthfulness, sincerity, honesty, credibility. Honor means integrity,
a modest but decent life. A honorable soldier does not lie, cheat,
steal, violate moral and ethical codes not tolerate the violations of
the code of honor is the sacred part of the character of a soldier,
violation of which should bring shame.

b. Loyalty

The members of the AFP believe in unflinching loyalty.

Thus we shall promote the national interest and security as a
paramount concern. We shall support and defend the constitution.
We shall be obedient to the duly constituted government. We shall
obey the order of those legally appointed over us. We shall
support those who lead us and those who serve with us.

c. Valor

We believe in valor as the power and strength, courage

and ability to overcome fear, which enables the soldiers to carry
out their mission and to accomplish what is seemingly impossible.
It is more than bravery or ability to endure pain. Valor is calmness
and presence of mind in the heat of battle where danger or death is
imminent. It is the courage to stand for what is right and the
perseverance to make it difficult for others to do wrong.

d. Duty

Despite difficulty and danger, we perform our tasks as

order or implied. Discipline and obedience, we believe that duty is
a personal act of responsibility, which we show by doing all our
assigned tasks to the best of our ability.

22
 e. Solidarity

Solidarity is the value that binds us with the rest of our

comrades-in-arms. It is the value that makes us one strong and
united organization.

2. Military Culture, Customs and Traditions and Core

Philosophies

a. The AFP Organization

The AFP Organization proves that the AFP should be

organized in such manner that it can function effectively to
accomplish its mission with minimum cost and maximum result.
The AFP Organization must also promote the active participation of
the people in the defense of the state and in civil assistance
projects during disaster and calamities and national emergencies.
This is to avoid creation and manning of new units that merely
duplicates the function of another unit or office, if only to give
positions to the favored general officers or senior field grade
officers who have no significant assignments or if only to generate
funds which will be divested for personal use of the proponents at
the expense of the government. The creation of CAFGU Active
auxiliary, the bantay-bayan and the civilian volunteer organization,
not to mention the development of our reserve units in all the 13
regions of the country are some organizational reforms embodied
in the AFP Organization.

b. Supremacy of Civilian Authority

Supremacy of civilian authority emphasizes the legal

and moral obligation of the soldier as an ordinary citizen of the
republic to obey the laws, carryout directives and subscribe to
regulations enacted and issued by the legislative judicial and
executive branches of the civil government.

c. Chain of Command

Chain of Command deals on the generally accepted

principles that a military action being executed should pass the
approval or consent of the Commander at each level or echelon of
command from lowest to highest without bypassing any approving
authority or taking the action upon one’s self as his prerogative.

23
 d. Military Leadership

Military leadership summarizes the significant role of a

military leader or Commander to influence his men to carryout its
mission, perform assigned tasks or fulfill its obligations and
functions.

e. People’s Support

People’s support is a statement of the acknowledgement

by the AFP of the vital importance of people’s support to achieve
peace and order. To get people’s support, the members of the AFP
should exercise prudence and justice when dealing with the
civilians. The soldiers should respect and protect the rights of the
people, their beliefs, ways of life and living conditions.

f. National Development

The AFP must be a catalyst of change, reform and

development. It must actively participate in endeavors that will
contribute to national progress.

g. Partisan Politics

The members of the AFP shall not engage in partisan

politics. Its involvement shall be limited only to the exercises of his
right to vote the candidate of his choices and to assist in ensuring
a clean and honest election.

h. Democracy

The AFP adheres to the principles of democracy. It

believes that the Philippine Government is the embodiment of the
Filipino people’s will and was established to protect their inherent
rights and to fulfill their aspirations as a nation.

i. National Interest

The AFP realizes that the protection of national interest

is for the common good of the people. In accomplishing the
mission given to AFP it shall keep in mind that national interests is
of paramount concern and must be enhanced and protected.

24
 j. Peace

The AFP believes that program and development can

only be attained if there is stability, peace and order.

k. War

The AFP believes that war or the use of force against the
enemy of the state shall be resorted to only when all the peaceful
means shall have failed and no other option is left to resolve the
conflict.

l. Use of Armed Force

When implementing government policies pertaining to

security, the AFP must act with restraint as far as use of force is
concerned. When the use of arms is necessary, it must have the
authority of the duly established government.

m. Social Justice

The members of the AFP shall be instrument in the

promotion of social justice. It shall subscribe to the generally
accepted principle that all men area created equal and every citizen
must be given the same rights and opportunities in life and equal
protection from the government.

n. Human Rights

The members of the AFP shall respect the inherent

rights of an individual as a “human being”. In the performance of
its mission, the troops must see to it that the lives and properties
on non-combatants and innocent civilians are well protected.

o. Enemies of the State

The AFP shall consider the following as enemies of the

state:

1) Those who shall violate the sovereignty of the

Philippines such as foreign aggression whose intention is to
occupy and control the national territory or part thereof.
2) Those who resort to violence as a means to
achieve their ends such as CPP/NPA/Guerillas.

25
 3) Those who shall not accept the supremacy of
civilian authority over the military, such as the coup plotters and
participants.
4) Those who shall dismember the country or any
part thereof, such as the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
and other secessionist groups.
5) Those who shall engage in organized crimes, such
as gambling syndicates, drug pushers, gun runners, hired killers.
6) Those who shall organize the populace for the
purpose of alienating their allegiance from the state such as the
national democratic front and the sectoral organizations under its
umbrella.

p. Professionalism

Military professionalism is the heart and soul of the

whole AFP code of ethics. It emphasizes that being public
servants, we in the AFP area expected to perform our duties and
responsibilities with utmost competence and efficiency. Our right
to bear arms as one of the peculiarities of the military service calls
for the assurance to the people that their safety, protection and
welfare shall be our paramount concern.

The people expects the AFP to perform its tasks as

mandated by the constitution with the highest degree of excellence
by applying expertly the basic and specialized skills of soldiery
while adhering strictly with the code of ethics and all laws and
statutes of the land.

q. Standards

1) Standard of Loyalty

All military personnel shall be loyal and true to the

Republic of the Philippines, the constitution, the AFP and to the
people. We are loyal to the republic when we serve its interest and
protect its territorial integrity against the enemy, even if it shall cost
our lives.

2) Standard of Competence

All military must be competent in the performance

of his duties. By competence means the ability or capability to do
what is expected him to do and to do it well.

26
 3) Standard of Ethics
Every soldier must conform to the accepted
principles of right conduct, being observed in the society which he
is a part, from being a soldier, he is also a citizen of the community,
because the military community is only a part of a larger society –
the “Filipino society”

4) Standard of Morals
The soldier must be aware that he has the capacity
to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong. To be
moral is to do the right things and to avoid the wrong ones.

r. Unprofessional Acts

These behaviors that fall short of the professional

standards as enumerated in the AFP code of ethics are considered
unprofessional acts.

1) Acts of Disloyalty
We are disloyal when we do something or refuse to
do something that constitute betrayal of our country and people,
non-support to our duly constituted government and disregard to
the AFP chain of Command. Some disloyal acts are cowardice in
the face of the enemy, desertion or abandonment of post, AWOL,
insubordination, disrespect to superior, bypassing the chain of
command.

2) Acts of Incompetence
We are incompetent when we lack the required
knowledge, skills, physical attributes and character traits
necessary for the adequate performance of duty and
accomplishment of mission.

3) Unethical Acts
Unethical acts are deviations from the established
and accepted ethical and moral standards of behavior and
performance laid down in the AFP code of ethics. Some of these
unethical acts are using government time for outside employment,
sideline, position or authority, unwarranted assertion or rank,
tolerating irregularities in the military service, etc.

4) Corrupt Acts
Corrupt acts are crimes against public interest,
public morals, property, chastity, civil status of person and honor.
We are corrupt when we are dishonest, unjust and commit moral
acts.
27
 MILITARY COURTESY & DISCIPLINE

Military discipline is necessary to ensure orderly and effective

group action. This is commonly known as teamwork. Teamwork is
particularly important in military operations where its presence or
lack of it may spell the difference between victory or defeat.

With discipline, everybody learn the sense of obligation to

himself and to his group, to his superiors and to the entire
organization where he belongs. He also realizes that he is a
member of a team, organized, trained and equipped for the purpose
of engaging and defeating the enemies of the state.

Really, all aspects of military life are affected by discipline.

We hear of "fire discipline", water discipline, "supply discipline",
etc.

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

a. MILITARY DISCIPLINE - is the state of order and

obedience among personnel in a military organization. It is
characterized by the men's prompt and willing responsiveness to
orders and unhesitating compliance to regulations.
b. MILITARY COURTESY - are the acts of politeness,
civility and respect that personnel in the military organization
accord to one other. Just like in the civilian world, military courtesy
serves to smooth the personal relationship among men in the
profession of arms. As a soldier, you must be thoroughly familiar
with the different forms of military courtesy. Learn to practice them
wholeheartedly and insist that your fellow soldiers do the same.
c. CUSTOMS OF THE SERVICE – it is the body of unwritten
or common law of the armies, navies and air forces.
d. MORALE – the term may be defined as the mental state
and spirit of an individual or unit.
e. EFFICIENCY – it is the ability to accomplish successfully
an assigned task in the shortest possible time with the least
confusion. Efficiency requires interest, resourcefulness, and
proficiency. It develops pride, and the satisfaction of a job well
done.

2. THE SALUTE

The salute is the most important and the most common form
of all the military courtesies. It is a time honored tradition of the
profession of arms, practiced in all military organizations in the
world. The manner an individual executes the salute is an
28
indication of his attitude towards his duties as a military man and
existing state of morale and discipline in his unit. A sloppishly and
grudgingly rendered salute or a childish pretense not to notice
anyone to whom a salute is due, shows neglect or ignorance of the
individual duties, his lack of confidence and ability to perform
them, his lack of pride in his team and possession of a stubborn
and defiant character making him unsuited to cooperate with
others in a common effort. When you salute or return a salute
smartly, clearly mark yourself as a soldier who has pride in yourself
and your organization.

a. Who and What are Entitled to Salute

1) Commissioned Officers (both male and female) of

the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
2) Commissioned Officers (both male or female) of
the Armed Forces of Allied Nations.
3) Civilian high officials or foreign dignities during
military honors rendered for them.
4) Colors and standard not cased.

b. When to Salute

1) Reporting to an officer.
2) Meeting an officer
3) When the national color passes by
4) When the national anthem is being played. (Out
door only)
5) Raising and lowering of flag.
6) After conversing with an officer.

c. When not to Salute:

1) When troops are at work

2) Indoors, except when reporting to an officer.
3) When carrying articles with both hands, or being
so occupied to make saluting impracticable.
4) When attending to a vehicle.
5) When meeting a prisoner
6) When in ranks

Military personnel in uniform are always required to

salute all persons who are entitled to such courtesy whenever they
meet and recognized them. Saluting, however, is not necessary
when riding public conveyances such as trains and busses or
when inside public places such as theaters and restaurants or
29
during situations when a salute is manifestly in appropriate or
impractical.

3. General Rules for Saluting

Following are the rules to observe when saluting:

a. Saluting distance is the distance of recognition. Usually

it does not exceed 30 paces. The salute is rendered and the hand is
held in position until the officers saluted has passed or after the
salute is returned
b. A salute must always be returned by the officer entitled
to it, unless he is in the formation of other officers. In which case,
only the most senior or the marcher returns it.
c. The salute must never be rendered in a casual or
perfunctory manners, nor with pipe, cigar or cigarette held in the
mouth or in the right hand. It is only rendered at a halt or a walk. If
running, a soldier comes to a walk before saluting. When mounted
on a horse, he brings the horse to a walk and salute.
d. When several are in a group, not in formation, all rise
and salute. When in formation, only the commander or the most
senior salutes.
e. The salute is made whether a headgear is worn or not.
f. A soldier salutes an officer if he meets and recognizes
him inside a military camp even though they are both in civilian
clothes or when either one of them is in uniform. When both or
each of them are in civilian clothes and they meet outside of camp,
a courteous "Good Morning , Sir" or other greeting will do.
g. The salute is rendered only once if the officer remains in
the immediate vicinity and conversation takes place, the junior
must again salute the officer when he leaves or dismiss him.
h. Unlike Navy personnel, soldiers never salute with the left
hand. When a soldiers hold something on his right hand, he
transfer it to the left and salute. When it is impractical to burden
both hands, he simply greets the officer as he meets him.
i. The salute is always executed while looking at the
person being saluted. It is always best to accompany such
courteous gesture with "Good Morning, Sir" or some appropriate
greetings.
j. Enlisted Personnel salute other enlisted personnel only
in formation when rendering reports.
k. Whenever a soldier is in doubt, as to whether a salute is
appropriate or not-HE SALUTES

30
4. Services and Last Courtesies

Funeral services are accorded to all military personnel who

died in the performance of their duties. Deceased military
personnel are entitled to the following:

a. Vigil guards during the wake.

b. Gun salute during interment.
c. Pallbearers are provided to carry the casket during the
interment.
d. Taps is being played while the casket is being lowered
to the grave.

As courtesy to the deceased military personnel, while the

casket is being carried from the house to the caisson, military
personnel stand at attention, uncover and hold the headdress over
their left breast. During inclement weather, they execute hand
salute. The honor is also accorded to the remains as it passes by
the mourners. Military men not in formation attending military
funerals follow the mourners according to seniority.

As the casket is being lowered from the caisson to the grave

during the sounding of the volley, taps and funeral services, the
headdress is removed and placed over the left breast. During
inclement weather, military personnel remain uncover and execute
the hand salute. This position is maintained until the casket
reaches the grave or when it is beyond saluting distance. Active
pallbearers remain covered while they are carrying the casket.

31
 MILITARY JUSTICE

Military justice is the system for enforcing discipline and

administering criminal law in the Military Establishment. Under the
broad concept, rules governing the conduct of military personnel
and providing for a method by which persons who break them may
be punished are contained in the Articles of War, the Manual for
Court-Martial, the Constitution of the Philippines, and pertinent
laws.

1. Military Jurisdiction.

Military Law emanates from several sources, among which

are the Constitution of the Philippines and International Law, some
specific provisions of the Constitution granting some powers to
Congress, and in the authority vested in the President of the
Philippines as Commander-in-Chief of all Armed Forces.

Military jurisdiction is exercised by a belligerent state

occupying an enemy’s territory (military government); by a
government temporarily governing the civil populace through its
military forces without authority of a written law as necessity may
require (martial law); and by the government in the execution of its
authority over the military as conferred by a branch of municipal
law. Each exercise is carried out by the following agencies.

a. Courts-martial – general, special, and summary

b. Commanding Officers in exercising their disciplinary
powers under Articles of War 105.
c. Courts of inquiry
d. Military tribunals or commissions.

2. Persons Subject to Military Law

As a general rule, courts-martial have the exclusive

jurisdiction over all persons subject to military law who commit an
offense penalized by the punitive articles of war. Persons subject to
military law refer to the following.

a. All officers and enlisted personnel in the Regular Force

of the AFP.
b. All reservists from the date of their call to active duty
and while on such active duty.
c. All trainees undergoing military instructions.
d. All cadets of the PMA and PAF Flying School, and
Probationary Lieutenants on actual training.
32
 e. Retainers to camp and all persons accompanying or
serving with the AFP in the filed of war or when martial law is
declared.
f. All persons under sentence adjudged by a court-martial
or military tribunal.

Military jurisdiction over a person is terminated upon

discharge or separation from the service. However, jurisdiction of a
court-martial as to offense is not automatically terminated upon
discharge or separation in the following instances:

a. Cases of fraud or embezzlement.

b. Where a discharge or separation is obtained through
fraud, the discharge or separation may be canceled and individual
is arrested and returned to military control.
c. Where a soldier’s discharge or separation does not
interrupt his status as a “person subject to military law”.

When a person “subject to military law” commits or is

charged with a serious military offense, he/she shall be placed in
confinement or in arrest as circumstances may require. Arrest, in
the sense, means the taking into custody of someone by legal
authority. When charged with a minor offense only, such person
shall not ordinary be placed in confinement. Arrest or confinement
may be deferred until arraignment and failure to arrest or confine a
person does not affect the jurisdiction of court-martial.

The following classes of persons subject to military law shall

be placed in arrest and confinement as follows:

a. Enlisted person – by officers only in person, through

other persons subject to military law, or by oral written orders or
communication.
b. Officers, Probationary lieutenants, and cadets – by
Commanding Officers only a person, through other officers, or by
oral and written orders or communication. The authority to place
such persons under arrest confinement can be not be delegated.

Where any person subject to military law is placed under

arrest or confinement, immediate steps are taken either it prefer
charges against him with the view to bringing him to trial and carry
the case to a final conclusions, or dismiss the charges and
subsequently release him. But who may initiate or prefer the
charges against an erring military man. They are as follows:

33
 a. Anybody – whether subjects to military law or into, may
give information to military authorities concerned that an offense is
supposedly committed by a person subject to military law.
b. Any person subject to military law may prefer charges
against a military offender although he is under arrest or
confinement. (In minor cases, however, the necessary information
is brought to the attention of the immediate Commanding Officer of
the accused).

Where no formal investigation is conducted, the charges are

referred to an investigating officer. This officer conducts the
investigation to determine whether a prima facie case exists. The
report of investigation is submitted to the Staff Judge Advocate
(SJA) for his study and/or advice.

If it is determined that no prima facie case exists to warrant

trial by court-martial, the case either dropped, or some other
appropriates action is taken.

On the other hand, where the SJA determines that there is

prima facie case, he recommends to the Commanding Officer
exercising court-martial jurisdiction to referral of the case to a
court-martial for prosecution. The action of a Commanding Officer
on a case disposable by operation of Article of War 105 shall be
discussed under a separate sub-topic of this chapter.

The Commanding Officer appoints a court-martial to try the

case. Once the trial is terminated and results in the conviction of
the accused, the sentence, as adjudged is ordered promulgate until
it is fully served. If, on the other hand, the trials ends in the
acquittal of the accused, he is immediately ordered released from
confinement and restored to military duty.

3. Role of Courts-martial and other Tribunals

Courts-martial and other military tribunals generally exist to

assist commanders in the administration of military justice.
Specifically, they are established to enforce discipline in the
Military Establishment and to serve as deterrents to military crimes
and offense. And, by the very nature of the conduct of trial, these
courts-martial and other military tribunals hasten the
administration of military justice, let us look into the jurisdiction as
to person, offense, and punishments of each of the three (3) types
of court-martial to substantiate the contention just cited.

34
 For instance, a general court-martial has jurisdiction over all
commissioned officers and other persons subject to military law
who commit an offense capital in nature and whose possible
sentence or punishment includes death, dismissal or dishonorable
discharge from the service, total forfeiture to pay and allowances,
or confinement at hard labor. In the Philippines Nay, a general
court-martial can impose the following: deprivation of liberty on
shore, solitary confinement not exceeding to thirty (30) days, and
solitary confinement on diminished rations not exceeding to thirty
(30) days. Thus, we can see that since officers are subject for trial
to a general court-martial, this thought alone construes a more
tedious legal process to serve the ends of justice. This
compounded by the nature of the offense and the punishment to be
meted out.

A special court-martial, on one hand, has the exclusive

jurisdiction to try all other persons subject to military law,
excepting officers, for offense not capital in nature and whose
probable sentence includes confinement not exceeding six (60
months, restriction to limits hard labor without confinement not
exceeding three (3) months, and reprimand, admonition, and
demotion in rank. The proceeding conducted are not as tedious as
those for a general court-martial.

An entirely different case would be the trial by a summary

court-martial where its proceeding are much faster than those of
the other types of court-martial. Since it has at least one (1)
member who seats as president, trial judge advocate (TJA), and
defense counsel (DC) at the same time, and since its jurisdiction as
to person, offense and punishment is limited, summary court-
martial can dispose of a certain case in most expeditious manner.
A summary court-martial can try private, private first class, and
NCOs below TSg for offenses not capital in nature. It can
judgement as follows: confinement from one (1) month, restriction
to limits for three (3) months, and for forfeiture or detention of 2/3
pay for one (1) month.

Military commissions or tribunals play the same role as court-

martial. During martial law, which was in effect throughout the
country from 1972 to 1981, these commission or tribunals tried
cases referred to them in the same expeditious way. Even civilians
who committed offenses not subject for trial by the court-martial
fell under the jurisdiction of the special bodies whose proceedings
were in accordance with procedural law. Mention must be made
here that a Chinese national who was accused of drug pushing and
distribution was found guilty by a military commission and meted
35
out the death penalty through musketry. These bodies had helped
in the faster dispensation of justice which would have taken years
to dispose of under normal conditions.

4. Punitive Articles of War

As gleaned from historical records, the Articles of War were

promulgated effective September 14, 1938 when the unicameral
Philippine National Assembly enacted Commonwealth Act. No. 408
which became the basic law that give the guidance in the
operations of the Country’s Armed Forces, then known as the Army
of the Philippines. Then as now, there are 120 Articles most of
which were lifted from the US Uniform Code of Military Justice. It is
for this reason that our Articles of War had the same substance as
the American Military Code of 1928 which was found applicable of
Philippine conditions.

Of the 120 Articles of War, 52 are considered as the punitive

because they specify that punishment is to be imposed for each
military offense committed. Articles of War 54 to 105, inclusive, are
the punitive articles. There are two (2) broad categories of crimes
or offenses included in the punitive articles of war and these are:

a. Crimes or offenses that are similarly within in the

contemplation of the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines.
b. Offenses that are strictly classified as purely military.

5. Article of War 105

This particular article of war empowers Commanding Officers

of units to punish personnel under them for minor offenses without
the intervention of a court-martial. This is the most expeditious way
of disposing minor cases without necessarily sacrificing the ends
of justice and military discipline.

Whether an offense is minor or serious one, its often a matter

of judgment on the part of Commanding Officers. In making
decisions pursuant to Article of War 105, Commanding Officer are
guided by the following factors: nature and circumstances
attendant to the offense, effect of the punishment on the unit as a
whole, and manner by which the offense is customarily punished in
the military. Now, let us go back into those factors that make an
offense as serious and not minor. The following are considered as
serious military offenses.

a. Offenses involving moral turpitude.

36
 b. Offenses with specific or mandatory punishment based
on the punitive articles of war.
c. Crimes or offenses calling for the imposition of the
death penalty .
d. Other offenses where the judgment or sentence of
confinement in a penal institution is called for.

Under Article of War 105, Commanding Officers are

authorized to impose the following penalties under their broad
disciplinary powers.

a. Admonition
b. Reprimand
c. Suspension of privileges for a period not exceeding one
(1) week.
d. Extra fatigue not exceeding one (1) week.
e. Hard Labor without confinement not exceeding one (1)
week for privates and privates first class.
f. Any combination of the penalties just cited not
exceeding one (1) week.

These authorized punishment may be imposed only when the

offender do not demand trial by a court-martial. This is a basic
requirement to be met before any form of punishment can be
imposed. Once an accused demand trial by a court-martial, the
necessary charges are preferred for trial by a court-martial vested
with competent jurisdiction.

37
 MILITARY LEADERSHIP

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

COMMAND – is the authority of a person in the military

service, lawfully exercise over subordinates by virtue of his rank
and position.
MANAGEMENT – is the process of planning, organizing,
coordinating, directing and controlling sources such as men,
money, materials and machinery to accomplish the organizational
mission.
MILITARY LEADERSHIP – is the ability to influence others
directing them towards the accomplishment of a mission.
LEADERSHIP TRAITS – personal qualities essential for a
commander in gaining obedience, trust, respect and cooperation of
his men in accomplishing a mission.
LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES – fundamental guidelines for the
selection of appropriate action and order in the exercise of the
command.

2. LEADERSHIP TRAITS

a. BEARING – is the general appearance, carriage,

deportment and conduct of a leader
b. COURAGE – is the mental quality that recognizes fear or
danger or criticism but enables him to face it with calmness and
firmness.
c. DECISIVENESS – is the promptness of making a
decision in a state of clear and forceful manner.
d. DEPENDABILITY – reliability and certainty of a
performance in the execution of duty.
e. ENDURANCE – is the physical and mental stamina,
measured by the ability to withstand pain, fatigue, stress and
hardship.
f. ENTHUSIASM – is the display of sincere interest and
zeal in the performance of duty
g. INITIATIVE – taking actions in the absence of orders
h. INTEGRITY – is the uprightness and soundness of moral
principles
i. JUDGEMENT – is the ability to logically weigh facts and
possible solutions on to arrive at a sound decisions
j. JUSTICE – is the reward and punishment according to
the merits of the case in question
k. KNOWLEDGE – keeping self abreast of current
development I his military specialty and command

38
 l. LOYALTY – is the quality of faithfulness to country,
seniors, subordinates and peers.
m. TACT – is the ability to deal with others in respectful
manner
n. UNSELFISHNESS – is one who avoids his own comfort
and personal advancement for the welfare of his men.

3. LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES

a. Know yourself and seek self-improvement

Honest self evaluation to determine his own strengths
and weaknesses is a paramount importance to a leader. Through
this process he can determine his capabilities and limitations

b. Be technically and tactically proficient

A leader must demonstrate to his men that he is
qualified to lead his unit. He must be competent in combat
operations and training as well as in the technical and
administrative aspect of his duty

c. Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your

actions
Armed with knowledge gained from the honest self
evaluation and with the sound technical and tactical foundation
required to perform his duty, the leader must take initiative to
accomplish his unit’s mission. By seeking responsibility, he
develops himself professionally and increases his leadership
ability.

d. Make sound and timely decisions

The leader must be able to make a rapid estimate of the
situation and arrive at a sound decision. He should be able to
reason under the most trying conditions and decide quickly what
action is necessary to take advantage of opportunity as it occurs.

e. Set an example
A good leader must be a good example to his men in
integrity, courage, professional competence, personal appearance
and conduct. Moreso, he must set the personal and professional
standard for his men.

f. Know your men and look out for their welfare

Understanding self is of equal importance in
understanding his men. It is not enough that a leader knows his
men’s names, ranks, and other data. The leader must understand
what makes his men stick to their values, ideas and attitude.
39
 g. Keep your men informed
This will encourage initiative, improve teamwork and
enhance morale. Keeping your men informed will reduce fear and
rumors thus will gain cooperation and instilling to them one
common goal and mission.

h. Develop sense of responsibility in your subordinates

Another way to show your men that you are interested in
their welfare is by giving them the opportunity for professional
development. Delegation of authority commensurate with
responsibility thus develops mutual confidence and respect
between the leader and his subordinates.

i. Ensure that the task is understood, supervised and

accomplished
Your men must know what is expected from them and
must be informed of specific task requirements through clear and
concise orders. Be sure that you are understood by
communicating with your men. Do not overtake an order by giving
too many details.

j. Train you men as a team

The very essence of leadership is the ability to influence
your men to act as one, to act in unison and as a team in the
accomplishment of a mission.

k. Employ your command/unit in accordance with its

capabilities.

Men get satisfaction when performing tasks which are

challenging yet within their capabilities, but become dissatisfied if
given tasks that are considered too easy , too difficult and above all
out of bound. Putting the right person on the right job is the key to
this principle.

4. THREE BASIC STYLES OF LEADERSHIP

a. DIRECTING – a leader tells his subordinates what he

wants them to do, where he wants them to do it, when he wants it
done, and supervises them closely to ensure they follow what he
wants.

b. PARTICIPATING – the leader involves subordinates in

determining what to do and how to do it. He asks for information
and recommendations; however he still makes the final decision.

40
 c. DELEGATING – he passes problem solving and decision
making to his subordinates. The key is to release your
subordinates’ problem solving potential while you determine what
problems they should solve and help them solve it.

5. INDICATORS OF LEADERSHIP

a. MORALE – good leadership is required to maintain or

improve the mental and emotional state of his subordinates.
b. ESPRIT DE CORPS – good leadership is required in
order to gain loyalty, pride and enthusiasm among his
subordinates
c. DISCIPLINE – good leadership is required to ensure
state of obedience within his jurisdiction
d. PROFICIENCY – good leadership is required to upgrade
efficiency of subordinates essential in the accomplishment of a
mission

6. TECHNIQUES OF GOOD LEADERSHIP

a. Understanding your men

1) Study the need of personal adjustment

2) Be familiar with the principles of human behavior
that make each one of us a unique person from the others
3) Analyze your men objectively without personal
bias
b. Aim for Military Efficiency

1) Proficiency – concentrate in increasing our

physical, mental and technical capabilities
2) Discipline – prompt and willing obedience to all
orders both for your men and self
3) Morale – watch for your men’s state of mind and
feelings

7. BASIC RESPONSIBILITIES OF A LEADER

a. Accomplishment of the mission

b. Welfare of your men

41
____________________________ _______________
(Name) (Date)

WRITTEN EXAMINATION

INSTRUCTIONS: Fill-in the blanks with the word or group of words that will make the
sentence complete or as required. After completing the examination, detach the same
from this book and submit to your Platoon Leaders.

1. Section 4, Article II of the Constitution provides that the prime duty of the
Government is to serve and protect the people.

2. Section 38, Article VII, Republic Act 7077 – Reserve Officers Training Corps
(ROTC) states that, “Military training for students enrolled in colleges, universities
and similar institutions of learning is mandatory pursuant to the provisions of the
National Defense Act of 1935 and the 1987 Constitution.”

3. Republic Act Nr 9163 makes ROTC Optional and requires male and female
freshmen students taking baccalaureate degree and at least two (2) year
vocational/technical or associate courses to take the National Service Training
Program (NSTP)

4. The AFP pledges allegiance to the Filipino people, adheres to the principle of
supremacy of civilian authority over the military at all times and vows to uphold and
defend the constitution.

5. MILITARY ORGANIZATION is defined as a group of persons or units bonded

together to perform military functions with definite responsibilities and duties
assigned to each individual.

6. The DND is the agency under the Executive Branch of the government which is
responsible for the supervision of the national defense program of the country.

7. The Chief of Staff, AFP – is the highest military officer in the AFP.

8. The Deputy Chief of Staff for Reservist and Reserve Force Development, J8

9. The mission of the Armed Forces of the Philippines is: “To protect the people
and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of the national territory.”

11. The mission of the Philippine Army is to conduct prompt and sustained ground
operations to accomplish the AFP mission.

12. The mission of the Philippine Air Force is to conduct prompt and sustained
operations in the air especially those forces needed to defend the Philippines against
air attacks, to gain air superiority and control vital air areas.

13. The mission of the Philippine Navy is to organize, train, equip, maintain and
operate naval forces, aircraft and other naval units necessary to provide the water
borne support required by the AFP in accomplishment of its mission.

14. The mission of ARESCOM is to develop, organize, train, equip and administer
a high competent mobilizeable reserve force as an integral component of the total
army in the defense of the state and to participate in socio-economics development
effort of the government.

42
15. Lapu – lapu, who fought in the Battle of Mactan on 27 Apr 1521 is the
acknowledged father of the AFP.

16. Andres Bonifacio who founded the Katipunan on 7 Jul 1892 is considered as
the father of the Philippine Army.

17. On June12, 1898, the independence was declared at Kawit, Cavite and for the
first time, the Philippine Flag was unfurled and our National Anthem was played

18. On 21 December 1935, the National Defense Act was enacted officially to create
the AFP.

19. The strongest clamor for its abolition occurred in March 2001 as a
consequence of the death of University of Santo Tomas ROTC Cadet Mark Chua who
was allegedly hazed by senior ROTC cadets for his expose’ of several malpractices in
the ROTC program.

20. Honor is the most important virtue that a soldier must posses. It is in fact
considered as more precious than life itself.

21. The members of the AFP believe in unflinching loyalty. Thus we shall promote
the national interest and security as a paramount concern. We shall support and
defend the constitution

22. Valor is the power and strength, courage and ability to overcome fear, which
enables the soldiers to carry out their mission and to accomplish what is seemingly
impossible.

23. Duty is a personal act of responsibility, which we show by doing all our
assigned tasks to the best of our ability.

24. Solidarity is the value that binds us with the rest of our comrades-in-arms. It
is the value that makes us one strong and united organization.

25. Chain of Command deals on the generally accepted principles that a military
action being executed should pass the approval or consent of the Commander at
each level or echelon of command from lowest to highest without bypassing any
approving authority or taking the action upon one’s self as his prerogative.

25. Military justice is the system for enforcing discipline and administering
criminal law in the Military Establishment.

26. As a general rule, courts-martial have the exclusive jurisdiction over all
persons subject to military law who commit an offense penalized by the punitive
articles of war

27. Courts-martial and other military tribunals generally exist to assist

commanders in the administration of military justice.

28. MILITARY DISCIPLINE - is the state of order and obedience among personnel
in a military organization. It is characterized by the men's prompt and willing
responsiveness to orders and unhesitating compliance to regulations.

29. The salute is the most important and the most common form of all the military
courtesies

43
30. Saluting distance is the distance of recognition. Usually it does not exceed 30
paces. The salute is rendered and the hand is held in position until the officers
saluted has passed or after the salute is returned

31. COMMAND is the authority of a person in the military service, lawfully

exercised over subordinates by virtue of his rank and position.

32. MILITARY LEADERSHIP – is the ability to influence others directing them

towards the accomplishment of a mission.

33. LEADERSHIP TRAITS – personal qualities essential for a commander in

gaining obedience, trust, respect and cooperation of his men in accomplishing a
mission.

34. PARTICIPATING leadership style is when the leader involves subordinates in

determining what to do and how to do it. He asks for information and
recommendations; however he still makes the final decision.

The following are the indicators of leadership:

35. MORALE

36. ESPRIT DE CORPS

37. DISCIPLINE

38. PROFICIENCY

Basic responsibilities of a leader are:

39. Accomplishment of the mission

40. Welfare of your men

44
 COMBAT TRAINING OF INDIVIDUAL SOLDIER

BASIC MILITARY INTELLIGENCE

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

a. Intelligence – is the product resulting from the

collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all
available information which concerns a foreign nation or an area of
operation.
b. Military Information – means all facts, documents,
materials, photograph, diagram, maps and reports of observation
of any kind which increases our knowledge of a possible or actual
enemy or area of operations.
c. Military Intelligence – is a knowledge acquired through
the collection, evaluation, and interpretation of all available
information concerning a possible or actual enemy or area of
operations, including the weather and terrain.
d. Combat Intelligence – is that knowledge of the enemy,
weather and terrain required by a commander in planning and
conducting tactical operation. It is developed during the conduct of
the operations modification of the original operation plan which
may be appreciated.
e. Counterintelligence - is an aspect of intelligence which
comprises civil and military measures, including the collection,
processing and distribution of information, and executive actions,
designed to counter enemy or to prevent sabotage or subversive
activities.

2. INTELLIGENCE PRINCIPLES:
a. Intelligence is continues.
All intelligence activities follow a four-stage cycle:
planning, collection, evaluation and dissemination. The cycle is
continuous and all steps are carried out in an orderly fashion. We
cannot afford to have unsystematic and inefficient of information.
Any lead must be followed vigorously. Check the reliability of the
source to verify the raw information. Do anything to make that
information available in useful form.
b. Intelligence operations and tactical operations are
interdependent.
c. Intelligence must be useful.
Intelligence must be useful. Otherwise, what do
operating troops need it for? It must focus on a certain intelligence
requirement of a commander or his operating troops. The
intelligence operation is not terminated, until positive results come
out.
45
 d. Intelligence must be timely.
The best intelligence is worthless if it does not reach the
user in time for appropriate action. There must always be an
effective system of disseminating intelligence, as the timeliness of
each bit of information must be exploited.

e. Intelligence operations must be flexible.

Intelligence activities are always based on logical steps.
Standard intelligence procedures make intelligence operations
effective, but must not be followed blindly. Procedures can be
changed to meet requirements.

f. Intelligence operations require imagination.

Intelligence operations require imagination, foresight
and resourcefulness. Creativity plays a great part in the outcome of
any intelligence operation. Intelligence, by its very nature, is
unorthodox. To succeed therefore requires an equally queer,
unpredictable and out-of-the normal mound of mind.

g. Intelligence operations require constant security

measures.
Anything of intelligence value is highly classified
information. Keep it secret and under wraps.

3. INTELLIGENCE AXIOMS:
Intelligence axioms are facts that require no doubt because
the truths of these statements are obvious.

a. AXIOM NR 1 – Intelligence is crucial to internal security.

b. AXIOM NR 2 – Intelligence is essential to all types of
operations
1) Internal Defense Operations
2) Internal Development operations
3) Psychological Operations

c. AXIOM NR 3 – Intelligence is the responsibility of all

government agencies
d. AXIOM NR 4 – Intelligence of the government must be
superior to that of the enemy.

4. THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

In the study of intelligence cycle it is not important which
phase is considered first information of intelligence can be inserted
in any phases as appropriate. The intelligence cycle has no
beginning and no end. Any sequence which is logically organized
and passes through a process is workable.
46
 The four (4) phases of intelligence cycle are as follows:
a. Planning of the collection effort.
The commander must make certain that he has what he
needs, when he needs it. He is continually wondering what the
enemy is doing, thinking, and planning for the future operations,
and about the nature of the terrain not under his control.
1) Planning of the collection effort consist of five (5)
steps:
a) Determination of intelligence requirements.
b) Determination of intelligence priorities.
c) Determination of those enemy activities of
characteristics of the area of operations which would indicate the
answer to the intelligence requirements.
d) Selection of collection agencies to the
employed and the issuance of the necessary orders and request for
information.
e) Supervising the execution of order and
request.
2) Depending on the mission. The commander and
his Staff require intelligence information.

a) To arrive at sound and timely decisions in

preparing plans and estimate for future operations and in
conducting operations.
b) To protect the command by avoiding surprise
and denying the enemy information concerning his own forces.
c) To assist in the processing of other
information.
Also, in the Commander’s estimate of the situation,
three of the five steps involved the active participation of the
intelligence effort. The commander should have readily available
information required by the two steps of the Estimate of the
situation – the mission and the friendly capabilities. The
information required in the last three steps – knowledge of the
weather, enemy and terrain – must be provided by the intelligence
officer.
After the intelligence requirements have been
determined and priorities have been established, the intelligence
officer must determine what indications will answer questions
about the requirements. He must then select the agencies that will
actually collect the required information. There are four criteria for
the proper selection of collection agencies: Capability, Suitability,
Multiplicity and Balance.
47
 To insure a logical, orderly process in his search
for the answer to the essential elements of information, the
Intelligence officer develops a collection plan. He analyzes the
essential elements of information for possible indications of enemy
activities, determines the collections agencies he will use, direct,
these agencies in the search for information by using specific
orders and request for information is to be reported. During this
entire process, the intelligence officer is continually supervising
the execution of the orders and request which have been issued.
c. Collection of Information

Collection – is the system exploitation of sources of

information by collection agencies and the delivery of the
information obtained to the proper intelligence section.
Intelligence Officer must insure continuous input of
reliable information concerning the disposition, strength,
composition and movement of the hostile forces, as well as
information concerning weather and terrain. He must use every
means at his disposal to gain information on the enemy forces
within the area of interest which may affect the preparation and
execution of his plans. Failure to exploit every source of
information may deny important information of hostile capabilities,
vulnerabilities, probable courses of actions.

Source of information - are persons, things, or actions

from which information about the enemy, weather or terrain is
derived. At the beginnings of an operation the intelligence officer
does not lack information from which to produce intelligence for
initial estimates because many sources will be available to him.
These sources will include maps, air, photos, enemy documents,
enemy materials, prisoners of war, and weather forecasts.

Collection Agency – is any person, unit or activity that

collect and/or processes information by research, surveillance,
interrogation or other exploitation of resources. It is the
responsibility of everyone to collect information. Collection
agencies include all military intelligence specialists, troops and
special units (military police, signal, ordinance, etc.)
c. Processing of Information
Processing – is the step which intelligence is created
from the raw material of information. It consists of three distinct
steps:

48
 1) The recording of information so that it can be
compared with other items on hand.
2) The evaluation of information or order to determine
its intelligence value.
3) The interpretation of the information in relation to
other information and intelligence on hand in order to draw
conclusions regarding its meaning.
Evaluation – information is of small value unless it has
been analyze with respect to its pertinence, the reliability of the
officer and agency and its pertinence, the reliability of the officer
and agency and its probable accuracy. The intelligence Officer
must examine each item of information as soon as it is received to
determine its intelligence value. This examination may be either
elaborated or instant, depending upon the circumstances. Is the
information needed immediately or at some future time? Are the
source and agency reliable? Is the information confirmed or
collaborated by previous received information or previous
produced intelligence.
Interpretation of information consist of determining its
significance with respect to other information or previously
collected and processed intelligence, and finally drawing
conclusions as the probable meaning of the information.

Evaluation and interpretation together are the essential

steps in processing. Keep in mine that the commander wants
intelligence and not merely a compilation of information.

d. Dissemination and use of Intelligence

The next phase of the intelligence cycle is the
dissemination and use of intelligence. Intelligence is the end result
of all intelligence activities. To be effective, it must be disseminated
to the commander, his staff, and others who require it in proper
form and on time serve its purpose.

The commander received intelligence from the

intelligence officer in the form of intelligence estimate. The
intelligence estimates gives the commander the best possible
picture of the area of operation sand the enemy without irrelevant
details. It is the intelligence officer’s job to weight the intelligence
he
produces and to present it clearly and concisely using graphic
means instead of “wordy” pictures whenever possible.

The intelligence estimate brings together significant

aspect of the weather, terrain and the enemy. It enumerates and
49
discusses the enemy’s capabilities, his weaknesses as well as his
favorable qualities, and if warranted, draw conclusions as to the
relative probability of the adoption of the enemy capabilities and
their effect on our mission. The intelligence estimate is
continuously revised, and is constant and basic responsibility of
the intelligence officer. The commander uses the intelligence
estimate, selects the courses of action which is most likely to
succeed.

Dissemination to other users are accomplished by

means of messages, (radio, messenger, or by any rapid means of
signal communication) and personal contact (telephone, personal
reports, integrating report, operating orders, and other special
reports).

50
 REPORT WRITING

1. DEFINITION

a. Report writing is a deliberate means used to transmit

information to others.
b. Reporting is knowingly passing along information to
someone else.

2. REASONS FOR WRITING

a. To serve as permanent records.

b. To transmit reports, facts and other information to
action agency.
c. To aid top planners & experts in the interpretation
and analysis of reported info.

3. Prerequisites for Good Report Writing

a. Precise understanding of the assignment.

b. Ability to obtain the desired information.
c. Ability to collect and retain accuracy & in detail.
d. Ability to transmit the collected info ASAP.

4. TOOLS FOR REPORTING

a. Use the six (6) interrogative words as tools such as:

• Who – refers to persons

• Where – refers to place
• What – refers to incidents, events or activities
• When – indicates date & time
• Why – connotes reasons behind the incident
• How – describes circumstances

b. Characteristics of a Good Report

• Pertinence unbiased
• clear phraseology completeness
• accuracy conciseness

c. The Organization and Expression of a Report

• Heading
• Collection and Source Data
• The Information Part
• The Interpretive Comments
51
 d. THE TEST OF A GOOD REPORT
• all of the Who, What, When, Where, Why and How
have been included in the collection data.
• gives clear account on how the info was obtained.
• no inexactness of expression.
• no unsupported generalization.
• no inaccuracies.
• not repetitive
• contain only significant information.

e. EXAMPLE OF REPORTS
• Information Report
• Operational Report
• Summary of Information
• Agent’s Report

5. EVALUATION OF REPORT

Evaluation of Source Evaluation of Information

A - completely reliable 1 - confirmed by other sources

B - usually reliable 2 - possibly true
C - fairly reliable 3 - probably true
D - not usually reliable 4 - doubtfully true
E - unreliable 5 - improbable
F - reliability cannot be judged 6 - truth cannot be judged

Sources from which observation was made

S - SIGINT intercepted
T - unit commander
U - intelligence specialist
V - troops engaged in operations
W - enemy interrogee
X - local government official
Y - local populace
Z - enemy captured documents

6. TIPS DURING NOTE-TAKING

• Use one you find workable.

• Develop your own system of abbreviation
• Jot down facts only.
• Write only the key words.
• Write in details ASAP while they are still fresh in your
mind.
52
 PORTRAIT PARLE

(Description of a Person)

Description is the technique of factually reporting one's own

observation or the sensory experiences recounted by another
person. Since the purpose of description is to present an accurate
word picture, the use of standard terms in describing persons
contributes immensely to the value of reports prepared by
professional investigators.

The cornerstone of the investigator's systems of describing

persons is the complete Portrait Parle. This is the modern version
of the original Portrait Parle, a complicated and lengthy system
devised late in the 19th century by Alphonse Bertillion, a clerk in
the French Surete. "Portrait Parle" means, in effect, "a spoken
picture". While Portrait Parle is usually obtained when the
individual is in custody or under close observation, it is also the
standard method of describing individuals under observation in
other circumstances. It is used in describing, for future
investigative reference, unidentified individuals observed during an
investigation; in describing individuals to another agent so that he
may form an accurate mental picture of them; and in identifying
individuals from photographs. Portrait Parle contains the standard
terminology to describe particular physical characteristics. It is
flexible, permitting additions and omissions as required by the
situation.

It is imperative to note that accurate description of persons is

a vital qualification for a Special Agent in the Counterintelligence
field. The goal of persons in the field of counterintelligence is to
train themselves so that they can obtain a complete physical
description of an individual in a matter of seconds. This ability to
describe another person may be acquired in the following manner:

a. By learning the meaning of the numerous words which

can be used in describing the various features;
b. By studying and practicing the description of one or two
features such as eyes or nose, as they appear on several different
persons, and continuing this practice until all features have been
covered;
c. By learning a definite order in proceeding from one
feature to another.

In short, Portrait Parle is the means of using descriptive

terms employed in relation to a personal feature of an individual.
53
 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIVIDUAL

a. AGE - in describing the age, if the exact age is known,

give it with the date of birth, if unknown , estimate it in spans of five
years. Example: Estimated age is 36 it should be estimated at 35-
40 never 38-43.
b. SEX - if it is normal, indicate whether female or male;
individual who has sexual tendencies of a perverted nature, try to
determine his contacts, associations, place which they frequently
visit, so that it will give you an idea of what kind of a person he or
she is.
c. RACE - when describing the race, it is either Caucasian
or white, Negro, Malayan or Mongolian. In describing the degree of
tint should be given. Example: For describing an individual who is
a member of the Negro race, the description should be black, light
brown, or dark brown.
d. HEIGHT - if physically measured, record the exact
height. If estimated, arrive at an estimate by comparison with your
own height and record it in a two-inch span. This is done simply by
eye-level method. Example . If the height estimate is 6'0", it should
be estimated in the following manner: 5'11"-6'1".
e. WEIGHT - When estimating an individual's weight always
give a ten-pound span. Example: 150 (estimated weight), it should
be done in the following manner : 145 - 155 lbs. In estimating the
weight of an individual you have to consider also the built and the
height.

The method of estimating is more accurate when the

characteristics of build are considered with estimated height, so
that this time focus yourself first on build and then return to the
method of estimating weight.

We should remember that the weight of a person is

properly estimated and nearly accurate when the build and height
of the individual are considered. It should be further noted that for
every inch added in height, you add five pounds in weight, for
every inch deducted in height, you must subtract five pounds in
weight. That is, when using the table of weights.

The TABLE OF WEIGHTS lists the following information

for a person with medium build: (American Standard)

54
HEIGHT NORMAL WEIGHT HEIGHT NORMAL WEIGHT

5'0" 115 lbs 5'6" 145 lbs

5'1" 120 5'7" 150
5'2" 125 5'8" 155
5'3" 130 5'9" 160
5'4" 135 5'10" 165
5'5" 140

It should be noted that the above table covers only a

medium build. In estimating other categories of build, the following
scale should be used:

Emaciated - Subtract 40 pounds from the normal (weight)

Thin - - - Subtract 25 pounds from the normal (weight)
Slender- - Subtract 15 pounds from the normal (weight)
Medium - No weight is added to or subtracted from
the normal (weight)

(See TABLE OF WEIGHTS)

Stocky - - Add 15 pounds to the normal (weight)
Heavy - - Add 25 pounds to the normal (weight)
Very Heavy - Add 40 pounds to the normal (weight)

Weights added to or subtracted from the normal (weight) are

only approximate.

Example: Mercy is 5'3" tall and is slender. Her weight is

estimated by using the table above. Hence, the table says her
normal weight at her height is 130 pounds. Since she is of a
slender build, we have to deduct 15 pounds from her normal
weight. Thus, her weight is estimated as 115 lbs and reflected as
100-120 pounds. Her estimated weight falls in the middle of the
ten-pound span.

f. BUILD - The term used in describing the build are:

emaciated, thin, slender, medium, stocky, heavy, and very heavy.

Carriage or posture- the usual way of holding the head,

back and shoulders which may be shown as erect, stooping, and
hunchback.
Chest - may be shown as narrow, broad or bulging.

55
 PROFILE - Every profile has three parts:

a. The upper third of the profile is that part lying between

the normal hairline and the eyebrows.
b. The middle third of the profile is that area between the
eyebrows and the base of the nose.
c. The lower third is that area between the base of the nose
and the bottom of the chin.

SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERSON CONSIDERED FOR

OBSERVATION

The accepted order of procedure is to describe each

characteristic in the order in which it appears, from the head of the
individual down to his body, so no characteristics would be
omitted. Remember, each individual characteristic is dependent for
the estimation of its size, length, and shape upon its relationship to
the other characteristics in the profile. For instance, a person's
nose is considered to be long, short, or medium in comparison with
the size of the other characteristics of the face.

a. The Face and Head - The face is judged in reference to

its shape, color, and peculiarities of its carriage.
b. THE SHAPE OF THE FACE: Seen from the front, the
face is described according to the apparent proportionate
relationship between its height and its breadth. Such consideration
yields a variety of descriptive terms which includes:

1) Square 5) Fat
2) Broad 6) Long
3) Round 7) Oval- - the most common type
4) Thin

c. PECULIARITIES OF THE FACE - the peculiarities of the

face may be:

1) Prominent cheekbones
2) Flabby cheeks (weak, lack firmness)
3) Full or Flat
4) Bony or Thin
5) Smiling - shows signs of pleasure
6) Scowling - shows a threatening behavior

56
 c. PECULIARITIES OF THE HEAD (As seen from the side).

1) Round
2) High at the back
3) Flat at the back
4) Bulging at the back
5) Egg or keel-shaped

d. PECULIARITIES OF THE HEAD - the peculiarities of the

head are almost always the result of carriage of the head. The head
maybe habitually bent forward, turned sidewise, inclined to the left
or right, inclined backwards, or inclined backwards to the right or
left.

e. TYPES OF COMPLEXION:

1) Fair 5) Yellow
2) Dark 6) Black
3) Sunburnt 7) Brown
4) Brick-red 8) Ruddy (healthy reddish )

f. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HAIR

1) Color
2) Degree of growth
3) Type
4) Manner in which it is dressed
5) Peculiarities and deficiencies which exist

g. THE COLOR OF THE HAIR may be described as:

1) Light blonde 6) Gray

2) Blonde 7) Black streaked with gray
3) Dark blonde 8) White
4) Brown 9) Auburn (moderate brown)
5) Black
The possibility of dyed hair must be taken into
consideration. Also the use of toupees must be noted.

h. THE DEGREE OF GROWTH MAY BE DEFINED AS:

1) Thick or Thin
2) Sparse
3) Long or Short

57
 i. TYPES OF HAIR:

1) Wavy
2) Curly
3) Straight
4) Kinky
5) Artificially waved or curled

j. THE MANNER IN WHICH THE HAIR IS DRESSED may be

described as:

1) Parted on the right

2) Parted on the left
3) Brushed straight back
4) Close-cropped (clipped short)
5) Crew Cut
6) Pompadour (like the hair style of late Elvis
Presley). As to women, be able to seek the assistance of those
who are up-to-date in hair-styling.

k. Peculiarities and efficiencies of the Hair - These

characteristics pertain to hair that is deceased and to the degree of
baldness which are important identifying characteristics. Degrees
of baldness are:

1) Frontal baldness which describes lack of hair

on the front top of the head.
2) Occipital baldness which describes baldness
in the area of the crown.
3) Total baldness is the term used to indicate
complete baldness at the top of the head.
4) A receding hairline over the temples can be
described as slightly receding or totally receding.

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE FOREHEAD

Forehead - is described according to height, width, slope and

peculiarities.

The height of the forehead is observed in profile and is the

vertical distance from the normal hairline to the eyebrows.
Forehead may either be - high, low, or medium, depending upon
whether it is greater than, equal to, or less than one-third of the
normal profile.

58
 The slope of the forehead is observed in profile and
determined by drawing an imaginary vertical line through the
profile at the point where the nose is attached to the face or cheek.
Following are the types:

a. Vertical - if the forehead meets and coincides with this

vertical line.
b. Receding - if the forehead falls away from the imaginary
line to a great extent or if it departs slightly.
c. Bulging - if the forehead is curved and in advance of
vertical.
d. Prominent - if the forehead is straight but in advance of
vertical.

The WIDTH OF THE FOREHEAD is the distance between the

temples, and is described as broad, medium or narrow.

FOREHEAD PECULIARITIES - are noted to include

pronounced permanent frowns, or deep horizontal wrinkles.

EYEBROWS are described in respect to their shape, length,

breadth (distance from side to side) and color. the color of the hair.

The SHAPE OF THE EYEBROWS is express as arched,

straight, peaked, internal oblique, or external oblique.

The LENGTH OF THE EYEBROWS is either long, short, or

medium.

The BREATH OF THE EYEBROW may either be: thin, thick,

plucked, or penciled. It may be further described as bushy, heavy,
sparsely haired.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EYES - the size, color and any

peculiarities are the identifying features of the human eyes. As to:

a. Size - large, small, medium

b. Color - distinct colors seen in the iris are listed. Some of
the colors are: black, dark brown, light brown
c. Depth - Bulging normal or deep-set green, blue and gray.

PECULIARITIES - the identifying characteristics in respect to

peculiarities in profile. The features considered in describing the
noise are the root, the line of the bridge of the nose, the base, the
projection, tip dimensions, and peculiarities of the nose.

59
 Root - the root of the nose is the cavity which is found at the
top of the nose between the eyes. It is described and to depth and
recession.

Line of the bridge of the nose is from the hollowest part of

the root to the point of the nose. The line maybe:

Concave - the line of the nose recedes towards the base after
leaving the root and then rises again towards the tip, thus forming
the concave line.

Straight - the line of the nose follows the shortest, unbroken

distance from the root to the tip.

Aqualine or Eaglebeak - the line of the nose forms an obtuse

angle at the lower third of the line of the bridge.

Roman - the line of the nose rises upward from the root and
descends again toward the base forming an obtuse angle in the
upper third of the nose.

Undulating- the line of the nose is broken at several places

from the root to the tip, and is a series of concave and convex
curves.

The BASE OF THE NOSE is the point where the line of the
bridge joins the base of the nose. The tip may be: pointed, round,
flat, or bulbous.

The septum (wall/tissue) and the nostril should also be

described when they are visible. Usually the septum is slightly
visible either from front or profile view. In some cases, it may be
described as invisible, slightly visible or greatly exposed. The
nostrils may be described as invisible, lightly visible, or flared.

The dimensions of the nose are the length, the projection, and
the width of the nose.

The length of the nose is observed in profile, and is the vertical

distance from a point between the eyebrows to the base of the
nose. The length of the nose is stated as being long, medium or
short. The term medium nose is equal to one-third of the vertical
distance from the normal hairline to the point of the chin. A long
nose is greater, and a short nose is lesser than one-third of this
vertical distance.

60
 The projection is observed in profile and is the distance which
separate the point of attachment of the nostril from the tip of the
nose, and may be expressed as small, medium, or large.

The width of the nose is the horizontal distance which

separates the two sides of the nose at their greater breadth. This is
observed from the front and is expressed as being narrow, medium
or wide.

The PECULIARITIES OF THE NOSE are structural; they may

be inherited or acquired by the individual, and would include such
features as a crushed nose, a twisted nose, tip tilted to the right or
the left, and a nose with flaring nostrils.

MOUTH - the description of the mouth is expressed in

reference to its size, shape, and any visible peculiarities of the
teeth.

Size of the mouth. The mouth seen from the front is judged
by its size' it may be noted as large, medium, small. In determining
the size of the mouth, draw an imaginary vertical line through the
center of each eye. If the outside corners of the mouth meet these
lines, the mouth would be described as medium in size.

The shape of the mouth. The mouth may be dropping or

upturned at the corners. Some are crooked, twisted or contorted.
The upper lips in forming the shape of the mouth is usually in the
form of a bow.

PECULIARITIES OF THE MOUTH: Habitually held open

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIPS- The lips are described in

respect to the length of the upper or lower lips and the thickness of
both lips.

Length of the upper lip- is the vertical distance from the base
of the nose to the line of the moth (where the lips meet). It is
described either as: long, medium, or short. If the upper lip from
the base of the nose to the line of the mouth is equal to one-third of
the lower third of the normal profile, the upper lip is of medium
length.

Thickness of the lips varies with each individual, the terms

thin or thick are generally used in describing the fullness of the
lips.

61
 Length of the lower lip is the vertical distance from line of the
mouth to the recession of the gum line. If the vertical distance is
equal to one third of the lower third of the normal profile, it is
described as medium in length. Other descriptions are long or
short.

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CHIN - the chin is considered in

respect to the general outline of its profile, its size, length, and any
peculiarities which may be present.

Line of Profile -General slope of the profile of the chin is

called vertical, receding, jutting, or normal. If the chin meets the
vertical line drawn through the nose, where the nose is attached to
face the chin is described as vertical. If it exceed or protrude
forward of this vertical line, it is described as jutting; if it recedes
behind the line, it is described as receding.

Size - size and shape are considered from the front. It

may be a small, medium, large as being the vertical distance from
recession of the gum line to the bottom of the chin. If is equal to
one third of the lower third of the profile, it is medium in length.
Another description are long or short.

The peculiarities of the chin are structural and may include:

double chin, clefts and recession from the gum line.

a. CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CHEEK - the cheek is

described as dimpled (left, right, or both), bulging, cramped, flabby
and pockmarked.

b. CHARACTERISTIC OF THE EAR - the ear is composed of

a series of ridges and hollows. The ridges are usually the ones that
aid the observer in identifying a person. These ridges are: border
of helix, the lobe, the tragus, the antiragus, and the folds.

1) The helix (border of the ear). It starts at the central

depression or shell above the auricular activity and borders the ear
in the manner of a gutter. Normally, it runs two-thirds of the arc of
the ear and can be described as medium, short, or long in length.
It is also described as to thickness.
2) The lobe is the lowest part of ear and situated at
the termination of the helix at the point of attachment to the cheek.
It is considered in respect to its contour and is described as
descending, squared, gulfed, normal, or pointed.
3) Descending is the term used to describe the lobe
which finished in the descending point along the cheek.
62
 4) Square is the term use to describe the lobe which
ends in a parallel to the horizontal plane of the head.
5) Gulfed - describes the lobe which is isolated from
the cheek.
6) Normal - characterizes the lobe with the slight dip
beneath the horizontal plane.
7) Pointed is the descriptive term for the usual lobe
which actually forms a point beneath the ear.
8) Peculiarities of the ear - There are two terms in this
aspect. They are: Darwinian Tubercle and the Darwinian
Extension. The Darwinian Tubercle is the term used to describe a
growth on the outer border of the helix, and may appear anywhere
on the outer border. The Darwinian extension is the term used to
describe a growth on the inner border of the helix.
9) General shape - almost all ears are oval in shape.
10) Proximity - the ear must be stated as being close to
or protruding from the head.
11) Size - the ear may be large, medium, or small in
proportion to the head.

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE NECK - Identifying features of the

neck are its length, proportionate thickness, and any peculiarities
which may be present.

a. Length of the neck is described as to the vertical

distance from the point of the chin to the line of the shoulder the
neck may termed as long, medium or thin.
b. Thickness of the neck - it is determined by the apparent
proportionate relationship of the size and shape of the head and
length of the neck may be as is, medium or thin.
c. Peculiarities of the neck would include Adam's apple,
and goiter.

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SHOULDER - the shoulders as a

continuation of the neckline may be described as to width, shape
and peculiarities.

a. Width of the shoulder may be described as medium

wide, or narrow when estimated with respect to the size of the
body.
b. Shape of the shoulders may be described as rounded or
square.

PECULIARITIES OF THE SHOULDER includes erect, stooped,

hunched, one shoulder higher than the other.

63
 STOMACH is described as flat, bulging, trembling, or firm.

NATIONAL ORIGIN - subject's specified nationality and

ethnic origin such as American of Filipino descent.

WALK - the manner of walking varies with each person and

has to be described as: cadet, spring-like, limping to the left or
right, normal, etc.

VISIBLE SCARS - all permanent body scars visible when an

individual is fully dressed are termed as visible scars.

VOICE OR SPEECH- accent and pitch are the principal

characteristics by which a voice or speech may be described.

OTHER DISTINGUISHING MARKS - birthmarks, amputations,

hidden scars, moles. In case of tattoo, the location on the body
and the actual design is important .

64
 BASIC MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

a. Map - is a graphical representation of the earth surface

drawn to scale as seen from above. Man-made and natural features
are defected by symbols, colors, lines and forms.
b. Map Reading _ is the knowledge and skills necessary to
interpret correctly and efficiently map information.
c. Map Symbol - is a sign composed of diagram, number,
letter, abbreviation, colors, or combination thereof which is used to
identify and distinguish a particular military unit, activity or
installation. Topographic Symbols are simple standard drawing by
which terrain features such as valleys, mountains, hills, water
features, ate are shown on a map.

2. PURPOSE

A map provides information on the existence and location of

and the distance between group features such as populated place
and routes of travel and communication. It also indicates variations
in terrain, heights of natural features and the extent of vegetation
cover. It is necessary to rely on maps to provide information to our
combat elements and to resolve logistical operations far from our
shores. Troops and materials must be transported, stored, and
place into operation at the proper time and place. Therefore, any
operations require the supply of maps; however, the finest maps
available are worthless unless the map user knows how to read
them.

3. MARGINAL INFORMATION

a. Upper Left - series names and scale. The series is the

name of the large area of which this particular map sheet is a part.
b. Top Center - sheet name or name of a particular area.
c. Top right - sheet number and serial number.
d. Lower left - series number repeated, edition number and
date.
e. Lower left - paragraph showing sources and preparation
data for the map.
f. Lower left - Legend. The legend is partial listing and
interpretation of the symbols used in the map.
g. Bottom center - representative fraction and graphic
scales.
h. Bottom center - information on contour intervals.

65
 i. Bottom center – information oh the grid system used
and brief explanation of the coordinate system.
j. To the right of grid information – declination diagram
showing the relationship among the three (3) types of north.
k. Lower right – coverage diagram showing method of
revision and ate of photography for the map: index to boundaries,
index to adjoining sheets.
l. Extreme Lower right – sheet name and series name
repeated; geographic index, showing location of the map on the
earth surface.

4. ORIENTATION OF MAP

A map is oriented when in a horizontal position and its north

and all map lines are parallel to their corresponding lines on the
ground.

a. Orientation by Compass – place the map on the flat

surface and draw the MN line and follow these steps:

1) Open the compass and place it over the MN lines

that the sightings wire in the front sight cover is nearest the top if
the map and is directly over the MN line that has been drawn.
2) Turn the map taking care not to move the compass
from its position over the MN line, until the north arrow of the
compass is aligned with the index line of the inner glass.

b. Orientation by Inspection – carefully examine the map

and ground for features that are common to both map and ground.
Align the features on the map with the same features on the
ground. The map is oriented.

5. TYPES OF MAP

a. Planimetric Map – presents only the horizontal position

for the features represented.
b. Topographic Map – portrays terrain features as well as
the horizontal positions of the features represented.
c. Photo Map – is a reproduction of an aerial photograph
that show the different parts of the map such as grid lines, marginal
data, place names, important elevations et al.
d. Joint Operations Graphic – series of 1:250,000 scale
military maps designed for joint ground and air operations.
e. Photo mosaic – is an assembly of aerial photographs
that is commonly called a mosaic in topographic usage.

66
 f. Terrain Model – is a scale model of the terrain showing
features and in large-scale models showing industrial and cultural
shapes.
g. Military City Map – is a topographic map, usually
1:12,500 scale of a city, delineating streets and showing street
names, importance that are compatible with the scale of the map.
h. Special Map – are maps for special purposes such as
trafficability, communications and assault maps.

6. TYPES OF MAP ACCORDING TO SCALE

Scale – is expressed as a fraction and gives the ration of

small distance to ground distance. The scale can be a small scale,
medium scale and large scale which may be confusing when read
in conjunction with the numbers. Therefore, the larger the number
after 1; the smaller the scale of the map.

a. Small Scale – 1:1,000,000 which are used for general

planning and strategic studies at the high echelon.
b. Medium Scale – 1:250,000 which are used for planning
operations, including the movement and concentration of troops
and supplies.
c. Large Scale – 1:50,000 which are used to meet the
tactical, technical and administrative needs of field units.

7. SCALE

Ground Distance (GD) can be determined from a map by the

scale. Scale is the relation between distance on the map and actual
distance on the ground. It is expressed on one or more of the
following ways:

a. Works and Figures – scale may be expressed by a

simple statement like “3 inches equals 1 mile”, meaning 3 inches
on the map equals I mile on the ground. Similarly, “1 inch equal 200
feet”, meaning 1 inch on the map equal 200 ground.
b. Representative Fraction (RF) – the representative
fraction formula is:

RF - Map Distance (MD)

- Ground Distance (GD)

in which the numerator and denominator are expressed in the same

unit, as inches, feet, yards, meters or miles. The RF appearing in
the margin as 1:20,000 such unit on the ground. The larger the
67
denominator of the RF, the smaller the scale of the map. Thus a
1:100,000 map is a small scale map and 1:20,000 is larger scale
map.
c. Graphic Scale – distance may also be measured by a
graphic scale, a special ruler for the particular map, printed in the
margin.
d, Conversion Factor – distance may be expressed in
either the English of the Metric system and it may be necessary to
convert measurement of the system with those of another.
Common units of metric linear measure.

1 mile =1,760 yards =1.609 kilometers = 1,609 mtrs

1 kilometer =1,094 yards = 0.62 mile
1 meter = 1.094 yards = 39.37 inches
1 yard = 0.91 meter = 36 inches

8. BASE DIRECTION

Direction from one point to another is always expressed as an

angle from the base line. There are three bases directions, namely:
TRUE NORTH (Star), MAGNETIC NORTH (Half Arrowhead), and
GRID NORTH (Y or GN).

a. True North – is the direction of the north pole. It is used

in surveying where great accuracy is required but is not normally
used by military personnel in the field. Meridian or longitude lines
on a map represent True north and South direction. It is almost
directly under the North Star Polaris, but 1 degree of Center.
b. Magnetic North – is the direction of the North Magnetic
Pole. It is indicated by the N (north seeking) of the compass
needed. It is ordinarily used for field work because it can be found
directly with the common compass.
c. Grid North – is the direction of the vertical grid lines
usually found on military maps. Determination of direction by grid
north is convenient because grid lines are located at frequent
intervals on maps.

9. USE AND DETERMINATION OF AZIMUTH

a. Declination – is the difference in direction between true

north and magnetic north or between true north and grid north.
There are two declinations: MAGNETIC and GRID.

1) Magnetic Declination – is the angle formed

between the magnetic north and true north. If the magnetic north
and true north is on the same line the magnetic declination is zero.
68
If the magnetic north is EAST of the True North, the magnetic
declination is EAST. If the magnetic north is WEST of the True
North the magnetic declination is WEST. Magnetic declination
generally varies in value. Thus, magnetic declination in Manila may
be 1 degree 15’E and that of Cebu may be 1 degree 30’W. The
magnetic declination as from past records changes and is
expressed as either EASTERLY or WESTRELY – meaning that the
magnetic north tends to move towards the East or West as the case
may be.
2) Grid Declination – is the angle formed by the True
North and Grid North. The Grid Declination is East if the Grid North
is East of the True North.
G-M Angle – the angle formed by Magnetic North
and the Grid North is called the GM ANGLE. If the Magnetic North is
East of the Grid North, the GM angle is East. If the Magnetic North
is West of the Grid North , the GM angle is West. This angle is used
frequently in field map reading and its value can be found on the
marginal data of maps. The annual magnetic change affects the
value of the GM Angles by either increasing or decreasing
depending on the measurements of the magnetic north.
3) Declination Diagram – printed on the margin of
military maps. It has three prongs showing the direction of the True
North, Magnetic North and Grid North. The angle between prongs
are usually drawn accurately and can be used for graphic work on
the map. For reasons given below, declination diagram should be
verified by measurement before being use for this purpose. On
some maps when the declination is small, the diagram is
exaggerated.

b. Forward Azimuth – in describing the position of one

point on map or in the field with reference to some other point, the
army uses the azimuth system of measuring direction. Military
azimuth are horizontal angles measured clockwise from magnetic,
true or grid north base line.

1) Magnetic Azimuth – is the horizontal angle

measured clockwise from magnetic north to the line.
2) Grid Azimuth – is the horizontal angle measured
clockwise from grid north to the line.
3) True Azimuth – azimuth measured with true north
as base line.
4) Relation between Magnetic and Grid Azimuth – in
the field, magnetic azimuth are read directly from the compass. If
the map is one with the protractor and pivot point, the magnetic
north line may be drawn easily on the map, and that is the line used
to plot compass reading. However, for older maps compass
69
reading is usually converted to grid azimuth before it is plotted on
the map. The difference between the grid and magnetic azimuth is
the G-M Angle.

a) When MN is East of GN, GAZ equals MAZ plus

G-M angle.
b) When MN is West of GN, GAZ equals MAZ
minus G-M angle.

c) Back Azimuth – BAZ is simply the AZ of line

viewed backward. The BAZ of a line is its FAZ plus 180 degrees, or
if this sum is greater than 180 degree, the back azimuth is the
forward azimuth minus 180 degrees. For example, if the FAZ is a
line of 50 degrees, the BAZ is 50 degrees plus 180 degrees equals
to 230 degrees. Or if the FAZ of line is 310 degrees minus 180
degrees equals 130 degrees.

10. DETERMINING DIRECTION AND LOCATION

To determine direction and location, you will be primarily

guided by the use of key terrain features that exist in the area.
Direction is defined as an imaginary straight line on the map or
ground and expressed as an azimuth. Azimuth is the horizontal
angle measured clockwise from the base direction.

Direction may be estimated directly from the map by

comparing it to the ground, and then walking over the terrain that
the map indicates will lead you to the desired place. However, on
the ground and on the map, there is one simple task we can use to
determine the direction of things for us. This tool is called the
compass.

In the military, the type of a compass that is issued and

commonly used is called the lensatic compass. This useful item
finds the north and the azimuth for us. In other words, the lensatic
compass is the direction finder. The compass can tell us the
azimuth in degrees toward a given object, or it can tell us the
direction if an azimuth is known. To find a given magnetic azimuth,
hold the compass level and turn the compass and yourself until the
correct magnetic azimuth is under the stationary index line. If you
are going to travel along this azimuth, look up the sky line and pick
up some prominent terrain features on this line that you can use to
guide on while moving. As much as possible, take the back azimuth
which is the reverse of the forward azimuth.

70
 In order to be assured of the accuracy of the lensatic
compass, observe the two (2) general rules as follows:

a. Keep away from metal objects and high tension wire.

The north arrow of the compass is controlled by lines of force in
the earth’s magnetic field. Since these force lines are disturbed
locally by small amount of iron and electric fields, these things will
produce error in the compass and the effect will be greater as the
mass of the object or strength of the filed increases.
b. Keep the compass closed when not in use. The compass
is a delicate instrument and can be damaged easily. It should
always be properly closed and returned to its carrying case when
not in actual use.

11. METHODS OF DETERMINING ONE’S POSITION AND

LOCATION.

a. INTERSECTION - is the location of the unknown,

unoccupied points by taking sights to the known point from at least
two known occupied positions.

Compass and protractor method of intersection – move

to a certain feature “A” which can be identified on your map at “A”
and take a compass sight on the object “C” you wish to locate.
Move to another readily identifiable feature “B” and gain sight on
the object “C” with your compass. The changes the MAZ to GAZ
and plot the GAZ through the respective positions where you
obtained the sights, or you can drawn an MN reference line through
each features on the map and plot the MAZ. Intersection of two
lines is the location of the objects.

b. RESECTION - is the locating of an unknown occupied

position by taking sights on two or more identifiable points whose
position are known.

1) Compass and Protractor Method of Resection:

Select two visible objects on the terrain as “B” and

“C” which can be identified with the map as “B” and “C” which are
situated to the line radiating from you to them which make an angle
of 30 degree to 150 degree at the observer.

With compass sight the landscape successively

recording the MAZ to each. Draw MN guide lines through the map
position of each object “B” and “C” and with the protractor lay off
the respective MAZ. Prolong these lines through the points “B” and
71
”C” back towards the observer until they intersect. Instead of
drawing the MN guide lines you can convert the MAZ to GAZ and
then plot in the grid BAZ through each object. The intersection of
these lines are again the position sought.

2) Graphical Resection – first orient your map

accurately. Look over the terrain and select two distinct visible
features on the ground. “B” and “C” which can be located and
identified on the map as “B” and “C”. the features selected should
be selected so lines radiating from you to them from and angle as
near 90 degrees as possible. Place a pin in “B” lay a straight edge
(ruler or pencil) against the point, turn it until it points at “B”. Draw
a ray on the map from the pin toward your position. Repeat the
same operation with point “C”. the intersection of two lines is your
own position or location on the map. Care must be exercised that
the map remains oriented during the entire procedure. If three
points are used instead of two your location will probably more
accurate.

c. MODIFIED RESECTION – a method of locating one’s

position on a map when the individual is located on a road or some
other linear terrain feature identified on the map. A MAZ is taken to
some points which can be identified both on the ground and on the
map. From this, compute the BAZ and convert to GAZ. Draw this
GAZ on the map from the know point. Where this azimuth line on
the map crosses or intersects the road or either linear terrain
features is the location of the individual.

12. GRID

a. Geographic Coordinates – is one of the oldest

systematic methods of location/and is based upon the geographic
coordinate system by drawing a set of east–west (latitude) and
north–south rings (Longitude). It is expressed in angular
measurements.
b. Military Grid System – is a network of squares formed by
the north-south and east-west grid line place on a map. The
distance between grid lines represents 1,000 or 10,000 meters
depending upon the scale of the map. This system enables the map
reader to quickly and accurately locate a point on a map.

Grid lines are identified by specific numbers printed on

the margin opposite the line it indicates. Any point on a map can be
identified by coordinates. The following are the rules for reading
grid coordinates.

72
 1) Use the large bold – faced number in the margin
labeling each grid line.
2) Starting from the lower left-hands corner of the
map, read right and up.
3) Write the grid coordinates as a continuos series of
numbers. In the following examples we shall be able to determine
the grid square of a point in the map, to locate a point within 100
meters, and to locate the point within 10 meters.

a) Determine the grid square.

b) Locating a point within 100 meters (100
meters square reading indicated that a point is located nearest the
100 meters).
c) Locating a point within 10 meters. The rule is
applied in the preceding example is observed. However, in locating
a point nearest the 10 meters, used the 8 digits coordinate system.
That gives you the exact location on the map.

73
 SIGNAL COMMUNICATION

1. Definition of Terms

a. Signal Communication – is a method or means or a

combination thereof of conveying information of any king of one
person or place to another except direct communication.
b. Means of Communication – a medium by which a
message is conveyed from one person to another.
c. Agency of Communication – a facility which embraces
the personnel and equipment to provide signal communication by
any particular means or combination thereof. COMMEL, Division
Signal Battalion.
d. Tactical Radio Sets – is the principal means of
communication in tactical units. It use for command, fire control,
exchange of information and administrative purposes between and
within units. It is especially adopted to rapid changing situation
such as air ground ship to shore, air to air communication. It is also
essential for communication. It is also essential for communication
impassable terrain or in large wire and other means are
impracticable to install.

2. Means of Communication:

a. Wire – it is used as the principal means of

communication in all military units. This means of communication
embraces all equipment used for laying recovering wire, battery
operated and sound-powered telephones, switch boards and
teletype equipment, when their use is authorized. The operating
range of wire communication varies, depending principally on the
weather and the condition of wire. Wet weather, poor splices, and
damage insulation are factors that greatly reduce its operating
range.
b. Radio – this means of communication is the most rapid
one. It is most frequently used for maintaining command, control,
contact and direction in contact. The radio has one distinct
advantage over other means of communication. It has a relatively
high degree of mobility and flexibility, resulting from the fact that
physical circuits are unnecessary to establish communication
between radio stations. The radio set is the only adequate means of
communication available in the fast moving situations, such as
armored attacks, amphibious operation, naval gunfire support,
serial bombing and strafing mission. The radio can bridge gaps in a
wire system and can provide communication across a terrain where
the use of the other means of communication is not possible.

74
 c. Messenger – the use of messenger as a means of
communication is preferred over the rest when maps and classified
documents are to be transmitted to other operating units. Since
time immemorial, messengers have been used as a means of
communication. It is no less important today as it was in times
gone by. It is the most secret means used by infantry units. Maps
and classified documents are delivered through this means. It also
the best means for the transmission of long messages over short
distances.
d. Visual Signal – it is used to control the action of a small
units. Over the years, visual signal has been relegated to the role
of an auxiliary means of communication. Any signal that is received
by the eye regardless of how it is transmitted, is the ”common
sense” definition of a visual signal. Flags, signal flares, and smoke
signals have been used throughout the ages as visual means of
communication have been developed. These included light,
pyrotechnics panels and others. To be effective, the prearranged
meanings of these visual signals must be in the possession of each
communicator before their use. They are most effective during
daylight or under conditions of clear visibility. Otherwise, they are
inefficient means of communication.
e. Sound Signal – this means of communications is used
primarily to spread alarms. Normally, it is used to warn troops of an
impending hostile air, mechanized, or gas attack. Signals received
by the unaided ear, regardless of the method of transmission, are
sound means of communication. They may be transmitted by
whistles, bugler, horns, weapons, and other noise-making devices.
Prearranged messages are transmitted through this means. They
are rapid means of communications over short distance but their
effective range is greatly reduced by battle noises. Like visual
signals, they are not secure means of communication. Their use
may be prohibited for security reasons.

3. TYPES OF TACTICAL RADIO SETS AND ITS

CHARACTERISTICS:

a. URC – 773M

1) Frequency Modulated (FM)

2) Transmission Range – 10 Kms (LOS)
3) Whip Antenna
4) Man Pack
5) Power Source – 12 VDC, 24 pcs BA – 30 12V Wet
Cell Battery]
6) Press to talk (Hand set)

75
 b. PRC – 77

1) Frequency Modulated (FM)

2) Transmission Range 08kms (LOS)
3) Man pack
4) Whip Antenna
5) Press to talk
6) Power Source – 12 VDC, 20 pcs BA – 30 and 12V
Wet Cell Battery

c. URC – 601

1) Handheld
2) Press to talk
3) Whip Antenna
4) Transmission Range – 3-4 Kms (LOS)
5) Power Source - 8 pcs BA-30

d. URC – 187

1) Amplitude Modulated (AM)

2) Transmission Range – 40 kms (sky wave
propagation)
3) Dipole Antenna
4) Press to talk (Hand Set)
5) Power Source – 36 pcs BA-30, 12-24V Wet Cell
Battery

4. ADVANTAGES OF TACTICAL RADIO SETS:

a. Speed of installation – it is easy to establish than wire or

other means of communication.
b. Flexible – it is no fixed circuit are required to be
constructed.
c. It provides communication across terrain over which it
may be impractical to install wire.

5. DISADVANTAGES OF TACTICAL RADIO SETS:

a. Lack of Security – radio is the least secured means. It is

always assumed that interception every time the transmitter is
place on operation.
b. Subject for interception radio is less vulnerable to
enemy terrorist activity than wire, however, it is subject for
interference from precipitation and jamming to other station.

76
6. FUNDAMENTAL OF TACTICAL RADIO COMMUNICATION:

a. Radio Net – a group of several stations working together

in the same frequency.
b. Call Sign – a combination of pronounceable words that
identifies the facility or station.
c. Individual Call Sign – this call sign identifies a single call
to any station within the net.
d. Collective Call Sign – this call sign identifies two or
more stations in particular radio net but not all stations in the net.
e. Net Call Sign – this call sign identifies all radio stations
operating in a particular radio net.
f. Call – a method of establishing communications
whereby the station calling transmits the identity of the station
called as well as his own identity.
g. Pro words – are pronounceable words which have
assigned meaning to facilitate transmission by radio
communication.

1) Over - My transmission is ended and I expect a

response from you.
2) Roger – I received your last message satisfactorily.
3) Out – My transmission is ended and I expect no
response from you.
4) Wilco – I will comply to your instruction.
5) Query – Clarification
6) Lima Charlie – I received your message loud and
clear.
7) Say again – I did not understand your
transmission, request repeat our last transmission.
8) Request Net With – Can I talk with Pfc Tolentino of
Pfc Ramos.
9) Wait one – Request that you wait for a minute, I will
call the person you want to talk to.
10) Read Back – Read back the message you have
copied.
11) Radio Silence – Cease transmission immediately,
however, keep on listening on the same frequency.
12) Break-break – stop your conversation and allow me
to this net to transmit for an urgent message.

7. PHONETIC ALPHABET

A – Alpha I – India Q – Quebec Z - Zulu

B – Bravo J – Juliet R – Romeo
C – Charlie K – Kilo S – Sierra
77
 D – Delta L – Lima T – Tango
E – Echo M – Mike U – Uniform
F – Foxtrot N – November V – Victor
G – Gulf O – Oscar X - X-ray
H – Hotel P – Papa Y - Yankee

8. NUMERICAL PRONUNCIATION:

1 – Wun 4 – Fower 7 – Seven 0 – Zero

2 – Ta-o 5 – Fi-yiv 8 – Ate
3 – Thu-ree 6 – Six 9 – Niner

78
 INDIVIDUAL MOVEMENT TECHNIQUE

DAY AND NIGHT TRAINING

1. DAY TRAINING

a. Factors to be considered in day movement

1) Terrain – suitable to fast movement and provide

adequate security.
2) Security – use all available cover and concealment
and provide good observation points.
3) Knowledge in the use of camouflage and
concealment

b. Techniques and Aids in Day Movement

1) Prepare and equip yourself .

2) Tape or pad any parts of your weapon or
equipment that rattles or are so loose that may snag, as you walk.
3) Wear soft, well-fitting clothes
4) Carry only prescribed and necessary equipment.
5) Move by bounds that is a short distance at a time,
halt, listen, observe. Then move again.
6) Change direction slightly from time to time when
moving through tall grasses.
7) If you alarm birds and animals, remain in a
position and observe briefly. Their flight or movement may attract
the enemy’s attention.
8) Follow the furrows as much as possible when
crawling over a flowed fields.
9) Cross roads and trails wherein there is the most
cover and concealment.

c. Individual Movement

CRAWL – is a move close to ground to avoid being seen

by the enemy.

Two Types of Crawl

1) High Crawl – it is applied when:

a) Cover and concealment are available in the

area.

79
 b) When poor visibility reduces enemy
observation.
c) When speed is needed.

2) Low Crawl – it is applied when;

a) Cover and concealment are scarce or few.

b) When visibility permits good enemy
observations.
c) When speed is not needed.

Difference Between High Crawl and Low Crawl

Low Crawl

1) Body rifle are flat to the ground.

2) Drag rifle foe of the butt of the rifle with finger over
the muzzle.
3) Push arms forward and cocked left leg forward.
4) Pull yourself with arms forward and push with left
legs.

High Crawl

1) Body is kept free from the ground with weight

resting on forearms and lower legs.
2) Move forward by alternately advancing the elbows
and knees.
3) Cradle rifle in your arms to keep muzzle.

PRONE TO RUSHING:

1) Start from the prone position.

2) Slowly raise your head and select your next
position.
3) Slowly lower head back. Draw your arms into your
body keeping your elbows down, and pull right leg forward.
4) With one movement, raise your body by
straightening the arms.
5) Spring to you foot, steeping off with left foot and
rush to your new position using the shortest route, crouching low
in a zigzag way.

DROPPING

1) Just before hitting the ground, plant both feet.

80
 2) Drop to knee at the same time sliding your hand to
the heel of the butt of the rifle.
3) Pull forward, breaking your pull with the butt of the
rifle.

2. NIGHT TRAINING – Using your eyes effectively at night

requires application of the following:

a. Principles of Night Vision

1) Dark adaptation – means allowing your eyes to

become accustomed to low level of illumination.
2) Off Center Vision – techniques in keeping your
attention focused to an object without locking directly at it.
3) Scanning – it using off center vision to observe an
area or an object.

b. Techniques in Night Vision:

1) Avoid straining your eyes.

2) Sudden light destroy our sight vision
3) Adapt your seeing at night vision.

a) Human eye for night vision by staying in the

dark for about one hour before you go out.
b) Prepare your eyes for night vision by staying
in the darkness for about one hour before you go out.

c. Problem on Night Movement

1) Night Vision – adapt in seeing at night by enlarging

the pupil in order to let in more light. Keep cut of light around you
and do not straight to light.
2) Appearance and sizes – darkness changes
appearance and sizes of an object:

a) Tree look smaller because tips and twigs of

branches cannot be seen. An airplane caught by the beam of
searching light looks large.
b) Night glasses make it possible to see the
objective that would to small.
c) Light is visible at night ordinary condition for
darkness.

81
 3) Sound and Smell

a) Learn to identify, evaluate, and react to

common battlefield noises and the common sound in your area of
operation. All of these sound like a snap of twig, click of bolt, rattle
of a canteen, the bark of a dog, the call wind and domestic animals
and fowls are information which may be valuable to you. you can
learn a lot by listening.
b) Sound can be heard better at night because
there are fewer noises to interfere, and night air carries sound
better.
c) Sound can prevail your presence to the
enemy. Suppress sneeze by pressing up on your nostril with your
finger.
d) Smells can help or endanger you. Odors from
gasoline, cooking foods or burning tobacco warn you of the enemy
presence. Avoid the uses if shaving lotion, deodorant, hair oil and
scented soap. Odors from these may reveal your presence to the
enemy.
e) Touch – learn to operate and adjust
equipment by touch alone.

d. Concealment at Night

1) Darkness provides concealment at night.

2) Keep all light concealed
3) Take advantages of the blinding effects of the burst
of light.
4) Use camouflage to hide yourself in darkness
5) Pay as much attention to background at night.

e. Rules for Night Movement:

1) Move by touching distance.

2) Be guided on prominent terrain features.
3) Move in the open as much a possible.
4) Take advantage of the sound
5) Do not run at night except when necessary.
6) Stop and listen frequently.

f. How to Move at Night:

1) Walking at right

a. Keep weighing in one foot as you step

82
 b. Feel the ground with your toe before stepping
it down.

2) Hitting the ground at night. Going into prone

position at night, crouch slowly and both rifle under armpit and feet
the ground with free hand.
3) Crawling at night – crawl on hand and knees. Then
lay rifle on the ground by your side. Keep hand on the spot and
bring forward knees, it meet the hand. With hands feel the ground
for the knees. Then clear again next spot for other knees to the
same way and alternately and silently.

g. How to know position.

1) Always keep track on where you are and the

direction to the other place in the area.
2) Use terrain features to keep direction at night.
3) Choose a route that can easily follow.
4) When moving at night, stop often.
5) Maps and compass are good aids in maintaining
direction.

h. Security at Night

Darkness provides a great ideal of protection. Use these

hints to gain greater security.

1) Know the challenge and passwords.

2) Use the buddy system – work with your buddy.
3) Proper use of the counter sign/call sign

83
. COVER AND CONCEALMENT:

COVER – is natural or artificial protection from the fire of the

enemy.

Types of Cover:

a. Natural (Ravines, hallows, reverse slopes big mound of

earth)
b. Artificial (Fighting positions, trenches, walls)

CONCEALMENT – is natural or artificial protection from

enemy observation (shadows, foliage, thick bush, fog, the clouds
and even the strong rain are included)

CAMOUFLAGING – employs visual trickery to exploit the

weaknesses of the human eyesight and brains. Camouflage comes
from a French word that means “to play a practical joke” - - to fool
our foe, to trick him that you are not there when, in fact, you are so
close to him than you can practically kill him silently.

Your camouflage must be so consistent to be effective. Your

camouflaging colors must closely resemble those around you.
Remember also that foliage shapes differ from place to place. You
must also camouflage everything. Do not forget your rifle, your
backpacks, you hands and even teeth. Do not forget to camouflage
your shoes.

84
 RIFLE SQUAD ORGANIZATION

1. COMPOSITION

The tactical rifle squad is the basic fighting unit. When

employed in the attack, its mission is to close with and kill or
capture the enemy. When used in the defense as part of the forward
rifle platoon, the rifle squad has the mission to stop the enemy by
fire delivered forward of the battle area, and repel the attack by fire
and close combat.
It is organized into two (2) fire teams consists of a team
leader, an automatic rifle, a grenadier, and a rifle man. The other
team has the same elements plus an additional rifleman
Squad Leader – he carries out the orders of his platoon
leader. His responsibility includes the discipline, appearance,
training, control and welfare of his men at all times. He also sees to
it that the weapons and other equipment of his unit area properly
maintained and cared for to be assured of their proper functioning
and economical use. In combat, he is responsible for the tactical
employment, fire discipline, control and maneuver of his squad.
Fire Team Leader – he gives positive leadership to his team,
and maintains discipline, welfare and combat proficiency. He
Carries out his assigned mission by vigorously exerting the most
practical and effective course of action until his mission is
accomplished. He assists in controlling the squad by setting the
examples and by initiating action as a fighting leader.

2. MISSION OF THE INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD

To close with the enemy by means of fire and maneuver, to
destroy or capture them or repel their assault by fire, close combat
and counter attack.
3. CAPABILITIES OF THE INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD
Infantry Rifle Squad can:
a. Provide a base of fire and maneuver
b. Close with the enemy to destroy and capture him
c. Repel and assault by fire, close combat and counter
attack
d. Seize and hold terrain
e. Maneuver in all types of local weather and terrain
f. Conduct combat operation under limited visibility
g. Provide light anti-tank protection
h. Participate in air assault operation
i. Participate in amphibious/waterborne operation
j. Operate in conjunction with heavy forces.
85
4. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEMBERS

a. Rifle Squad Leader – Responsible for all that the Rifle

Squad does or fails to do. He is tactical leader and, as such, leads
by example:
1) Control the maneuver of his squad and each rate
and contribution of fire.
2) Trains his squad on the individual and collective
tasks required to sustain combat effectiveness.
3) Manage the logistical and administrative needs of
his squad. He requests and issues ammunition, water ration, and
special equipment.
4) Maintains and accountability of his soldier and
equipment
5) Complete casualty feeder reports and reviews the
casualty reports completed by squad member.
6) Submits reports for awards and decorations.
7) Direct the maintenance of squad weapon and
equipment
8) Inspect the condition of soldier weapon, clothing
and equipment
9) Ensures that supplies and materials are distributed
to the soldier in the squad
10) Keeps the platoon sergeant/leader informed on
squad supplies status and squad requirements
11) Ensure supplies and equipment is internally cross
level within the squad.

Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle

Equipment: Map and Compass, Handheld FM Radio,
Binocular, Utility Rope

b. Team Leader

There are two (2) team leaders in the squad. One (1) for
each fire team.
1) Control the movement of their fire teams.
2) Ensure that their soldiers maintain the unit
standards in all areas.
3) The eyes and ears of the team.
4) Provide short range anti-armor capability for the
squad and the platoon.
Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle, LAW
Equipment: Map and compass, NVG, Utility rope.

86
 d. Automatic Rifle Man

There are two (2) automatic rifle men in the squad. One
(1) for every team.
1) Responsible in providing sustained automatic fire
for the squad.
2) Secure the left flank area during movements and
halts.

Armaments: Squad automatic (SAW) Ultimax

Equipment: SAW Ammo Pouches, Utility rope

e. Grenadier

There are two (2) grenadiers in the squad. One (1) for
each fire team.
1) Provides grenade capability to the squad and the
platoon for maximum firepower.
2) Secure the right flank area of the squad during
movement and halts.

Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle attach with 40 MM

grenade launcher
Equipment: 40 MM Ammo Pouches, Utility rope

f. Rifle Man

There are two (2) Rifle Man in the Squad. One (1) each
fire team.
1) Responsible for the food supply and medical
requirements of the team.
2) Monitors the health and hygiene of the squad and
provides technical expertise and supervisions of the combat
lifesavers.
3) Erases the tracks left by the team during
operations.

Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle

Equipments: Medical kit, Cooking Utensils, Utility
rope

87
 ARM AND HAND SIGNALS

It is obvious that when confronted with the many problems

presented by the jungle, the team leader must still be able to
control his team. Voice commands are of very limited effectiveness
and are a threat to security. With the enemy about 25 meters away,
you cannot shout, lest alert the enemy. He must depend on his
hand and arm signals. During firefights, hand signals are often
more desirable than barking commands. In close firefights, most
especially, the enemy would surely hear your voice. They will know
where to aim their fires. The enemy can also anticipate the
maneuvers of your troops. In these instances, the most effective
means of control are silent hand and arm signals

1. COMMONLY USED ARM AND HAND SIGNALS

a. Freeze - Clenched fist at shoulder level.

b. Halt - Arm raised at shoulder level with open hand,
fingers extended and joined together.
c. Alert - Clenched fist with forefinger upright.
d. Civilian sighted - Clenched fist with forefinger and
middle finger upright.
d. Skirmishers Left - Left arm extended to the left side.
e. Skirmishers Right - Right arm extended to the right side.
f. Danger Area - Arms raised towards the neck with open
palm facing down ward moving the hand as if cutting the neck.
g. Enemy Sighted - Clenched fist with three fingers upright.
h. Prepare to engage - Four fingers upright.
i. Engage - Open palm, fingers not joined together.
j. Come to me (team leader) - Two fingers held against the
opposite arm to indicate the Sgt’s chevron.
k. Platoon Leader - Two fingers placed on the shoulder to
indicate officer’s rank.
l. Long halt - Rotating the fist at shoulder level.
m. Short Halt - Close and open motion of the hand.
n. Freeze and Listen - Freeze signal followed by a hand
cupped to the ear.

2. TYPES OF HAND AND ARM SIGNALS

a. Special Emergency and Warning Signals

1) Air Attack – rapidly cross and uncross arms fully

extend above the hand.

88
 2) Nuclear Warning – Cover both eyes with the right
hand to warn exposed troops to take cover before the detonation of
nuclear weapons.
3) Chemical, Biological, Radiological Hazard – extend
both arms horizontally sideways with fists doubled facing up;
rapidly move fists to the head and back to the horizontal; repeat.

b. Signals for Combat Formations and Battle Drill

1) I Am Ready or Are You Ready? – Extend the arm

toward the person being signaled; then raise arm slightly above
horizontal, palm facing outward.
2) Attention – extend the arm sideways, slightly
above horizontal; palm to the front; wave arm to and away from the
head several times.
3) I do not understand – raise both arms sideward to
the horizontal; bend both arms at elbows and place both hands
across the face, palms to front.
4) Disregard previous command or as you were –
raise both arms and cross them over the head, palms to the front.
5) Assemble or Rally – raise the arm vertically
overhead, palm to the front, & wave in large horizontal circles.
Note: Signal is normally followed by the signaler pointing to the
assembly or rally site.
6) Disperse – extend either arm vertically overhead;
wave the hand and arm to the front, left, right, and rear, with the
palm toward the direction of each movement.
7) Join me, Follow me, Come Forward or Move
Vehicle Forward – point toward person(s) vehicle (s), or unit (s);
beckon by holding the arm horizontally to the front, palm up, and
motioning toward the body.
8) Advance or Move Out – face the desired direction
of movement; hold the arm extended to the rear; then swing it
overhead and forward in the direction of desired movement until it
is horizontal, palm down.
9) Right (left) turn or Column Right (Left) while
marching. – Extend arm horizontally to the side, palm outward.
10) Halt or Stop – raise the hand upward to the full
extent of the arm, palm to the front. Hold that position until the
signal is understood.
11) By the Right (Left) Flank – extend both arms in
direction of desired movement.
12) Column Formation (or File) raises either arm to the
vertical position. Drop the arm to the rear, describing complete
circles in a vertical plane parallel to the body.

89
 13) Wedge Formation – extend both arms downward
and to the sides at an angle of 450 below the horizontal, palms to
the front.
14) Echelon Right (Left) – extend one arm 450 above
and the other 450 below the horizontal palms to the front. The lower
arm indicates the direction of echelon.
15) Line Formation – raise both arms to the side until
horizontal, arms and hands extended, palms down.
16) Refuse Right (Left) Flank (tank platoon) – extend
both arms horizontally to the side, palms to the front; lower and
raise one arm slightly to indicate flank to be refused (view from
rear.)
17) Enemy in Sight – Hold rifle above the head with
one arm, fully extended, with the rifle parallel to the ground and
pointing in the direction of the enemy.
18) Fix Bayonets – simulate the movement of the right
hand in removing the bayonet from the scabbard and fixing it on the
rifle.
19) Increase Speed, Double Time or Rush – raise the
hand to the shoulder, fist closed; thrust the fist upward to the full
extent of the arm and back to the shoulder rapidly several times.
20) Decrease Speed (vehicle), Quick Time (dismounted
troops) – extend the arm horizontally sideward, palm to the front,
and wave arm slightly downward several times, keeping the arm
straight. Do not move arm above horizontal.
21) Open up (extend distance between men or
vehicles) – start the signal with arms extended overhead, palms
together, and bring arms to the horizontal position at the sides,
palms down.
22) Close up – start signal with both arms extended
sideward horizontally, palms up, and bring palms together
overhead momentarily. When repetition is necessary, return the
arms to the starting position by moving them along the front of the
body.

90
 BASIC UNIT FORMATIONS

1. INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD FORMATION

a. Wedge Formation (Fire Team)

The wedge is the basic formation for the fire team. The
interval between soldiers in wedge formation normally is ten (10)
meters. The wedge expands and contracts depending on the
terrain. When rough terrain, poor visibility, or other factors make
control of the wedge difficult, fire team modifies the wedge.

TEAM LEADER TEAM LEADER

GRENADIER AUTOMATIC GRENADIER AUTOMATIC

RIFLEMAN RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 1. Fire Team Wedge

(Squad leader may choose his position depending on the terrain
and enemy position, and or, where he thinks he can best command
his men)

91
 b. Squad Column

The squad column is the most common formation. It

provides good dispersion laterally and depth without sacrificing,
control and facilitates maneuver. The leader fire team is the base
fire team. When the squad moves independently or as the rare
elements of the platoon, the rifleman in the tail fire team provides
rear security.

TEAM LEADER

AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN

SQUAD LEADER

TEAM LEADER

AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER RIFLE MAN

RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 2. (Squad Column with Fire team in

Column)

92
 g. Squad Line

The squad line provides maximum firepower to the front.

When a squad is acting as the base squad, the fire team on the
right is base fire team.

TEAM LEADER TEAM LEADER

AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER RIFLEMAN RIFLEMAN GRENADIER

RIFLEMAN SQUAD LEADER RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 3: SQUAD LINE

93
 h. Squad File

When not traveling in a column or line, squad travels in

file. The squad file has the same characteristics as the fire team
file, if the squad leader of desire increase his control over the
formation, exert greater moral presence by leading from the front,
and be immediately available to make key decisions. He will move
forward to the first or second position. Moving the team leader to
the last position can provide additional control over the rear of the
formation.

TEAM LEADER

GRENADIER

AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN

SQUAD LEADER (OPTIONAL)

TEAM LEADER

GRENADIER

AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN

RIFLEMAN

FIGURE 4. Squad File

94
2. MOVEMENTS AND TECHNIQUES
Movement technique is the manner a squad traverse a
terrain. The selection of a movement technique is based on the
likelihood of enemy contact and the need for speed. Factors to
consider control, dispersion, speed and security.

Three types of movement techniques:

a. Traveling - is used when contact with the enemy is not

likely an speed is needed
b. Traveling over watch - is used when contact is possible.
Attached weapons move near the squad leader and his command
so he can employ them quickly.
c. Bounding Over watch – is used when enemy contact is
expected. It is most secured, but the slowest movement technique.

CHARACTERISTICS

Movement When Control Flexibility Fire capabilities/ Security

formation normally Fire destruction
used
Fire Team Basic Team Easy Good Allows Good
Wedge Formation Immediate Fire
in All Direction
Squad Squad Good Facilities Allows Large All Around
Column Primary Maneuver Volume of Fire to
Formation Good the Flank-
Dispersion in Limited Volume
Depth to the Front
Squad Line When Not as Limited Allows Maximum Good to the
Maximum good as Maneuver immediate Fire to Front/Little to
Fire Power Squad Capability the Front the Front and
is Required Column (Both Fire Rear
to the front Teams
Committed)
Squad File Close Easiest Most Difficult Allows immediate Least
Terrain Formation Fire/Most Fire to
Vegetation, from which the Front and
Limited to maneuver Rear
Visibility
Conditions

95
 RIFLE PLATOON

The rifle platoon fights as a part of a light infantry battalion. It

is consisted with three rifle squads with a platoon leader and a
platoon sergeant. Each rifle squad is composed of nine men a
squad leader. Platoon can operate as a single unit under the
platoon leader. The squad is also designed and trained to conduct
decentralized independent operation when required.

1. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:

a. Platoon Leader -- Is responsible for all the platoon does

or fails to do. This includes the tactical employment, training
administration and personnel management and the logistics of the
platoon.
b. Platoon Sergeant -- Assist the platoon leader in the
supervision, admin and training, discipline and most especially in
the moral and the welfare of the platoon.
c. Squad Leader -- Responsible for what the squad does
or fails to do. Responsible in the control and supervision of his
squad activity.

2. PLATOON MOVEMENTS

Movement formation describes the positional relationships of

men during movement. The formation used depends on the
mission and the terrain. The distance between the elements
depends on the mission and the terrain visibility and control
factors.

3. TYPES OF FORMATION:

a. Squad in Line -- This formation has the following

characteristics:

1) Cover maximum frontage

2) Provides little security to the flanks and rear
3) Allows for speed amount of immediate fire forward.
.

96
 b. Squad in Column -- This is the traveling formation. It
has the following characteristics;

1) Easy to control
2) Provide good all around security
3) Make the best used of the movement techniques

c. Squad in File -- Where not traveling in column or line,

squads travel in file, it has the following characteristics;

1) Easy to control
2) Facilitate speed of movement
3) Provide maximum frontage
4) Flexible in nature

97
 SPECIAL OPERATIONS

1. RANGER SQUAD ORGANIZATION

a. Lead scout
b. Guide
c. Squad leader or Team leader
d. Radio Man
e. Assistant Radioman
f. Contact man
g. Tail scout

2. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SQUAD MEMBERS

a. LEAD SCOUT

1) He is the point man.

2) He ensures the security of his squad.
3) He always chooses the advantageous terrain
during the movement.
4) He physically and mentally prepared to shoot the
enemy first. Prepares himself for a quick draw, the safety lever of
his rifle is on semi-automatic the whole time.

b. GUIDE

1) The guide takes on a supporting role to the lead

scout.
2) The he is expected to be always at the back of the
lead scout, there are times that he will stay by the side of lead
scout. When there is imminent danger to the front, the lead scout
and the guide are abreast to maintain two rifles to unload their
stinging bullets.
3) The guide often controls the pace of the squad.
4) The guide helps out in making path through the
jungle.
5) He makes sure that the squad is always on the
right track.

c. SQUAD OR TEAM LEADER

1) The squad leader is in effective control of the

squad.
2) He is responsible for what his team does or fails to
do.

98
 d. RADIOMAN

1) The radioman is the voice of command.

2) He is responsible for all the signal equipment of
the squad.
3) He emphasizes radio security.
4) He must always be beside the squad leader.
5) He always gives feedback on all instructions.

e. ASSISTANT RADIOMAN

1) The assistant radioman has a lot of duties to

perform for the team. He acts as the aircraft marshal and as the
sniper of the squad.
2) The assistant radioman assists the radioman with
the operation of the squad’s radio.

f. CONTACT MAN

1) During commando operations, the contact man is

the point man. He disguises as a rebel and mingles with the barrio
residents to fish for information of intelligence value.
2) He is responsible for the conduct of civil military
operation.
3) He is the squad’s silent killing specialist.
4) He is the primary interrogator of the squad.
5) He is the media man of the squad.
6) The contact man must also master the dialect in
the area, as the intelligence agent of the squad and the
demolitionist.

g. TAIL SCOUT

1) Rear security.
2) Responsible for the subsistence of the squad
3) Responsible of policing the harboring area.
4) He is in charge of counterattacking.

99
 BASIC WEAPONS TRAINING

1. U.S. RIFLE 5.56MM M16A1

CHARACTERISTICS:

a. Functioning:

1) Magazine fed
2) Gas operated
3) Shoulder weapon
4) Air cooled
5) Semi or automatic fire

b. Features

1) The rifle is equipped with a flash suppressor which

can also serve as an adapter for grenade launching. (CAUTION:
Use of this weapon for grenade launching is not currently
authorized).
2) Barrel is surrounded by two aluminum line
fiberglass hand guards which also adapter for grenade as the
forearm of the rifle. The hand guards are notched to permit air to
circulate around the rifle barrel, and further serve to protect the gas
tube.
3) A hard rubber recoil pass is attached at the butt of
the stock to partially reduce the effect of the recoil.
4) A forward assist assembly is located at the upper
right rear of the upper receiver. This is use to close the bolt when
closing is not done by the force of action of spring alone.
5) A dust cover is provided to prevent dust or dirt
from getting into the rifle. This opens automatically when the rifle is
fired. (NOTE: The dust cover should be closed at all times except
during firing or maintenance).

b. PARTS OF THE RIFLE CAL 5.56MM M16A1.

1) Two main groups:

a) Upper receiver group

Parts of Upper Receiver Group:

(1) Flash suppressor

(2) Barrel
(3) Bayonet Stud
100
 (4) Front Sigh
(5) Upper Sling Swivel
(6) Hand guard
(7) Sling Spring
(8) Carrying handle
(9) Charging handle
(10) Rear Sight
(11) Forward Assist
(12) Bolt Assembly
(13) Bust cover

b) Lower receiver group

Parts of the Lower Receiver Group:

(1) Rubber recall pack

(2) Trigger Guard
(3) Pivot take down pin
(4) Stock
(5) Pistol grip
(6) Trigger
(7) Magazine release button
(8) Hammer
(9) Selector Level
(10) Lower sling swivel

c. GENERAL DATAL:

1) Weights:

Rifle without magazine- - - 6.5 lbs

Empty magazine (aluminum) - .2 lbs
Full magazine (20 rds)- - - .7 lbs
Firing weight (fully loaded w/ sling) - 7.6 lbs

2) Lengths:

Rifle with flash suppressor - - 39 inches

Barrel with flash suppressor - - 21 inches
Barrel without flash suppressor - - 20 inches

NOTE: These data do not include necessary equipment such

as the bayonet and the bipod.

101
 3) Operational:

Muzzle velocity - - 3,150 ft/sec

Cycle rate of fire - - 700-800 rds/min
Maximum rate of fire:
Semi-automatic - - 45-65 rds/min
Automatic - - 150-200 rds/min
Sustained rate of fire- - 15 rds/min
Maximum range - - 2,653 meters
Maximum effective range - 460 meters

d. CYCLE OF OPERATION:

1) Firing – occurs when the firing pin strikes the

primer of the cartridge.
2) Unlocking – unsealing the breach of the barrel.
3) Extracting – removing the empty cartridge from the
weapon.
4) Ejecting – removing the empty cartridge from the
weapon.
5) Cocking – returning the firing mechanism to cock
position.
6) Feeding – placing the cartridge in the receiver.
7) Chambering – placing the cartridge in the chamber.
8) Locking – sealing the cartridge in the chamber.

e. Disassembly and Assembly of the Weapon:

NOTE: Disassembly and assembly of the weapon should be

kept to the maximum consistent with proper maintenance and
instructional requirements.

1) Steps in disassembly

a) The first step in the disassembly of any

weapon is to “Clear the weapon”.

(1) The butt must rest on a flat surface. The

right thing will do.
(2) Point the selector lever to “SAFE”
position. (NOTE) This can be done only if the weapon is cocked. If
the rifle is not cocked, proceed to the next step.
(3) Grasp the magazine with the right hand,
the right thumb resting on the magazine catch bottom. Press the
bottom and pull the magazine.

102
 (4) Hold the balance of the stock with the
left hand, the left thumb resting on the bolt catch. Open the bolt
and lock if in the position. Return the charging handle to forward
position.
(5) Ensure the selector lever at “SAFE”.

CAUTION: The selector level must be at the “SAFE” position

when clearing weapon to prevent damage to automatic sear.

b) Field Stripping

(1) Disassembly:

(a) Remove the sling and place the

rifle on a table or a flat surface with the muzzle to the left.
(b) Turn the weapon on its right side
and press on the takedown pin until the upper receiver swings free
of the lower receiver. CAUTION: The takedown pin does not come
out free of the receiver.
(c) Press the receiver pivot pin and
separate the upper from the lower receiver group. (CAUTION): The
receiver pivot pin does not come out of the receiver.
(d) Work on the upper receiver group:

-Keep the muzzle in the left.

-Withdraw the bolt carrier from the
receiver.
-Disassemble the bolt carrier group.

NOTE: When the bolt carrier is removed, the charging handle

will fall from the receiver.

(e) Work on the lower receiver group.

CAUTION: The lower receiver shall be disassembled only

when absolutely necessary for the proper care and maintenance of
the weapon.
-Push the action spring guide.
-Push down on the retaining pin by
using the tip of cartridge.
-Remove the buffer and buffer spring.
-Depress the hammer to clear the buffer.

NOTE: The action spring is under the pressure, care must be

taken in removing it.

103
 CAUTION: The parts of the weapon should be laid down in the
order of its disassembly to avoid losses or misplacement.

(2) Assembly:

(a) Assemble the bolt carrier group:

CAUTION: Do not spread the ends of the firing pin retainer.

NOTE: Check for proper assembly by elevating the front of the
bolt. The firing pin must not drop out..

(b) Replace the charging handle in the

upper receiver. Push forward in the group into the open end of the
sub-assembly is fully sealed.
(c) Place the two (2) receiver together
and reset the pivot pin.
(d) Cock the hammer and ensures that
the selector lever is at “SAFE” position. Withdraw the takedown
pin and close the weapon. Fully seat the takedown pin.

NOTE: After the assembly of the weapon, remove the hand

guards.

CAUTION: Removal of the hand guards should be done only

when absolutely necessary for the proper care and maintenance of
the weapon.

2) Check the assembly of the weapon.

a) Check the proper operation of the weapon

while the selector is at “SAFE”, semi and auto positions.

(1) “SAFE” position – pull trigger, hammer

should not fall.
(2) Semi-position – pull the trigger to the
rear, recock the rifle (hammer) and release the trigger. The hammer
should transfer from the hammer holes and is connect to sear
engagement.
(3) Auto-position - pull the trigger. Hammer
should fall. Hold the trigger to the rear and recock the hammer.
Push forward on the automatic sear, the hammer should fall.

NOTE: Any discrepancy noted from aforementioned

functioning means the assembly was incorrect. Check proper
assembly and note any defective parts.

104
 f. Maintenance – normal care and cleaning will result in the
proper functioning of all parts of the weapon, improper
maintenance causes stoppage and malfunctioning.

1) Cleaning and lubricating the barrel.

a) Attach a wire brush to the cleaning rod, dip it

with a cleaning solvent compound (CR) of bore cleaner, and brush
the bore thoroughly. Brush from the bore to the chamber. Using a
straight though stroke. (NOTE: Never reverse the direction of the
brush while it is in the bore).
b) Continue the process until the bore is coated
with the cleaning compound. Replace the brush with a cleaning
patch and continue the cleaning process until the patch comes out
clean and dry.
c) Clean the locking gauge in the barrel
extension using a small bristle brush.
d) After cleaning, lubricate the bore and locking
lugs in the barrel extension by applying a light coat of oil on the
surface of the barrel enclosed by the hand guards.

2) Cleaning and lubricating the Bolt Carrier Group

Lower Receiver Group:

a) Remove the bolt carrier group from the upper

receiver group and disassemble. Clean all parts with a patch
dipped in a solvent cleaning compound.
b) Clean the locking lugs of the bolt, using a
small brush and cleaning solvent. Dry with a patch and oil lightly.
c) But one drop of oil in each hole on the right
side of the bolt carrier and the open end of the bolt carrier key.

3) Cleaning and lubricating the lower receiver group:

a) Normal cleaning will not require the detailed

assembly of the lower receiver group.
b) Using a clean dry patch or bristle brush
remove dirt or sand from the receiver. Place a drop of oil on each
pin for lubrication.
c) After extensive or field exercise, the lower
receiver must be disassembled and clean thoroughly, apply a light
coat of oil on all parts.

4) Maintenance before, during and after firing:

a) Before operation maintenance

105
 The barrel must be wipe dry and free of oil, clean
the bore with a dry patch to insure that it is dry and free of dirt.
Check the forward assist assembly and the dust cover.
b) During firing – to follow the recommended
rates of fire. Observe for any slugging operation of any moving
parts. Discontinue the use of any rifle that shows signs of wear
and tear.
c) After operations – follow the normal
maintenance operations outline in the foregoing paragraphs

2. US RIFLE 7.62MM M14 AND M14A1

CHARACTERISTICS:

a. Functioning:
1) Lightweight
2) Air cooled
3) Gas operated
4) Magazine fed
5) Shoulder weapon

b. Features:

1) The M14 Rifle

a) The selector and bipod are assembled to the

weapon when used for automatic fire but can be adapted for
automatic fire by the installation of a selector adapter.
b) The flash suppressor is designed to reduce
muzzle climb and the amount of dust raised by the muzzle blast.
c) The lug on the rear of the flash suppressor is
used for the attachment of a bayonet, a grenade launcher and a
blank firing attachment for the launching grenade.
d) The spindle valve is used to adjust the
opening of the gas port when the rifle is used for grenade
launching. This prevents gas operation of the rifle during grenade
launching, and prevents damage to the weapon.
e) The hinged shoulder rest provides vertical
control of the butt end of the rifle.
f) It has fixed front sight and adjustable rear
sight.

2) The M14A1 Rifle

a) It has all the features present in the M14 rifle.

106
 b) It is designed primarily for automatic fire.
c) It has the following additional features that
differentiate it from the M14 rifle.

(1) Stabilizer assembly to reduce the effect

of recoil and to provide muzzle stability.
(2) Modified bipod with an additional sling
swivel and a larger pivot pin to accommodate the modified sling.
(3) A folding front and a fix rear hand
guards.
(4) A straight-line stock.
(5) Rubber recoil pad to reduce effect of
recoil.

NOTE: The folding front hand guard can be adjusted to one of

five positions.

GENERAL DATA

a. Weights:
M14 with full mag & cleaning equipment - 11.5 lbs
Empty magazine - - - - .5 lbs
Full magazine - - - 1.5 lbs
M2 bipod assembly - - - - 1.75lbs
M14 bipod rifle with full magazine - 14.5 lbs

b. Lengths:
Overall length with flash suppressor 44.3 inches

c. Operational
Trigger pull - - - 5.5 lbs
7.5 lbs
Muzzle velocity - - 2,880 ft/sec
Cyclic rate of fire - - 700-750 rounds/min

Rate of fire (NOTE: These can be maintained without causing

any damage to the weapon)

Semi automatic Automatic

2 minutes - - 40 rds/min 50 rds/min
5 minutes - - 30 rds/min 40 rds/min
10-20 minutes- - 20 rds/min 30 rds up to 15 min
20 minutes - 20 rds/min 25 rds/min
30 minutes - 15 rds/min 20 rds./min

107
 Range in meters

Maximum - - - - 3,725
Maximum effective (semi w/ bipod) - 700
Max effective (semi w/o bipod) - 460
Max effective (auto w/ bipod - 460

CYCLE OR OPERATION:

a. Firing – occurs when the firing pin strikes the primer of

the cartridge.
b. Unlocking – unsealing the breach of the barrel.
c. Extracting – removing the empty cartridge from the
weapon.
d. Ejecting – removing the empty cartridge from the
weapon.
e. Cocking – returning the firing mechanism to cock
position.
f. Feeding – placing the cartridge in the receiver.
g. Chambering – placing the cartridge in the chamber.
h. Locking – sealing the cartridge in the chamber.

DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY

NOTES:
a. Disassembly and assembly of the weapon should be
kept to a minimum consistent with proper care and maintenance.
b. Parts of one rifle maybe interchanged with another
except the bolt.
CAUTION: The bolt shall not be interchanged with other rifles to
preclude accidents.

a. Steps in the disassembly of the rifle

1) Clear the weapon.
2) Pull back on the operating rod handle and allow the
bolt to go forward. This operation will ensure that all operating
parts are forward. (NOTE: The weapon should be disassembled
with all the operating parts forward).
3) Separate the three groups of the weapon:

a) The firing mechanism

b) The barrel and receiver group
c) The stock

108
 Grasp the rear of the trigger guard with the thumb
and the forefinger of the right hand. Full downward and outward
until the mechanism is released. Lift the firing mechanism.
With the left hand grasp the receiver over the rear
sight, raise the barrel a few inches, with the right hand, strike down
on the small of the stock and grasp it. This separates the three
main groups of the rifle.
4) Disassembly of the barrel and receiver group:
a) Remove the connector assembly – place the
groups on its left side with the operating rod handle and the muzzle
away from you. (NOTE): When equipped with a selector, turn the
selector until the side marked “A” is toward the windage knob).
b) Close the bolt – right thumb on the rear of the
connector assembly, first finger on the sear release bracket and
second finger inside rear of the receiver, push forward with the
thumb until the forward end of the assembly can be lifted off the
connector lock. Use the left thumb and forefinger in lifting the
assembly.
c) Turn the connector assembly clockwise until
the elongated hole in the connector is aligned with the elongated
stud on the sear release.
d) Lower the front end of the connector
assembly and lift the rear end off the elongated stud on the sear
release.
5) Remove the operating rod spring and the operating
rod spring guide.

a) Place the groups on a flat surface, sights

down and muzzle to left.
b) With the left hand, pull toward the muzzle on
the operating rod spring to release the pressure on the connector
lock.
c) Pull the connector lock toward you and
disconnect the operating rod spring and guide. Remove operating
rod and the bolt.
NOTE: This completes the field stripping of the rifle.
b. Steps in the assembly of the Weapon – Follow the
reverse steps in the disassembly of the rifle
1) Replace the bolt and the operating rod spring
guide.
2) Replace the connector assembly.
3) Assemble the three main groups.
c. Under normal conditions of maintenance, the gas
system of the rifle shall not be dissembled; however, under
extreme climate conditions and after a series of operation, it may
be necessary to disassemble the system.
109
 NOTE: The gas cylinder should not be disassembled as long
as the gas piston slides freely in the cylinder when the barrel is
tilted end-for-end from on upright position.

d. Disassembly of gas system and hand guard

1) Loosen and remove the gas cylinder plug (Use a

combination tool or any appropriate substitute).
2) Tilt the muzzle down and remove the gas piston
from the gas cylinder. Unscrew the gas cylinder lock and slide the
lock and cylinder forward so that the gas port is exposed.
3) Slip the front band forward toward the front sight.
Push the hand guard toward the front sight and lift it off the barrel.
e. Assembly – to assemble, the follow the reverse
procedure in the disassembly of the hand guard and the gas
system.

1) Replace the hand guard (NOTE: Do not snap or

force the hand guard into its installed position.
2) Replace the front band.
3) Slide the gas cylinder forward through the front
band. Tighten the gas cylinder lock by hand. Align the loop with the
gas cylinder. Replace the gas piston with the port toward the barrel
and the open end toward the muzzle. Replace the gas cylinder plug
and secure it.

NOTE: When the gas piston is fully seated, it will protrude

one and one half inches below the gas cylinder.

MAINTENANCE AND PRESERVATION

a. Cleaning materials:

1) Bore cleaner (cleaning compounds solvent (CR) is

commonly used however, it can also be used on all metal parts for
a temporary one day protection only).
2) Hot, soapy or plain hot water is not a substitute for
the bore cleaner and will be used only when no bore cleaner is
available.
3) Dry cleaning solvent.
4) A carbon-removing compound is used on stubborn
carbon deposits by soaking the part with the carbon and brushing
it.

110
 b. Lubricants:

1) Lubricating oil, general purpose is used for

lubricating the rifle during normal condition of operation and
temperature.
2) OE # 10 engine oil may be used as substitute when
no oils prescribed are available.
3) Rifle grease should be applied to working surfaces.

c. Procedure in cleaning the rifle.

1) The rifle should be cleaned after firing because

firing deposits primer fouling, powder ashes, carbon metal fouling.
The ammunition has a non-corrosive primer which makes a
cleaning easier. However, it leaves a deposit which when not
remove immediately may collect moisture and promotes rusting.
Upon termination of firing, a bore-cleaning compound should be
applied for ease of cleaning.
2) Pour a small quantity of bore cleaner in the gas
cylinder plug and insert and rotate the bore cleaning brush to clean
the plug.
3) Swab the gas cylinder bore with a clean patch.
NOTE: Do not oil the interior surface of the gas cylinder. Do not
use abrasives.
4) Clean the gas piston with a bore cleaner then wipe
dry.

NOTE: Do not oil the gas piston.

5) Clean the bolt with patch and bore cleaner and oil
lightly.
6) Depress the spindle valve after each firing and
rotate in several times. (NOTE: Do not disassemble the spindle
valve).
7) All parts must be cleaned, wiped dry and oil when
necessary.

NORMAL MAINTENANCE

The rifle should be inspected daily for any evidence of rust or

fouling and to check the general condition of the rifle. A light coat
of oil should be maintained on all metal parts. (NOTE: Do not oil
the gas piston, interior of the gas cylinder and the gas plug).
Do not use a muzzle plug to cover the muzzle of the rifle. This
will cause moisture to collect inside the bore.
111
3. HAND GRENADE

a. HISTORY OF GRENADE:

From a historical point of view, the grenade as a weapon

is known to have been made with the discovery of explosives. It is
reported to have been used as early as the 15th century. During that
time, the grenade was shaped like a French pomegranate.
In the middle of the 17th century, selected soldiers, then
called “grenadiers”, were using the grenade with fatal effects. But
soon it fell into disuse as improved versions of the rifle were
introduced which consequently increased the range between
frontlines. Sometimes later, particularly in the 20th century,
attacking troops found the grenade to be an essential weapon. It
was discovered to be effective in clearing enemy trenches and
bunkers and later, for stopping the advance of tanks.
A grenade is a small explosive or chemical bomb for
military use against an enemy at the short ranges. Grenades are of
two (2) basic types – hand and launched. The hand grenade or
thrown away, while the launched grenade is fired from a launcher.
Grenades are further classified as explosive, chemical,
and practice. Explosive grenades, which produce fragmentation or
blast are primarily use against enemy tanks or personnel. Chemical
grenades are used for anti-personnel, harassing, incendiary,
smoke-screening or signaling purposes. Practice grenades may be
insert or have a small charge for making practice throws.
Launched grenades are most likely to be either the anti-
personnel explosive type, with fragmentation warhead, or high-
explosive anti-tank one. The latter shaped charge warhead is very
effective against armor.
Hand Grenades are fitted with a delayed-action fuse. For
explosive grenades, the delay is about 4 - 5 seconds. The fuse of a
chemical grenade on the other hand has a delayed action of 2
seconds and usually burns rather than explodes. Launched
grenade have instant fusses.

b. PARTS OF GRENADE:

1) Full Ring 7) Primer

2) Safety Pin 8) Body
3) Safety Lever 9) Delay Elements
4) Striker 10) Detonator or Igniter
5) Striker Spring 11) Filler
6) T Lug

112
 Main Components of Grenade:

1) Body – contains filler maybe of steel, cast iron

2) Filler – high explosive (HE) riot control agents,
smoke
3) Fuse – classified as either detonating or igniting.
Upon the removal of the safety pin and the release of the safety
lever, the striker rotates, pushing off the safety lever and continues
its rotation, until it strikes the primer. The impact of the strikers set
off the primer which, in turn, fires the delay element. After the delay
element burns through its length, it set off either the detonator or
the igniter cap.

c. CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS:

1) Inflicts casualties to anyone within the

overpressure blast radius.
2) High explosive anti-tank defeats armor by the use
of a shaped charge.
3) Capable of controlling riot by employing chemical
filler such as tear and vomiting agents.
4) Can be use as screen for advancing troops,
provides incendiary action.
5) The maximum casualty inflicting capability is
based on the skill of the thrower.
6) Visibility affects much on the use of the grenade.

d. GRENADE THROWING:

This skill requires a lot of confidence, Here the steps in

throwing a grenade:
1) Grip the hand grenade. The safest and easiest way
to grip a hand grenade for throwing is to hold it so that the safety
lever is held down by the thumb, while keeping the pull ring (and
safety clip if present) free and facing the non-throwing hand.
2) Position the body, and arm hand relative to the
hand grenade. You should always be in a comfortable and natural
position. The two (2) most important points in accurate throwing
are body-target alignment and eye-target focus. Line up your body
with target as through you were going to throw a football or
baseball. Keep watching the target as you throw and let your arm
swing naturally to it. Follow through with your throwing motion and
take cover. If possible, you of a buddy should watch where the
grenade lands. Make sure you properly arm the grenade before you
throw it. The safety pin and clip should be removed while behind
cover.
113
 Three General Grenade Throwing Positions:

1) Standing – is when you want to throw the grenade

at a considerable distance. The drawback here is that you expose
yourself to enemy fire as you lob the grenade.
2) Kneeling – when you need to be mobile and to be
able to quickly change position.
3) Prone – when you want to close in on the enemy.

e. SAFETY CONSIDERATION

1) Do not drop a grenade after the safety pin has been

removed.

2) Do not use ball ammunition or blank cartridge to

propel grenades.

3) Do not tamper with duds or non-exploding

grenades.

4) Do not pull the safety pin until you are ready to

throw the grenades.

5) If a grenade is accidentally dropped after the safety

pin has been removed, immediately pick up, throw it in the intended
direction, shout “grenade” and then seek nearby shelter or drop to
the ground with the helmet toward the grenade.

114
 PREPARATORY MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

a. Preparatory Marksmanship Training (MPT) – all

marksmanship training that takes place before live fire.
b. Marksmanship – it is a skillful art of shooting and hitting
the target at a given or known distance.
c. Service Rifle – the primary rifle of the AFP - the M16A1.
d. Caliber – diameter of the bore. Ex: The M16A1 rifle bore
is .223 inch.
e. Cartridge – a complete round of ammunition. Ex.
5.56mm ball, M193. Complete round 179 grains, projectile – 55
grains and 1.9cm long with a solid core. A standard ammunition
used by military.
f. Trajectory – the flight path the bullet takes from the riffle
to the target.
g. Cross-Dominance – a soldier with a dominant hand a
dominant eye that are not the same.
h. Pop, no kick – a firing condition when the primer ignite
and the powder charge does not. This normally results in lodging
the bullet in the bore.
i. Primer – a explosive device in the center base of the
cartridge case that is struck by the firing pin to fire the round.
j. Wobble Area – the natural movement or the
weapon/sights on and around an aiming point when the weapon is
being held in a steady position.
k. Zero Target – a scaled silhouette target with a
superimposed grid for use at 25 meters.
l. Alibi Fire – a condition during qualification firing when
soldier is allowed to complete a record fire scenario which was
halted temporarily due to circumstances beyond his control, ex:
target mechanism, weapon or ammo malfunction.
m. Follow-through – maintaining the position after the
weapon has been fire.
n. Lands – are elevated surface between the grooves of a
rifle.
o. Grooves – are spiral channels cut in the bore of the rifle
barrel.
p. Barrel Rifling – are spiral lands and grooves of a rifle
design to spin accurately with carrying power (M16A1). The bullet
rotates by the lands once every 12 inches of travel down the barrel.
q. Immediate Action – a procedure applied to rapidly
reduced any rifle stoppage without determining it’s cause.

115
 r. Remedial Action – is the continuing effort to determine
the cause for a stoppage or malfunction and to try clear the
stoppage or malfunction once it has been identified.
s. Aiming point – a place on a target in which the rifle
sights are aligned, normally the target center of mass.
t. KDR – known Distance Range.

2. THE FOUR FUNDAMENTALS OF MARKSMANSHIP

a. Establish a Steady Position – refers to the

establishments of a position that allows the weapon to be held still
while it is being fired.

Steady Position Elements:

1) Non-firing Hand Grip – the rifle hand grid rest on

the heel of the hand in the form by the thumb and fingers. Grip is
light rearward pressure exerted.
2) Rifle-butt position – the butt of the stock is paced
in the pocket of the firing shoulder this reduced the effect of recoil
and helps ensure a steady position.
3) Firing Hand Grip – the firing hand grasps the pistol
grip so that it fits the V formed by the thumb and forefinger. The is
placed on the trigger so that the lay of the rifles is not disturbed
when trigger is squeezed.
4) Firing Elbow Placement – the location of the firing
elbow is important in providing balance.
5) Non-firing Elbow – position firmly under the rifle to
elbow for comfortable and stable position.
6) Stock Weld – should provide for a natural line of
sight through the center of the rear sight aperture to the front sight
post and to the target, fire’s neck should be relaxed check fall into
the stock.

b. Aiming – refers to the precise alignment of the rifle

sights with the target.

Things to remember in aiming:

1) Correct sight alignment – placing the center tip of

the front sight post in the exact center of the sight aperture.
2) Correct sight picture – has the target, front sight
post and rear sight aligned. The sight picture include two basic
elements: sight alignment and placement of the aiming point.

116
 c. Breath Control – the third marksmanship fundamental
refers to the control of breathing to help keep the rifle steady.

Two (2) types of breath control techniques

1) The first is the technique used during zeroing (and

when time is available to fire a shot). Breathing should stop after
most of the air has been exhaled during the normal breathing cycle.
The shot must be fired before the fired feels any discomfort.
2) The second is employed during rapid firs (short
exposure targets). Using this techniques the soldier hold his breath
when he is about to squeeze the trigger, therefore the firer must
detect, acquire and engage the target before the exposure ends.

d. Trigger Control – The fourth marksmanship fundamental

is trigger control. It is the independent action of the forefinger on
the trigger pulling it straight to the rear with uniformly increasing
pressure until the weapon is fired.

Guideline for Proper Trigger Squeeze:

The trigger finger (index finger on the firing hand) is

placed on the trigger between the first join and the tip of the finger
(not the extreme) and is adjusted depending on hand size and grip.
Squeeze should start with a slight figure straight to the rear
avoiding the left or right twisting movement while observing the
slack. To apply the remaining pressure continuously and the rifle is
fired without disturbing its lay.

c. FIRING POSITIONS COMMONLY USED

1) Prone Position – provides the most stable platform

for engaging targets and presents a low silhouette and easily
adapted with the use of cover and support.
2) Standing Position - is used in the assault, to
engage surprise target and when no other position can be used.
3) Kneeling Position – is suitable for ground that
slope gently upward and when there are obstacles that hinders
good target acquisition.
4) Military Operation in Urban Terrain (MOUT) firing
position- although the same principles of rifle marksmanship apply,
the selection and use of firing positions during MOUT requires
some special considerations.

117
 Examples:

a) Firing over Rooftops – requires long range

observation and only expose the parts of the body necessary to
engage target.
b) Firing around Obstacle – firing from around
corner requires the soldier to avoid exposing himself to enemy fire
by firing from opposite shoulder.
c) Firing from Windows – highlight the need to
stay in the shadow while firing from the windows and the
requirements for cover and rifle support.

d. DRY FIRE

A technique used to simulate the firing of live round with

an empty weapon. Any application of the four (4) fundamentals of
marksmanship without live ammunition may be refereed to as dry
fire.

Two examples of Dry Fire

1) Target Box Exercise – rifle holding device checks

consistency of aiming three round shot groups in a dry fire
environment. The target man triangulates the three shots and
labels it shot group number one. 1 cm is the standard requirement
and may be compared to obtain a 4-cm shot group on 25 meter live
firing range.
2) Dime (washer) Exercise – dry fire technique used
to teach or evaluate the skill of trigger squeeze and is effective
when conducted from an unsupported position.

e. PEER COACHING

1) Benefits – can enhance learning of both of them.

2) Duties

a) Peer coach assists the firer to obtain a good

firing position and adjusting sand bags or any available support.
b) Watches the firer and sees to it that the firer
maintains a proper relax steady position, holds his breath before
the final trigger squeeze, and applies initial pressure to the trigger
with no noticeable trigger jerks, filches eye blink or other reaction
in anticipating the rifle firing. If the firer is tensed and nervous, the
coach advises the firer to breath deeply several times and relax.

118
 f. GROUPING – is a live fire exercise shooting tight shot
group in a consistent location. (4 cm or smaller diameter) When the
firer can consistently place three rounds within 4 cm radius circle
at 25 meters regardless of a group location, he is ready to zero his
rifle M16A1.

Step in Marking a shot Groups;

1) Locate the bullet holes.

2) Connect three bullet holes on the target with a
straight line.
3) Number the shot group.
4) Mark the approximate center of the shot group with
an “x”.

Purpose of Marking an “X” – “X” represent the center of

the three 93) shots. “X” is placed closer to the two near shots. This
is not a precise marking that requires measurement but it is a
procedure to help shot group analysis. The three rounds shot
group confirm the variation inherent in the rifle, ammunition and
firer.
Locating Center of Shot Groups – the central point of all
nine (9) bullets fired can be found treating the “X” as a single
bullet.

g. RIFLE SIGHTS AND SIGHT ADJUSTMENT

The sights are adjustable for both elevation and wind

age.

1) Windage Adjustment - are made on the rear sight

and elevation adjustment on the front sight.

a) Rear Sight – consist of a two (2) aperture and

a wind age drum with a spring loaded detent. The aperture mark L
is used for ranges beyond 300 meter
b) Front sight – consist of a round rotating sight
post with a five – position spring loaded detent.

2) Sight Changes – to make sight changes, the firer

first locate the center of his three rounds shot group and then
determine the distance between it and the desired location. An
error in elevation is measure horizontally.

Elevation Adjustment – to raise the strike of the

bullet, rotate the front sight post the desired number of clicks (in
119
the direction of the arrow marked R) reverse the direction of the
arrow marked R reverse the direction of the rotation to move the
strike of the bullet to the left.

i. ZEROING

Adjusting rifle to bullet hits to the aiming point at a given

range.
Conduct of Zeroing on a 25-Meters Range

1) The best possible zero is obtained by zeroing at

actual range. Because facilities normally do not exist for zeroing at
250 meters, most zeroing is conducted at 25 meters by pushing the
rear sight forward so that LRS is exposed. Using the L-sight firer
consistently aims target center of mass then fires three separate
three-round shot groups and numbers them. Based on the location
of these groups, the firer would make the sight adjustments. After
the sight changes are made, three more three-round shot groups
are fired. Using the same produced to confirm the zero. The shot
groups must be centered with in the zero circle.
2) Mechanical zero/initial sight setting – to
mechanically zero the weapon, the firer adjust the front sight post
up or down until the base of the front sight post is flush with the
wall. Then adjust the front sight post 11 clicks in the direction of up
or clockwise. This move the post down into the well eleven (11)
clicks. The soldier turns the rear sight wind age drum until it moves
all the way to the left side and locks.

3) Recording of Zero, M16A1

a) Front Sight – elevation zero. Since the center

of the shot groups was determined to be two squares high. The
correction would be two(2) clicks down. With the initial setting of 11
this would be 11 minus 2, or 9 and should be recorded as 9 up.
b) Rear Sight – wind age zero. Since the center
of the shot groups was determined to be seven (7) clicks squares
to the right, the correction would be seven (7) clicks left. This
would be 17 minus 7 or 10 and should be recorded as R10. The data
record for the firer in this example.

RECORDING OF DATA
MSG TEDDY R ZAMORA (OS) PA
01 Jun 02
FS 9 ----10
SN # ----671926
Note: These data are not transferable.
120
 4) Battle Sight Zero – to battle sight zero the rifle, the
soldier must understand sight adjustment procedure. The objective
of the battle sight zero is to find a zero range that allows for target
engagement out to the maximum possible range while requiring
minimum adjustments to the aiming point.

a) LRS – setting the sight to LRS to hit at 25

meters where the line of the sight and bullet trajectory actually
coincides and again at 375 meters.
b) SRS – flipping back to SRS to hit at 42 meters
where the line of the sight and bullet trajectory actually coincides
and again at 250 meters. Most combat target are expected to be
engaged in the ranges from 0 to 300 meters, therefore, the 250
meter battle sight zero is the setting that reaming on the fire. All
target can be hit out to a range of 300 meters without major
adjustment to the aiming point.

Trajectory (SRS) – passes through mass of all

targets of all out to 300 meters.
Trajectory (SRS) – passes through mass of all
targets from 325 meters to maximum effective range.

i. EFFECTIVE RATE OF FIRE:

1) Slow Semi Automatic Fire – one round every 3 to

10 seconds used during grouping, zeroing, qualifying and during
training allows for a slow precise application of marksmanship
fundamentals.
2) Rapid Semi Automatic Fire – one round every 1 to 2
seconds, allows the firer to deliver a large volume of accurate fire
while conserving the ammunition.
3) Full Automatic Fire (burst ) – should be utilized
only after the soldier has demonstrated expertise during slow and
rapid fire. 3 to 13 rounds per seconds into the designated area, for
a few seconds may necessary to gain initial superiority.

j. METHODS OF ENGAGING MOVING TARGETS

Moving Target Engagement – the enemy normally moves

by rushes from one covered or concealed position to another. The
moving target is open to aimed fire.
1) Two primary Techniques of Engaging Moving
Targets:

121
 a) Tracking – engaging moving targets where
the lead is established and maintained moving with the targets as
the trigger is squeezed.

Ex. The firer establishes and maintained aiming point in

relation to the target.

b) Trapping – a technique of engaging a moving

targets. The aiming point is established forward of the target, the
rifle is held stationary and fired as the target approaches the aiming
point.
Ex. The firer setting up an aiming point forward of
the target and along the target path. The trigger squeezed as the
target comes in sight.

In combat defensive or offensive position a soldier

do not know if their target will be stationary or moving, what is
important is to fire immediately at targets occur.

Note: Moving target fundamentals – is the same as

engaging stationary targets and the procedure used to engage
moving targets vary as the angle, speed and distance.

2) Tips to improve Performance in Combat

a) All soldiers should understand and apply the

single lead rule.
b) The moving targets coming towards them on
or a slight angle (0 to 15 degree) should be engage as stationary
targets.
c) Information should be presented and
practiced should allowed on applying addition lead to targets.

k. TECHNIQUE OF QUICK FIRE

Quick Fire (Instinctive or Quick Kill) – a technique of fire

used to engage surprise targets at close range or to deliver fast
effective fire for targets at close ranges (25m or less). Fire may be
delivered in semi-auto/burst.

1) Two (2) techniques of delivering quick fire

a) Aimed – when presented with a target bring
the rifle up to the shoulder and quickly fire a single shot. The firing
eye locks through or just over the rear sight aperture and uses the
front sight post to aim at the target, a target at 25m or less may be
accurately engaging in one (1) second or less.
122
 b) Pointed – when presented with a target, keep
the rifle at side and quickly fires single shoot or burst. Both eye
open and uses instinct and peripheral vision to line up the rifle with
the target. A target of 15m or less may be engage in less than one
second.

The difference is speed of delivery between this

two (2) techniques is small, pointed quick fire can be delivered
about one tenth of a second faster than aimed quick fire.

2) Key to Successful Employment of Quick Fire

a) Repeatedly practice during dry fire training.

b) Live fire exercise.
c) Tactical consideration dictate which
technique is effective in any situation and when single shot or
bursts fire is used.

Note: Pointed and aimed quick fire should be used only

when a target cannot be engageb fast enough using the sight in a
normal manner. This technique should be limited to targets
appearing at 25m or less.

l. EFFECTS OF GRAVITY

1) Effects on Ammunition – the bullet begins to fall as

soon as it leaves the muzzle of the rifle. The maximum speed or
velocity of the bullet is at muzzle, at first the bullet travel fast,
covering the 25 meters segment (275-300 meters) is covered at an
average speed of 1,450 mph.

Gravity – causes the rate of drop to increase as flight

time increases. The effect of gravity and wind increase as the range
increases.

2) Compensation of gravity – the firer therefore must

compensate for the effects of gravity to engage high priority
targets.
3) Adjusted Aiming Point – intended to increase hit
probability in combat. Adjusted aiming point to allow for the effect
of gravity. Usually a soldier should aim low for targets closer than
250 meters and aim high for targets further away than 250 meters.

123
 m. EFFECT OF WIND

Wind affects the bullet similar to gravity as range

increases. The effects of wind vary depending on changes in wind
speed and direction. The clock system is used to indicate wind
deviation and value.

1) A 10 Mph full value wind – move an M16A1 (M1930

bullet about –inch at 25 meters to about 46 inch at 475 meters. A
wind of greater speed increases bullet movement by nay
movement.
2) A 15 Mph wind – moves the bullet at all ranges 1-
time more than a 10 Mph wind. Effects of wind are much greater at
larger ranges.

Ex. Wind measurements

Flag method – constant number 4

Pointing method – divided by 4

Basic Rule – When in doubt, aim at the center of the

target.

n. ELEMENTS OF CORRECT SIGHT PICTURE

1) Sight Alignment – The sight is aligned when the

top of the front sight is exactly on the center of the rear sight
aperture.
2) Aiming Point – is the target where the sights are
aligned with.

o. RANGE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1) The bolt of all rifles must be opened always

2) All loading and unloading is executed on the firing
line with the muzzle of the rifle pointing towards the target. Strictly
no loading behind the firing line.
3) No weapon is loaded until the command load is
given.
4) All firing must be controlled by signals, commands
will be given by the designated range officer/NCO. Do not fire until
the command fire is given.
5) At the command “CEASE FIRING” all trigger finger
must be automatically removed from the trigger and shift to safe.

124
 6) No weapon is to be removed from the firing line
until it has been expected to see to it that it is clear with ammo and
safety lever at safe, bolt must be opened always.
7) No person is allowed beyond the firing line for any
reason or purpose. No weapon is carried in front of the firing line.
8) After firing, place the selector lever at safe, remove
magazine and always keep the bolt open.
9) In case of malfunction or alibi, do immediate
actions or remedial actions which make the barrel pointing to the
target. If failed, raise hand, but alibi to be assisted by the DI or
COACH.
10) Anyone observing an unsafe act will immediately
call CEASEFIRE.
11) Consider the rifle loaded at all times, even in the
break areas. Never point the rifle to anyone you not want to hurt.

p. MARKSMANSHIP QUALIFICATION

RATING OLD NEW ACROE OLD

(New)
Expert 28-40 36-40 180-200 140-200
Sharpshoot 24-27 30-35 155- 120-135
er 1179
Marksman 17-23 23-29 120-154 85-115
Unqualified 16- 22- 119- 80-
below below below below

125
_____________________________ _______________
(Name) (Date)
WRITTEN EXAMINATION
(Combat Training of Individual Soldier)

INSTRUCTIONS: Fill-in the blanks with the word or group of words that will make the
sentence complete or as required. After completing the examination, detach the same
from this book and submit to your Platoon Leaders.

1. Intelligence – is the product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis,

integration and interpretation of all available information which concerns a foreign
nation or an area of operation.

2. Military Information – means all facts, documents, materials, photograph,

diagram, maps and reports of observation of any kind which increases our knowledge
of a possible or actual enemy or area of operations.

3. Military Intelligence – is a knowledge acquired through the collection,

evaluation, and interpretation of all available information concerning a possible or
actual enemy or area of operations, including the weather and terrain.

Intelligence cycle:

4. Planning of the collection effort.

5. Collection of Information
6. Processing of Information
7. Dissemination and use of Intelligence

8. Map - is a graphical representation of the earth surface drawn to scale as seen

from above. Man-made and natural features are defected by symbols, colors, lines
and forms.

Methods of orienting a map:

9. Orientation by Compass
10. Orientation by Inspection

There are three base directions used in the map, namely:

11. True north (star)

12. Magnetic north (half arrowhead)
13. Grid north (y or gn).

Methods of determining one’s position and location.

14. INTERSECTION - is the location of the unknown, unoccupied points by taking

sights to the known point from at least two known occupied positions.

15. RESECTION - is the locating of an unknown occupied position by taking sights

on two or more identifiable points whose position are known.

16. MODIFIED RESECTION – a method of locating one’s position on a map when

the individual is located on a road or some other linear terrain feature identified on the
map.

126
17. Signal Communication – is a method or means or a combination thereof of
conveying information of any king of one person or place to another except direct
communication.

18. Means of Communication – a medium by which a message is conveyed from

one person to another.

19. Agency of Communication – a facility which embraces the personnel and

equipment to provide signal communication by any particular means or combination
thereof.

20. Wire – it is used as the principal means of communication in all military units

21. Radio – this means of communication is the most rapid one. It is most
frequently used for maintaining command, control, contact and direction in contact.

22. Messenger – the use of messenger as a means of communication is preferred

over the rest when maps and classified documents are to be transmitted to other
operating units.

23. Visual Signal – it is used to control the action of a small units.

24. Sound Signal – this means of communications is used primarily to spread

alarms

25. Radio Net – a group of several stations working together in the same
frequency.

26. Call Sign – a combination of pronounceable words that identifies the facility or
station.

27. Individual Call Sign – this call sign identifies a single call to any station within
the net.

28. Over - My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you.

29. Roger – I received your last message satisfactorily.

30. Out – My transmission is ended and I expect no response from you.

31. Break-break – stop your conversation and allow me to this net to transmit for
an urgent message.

32. CRAWL – is a move close to ground to avoid being seen by the enemy.

33. Dark adaptation – means allowing your eyes to become accustomed to low
level of illumination.

Techniques in Night Vision:

34. Avoid straining your eyes.

35. Sudden light destroy our sight vision

36. Adapt your seeing at night vision.

37. COVER – is natural or artificial protection from the fire of the enemy.

127
38. CONCEALMENT – is natural or artificial protection from enemy observation
(shadows, foliage, thick bush, fog, the clouds and even the strong rain are included)

Commonly used arm and hand signals

39 Freeze - Clenched fist at shoulder level.

40. Halt - Arm raised at shoulder level with open hand, fingers extended and
joined together.

41. Alert - Clenched fist with forefinger upright.

42. Alert - Clenched fist with forefinger upright.

43. Come to me (team leader) - Two fingers held against the opposite arm to
indicate the Sgt’s chevron.

44. Increase Speed, Double Time or Rush – raise the hand to the shoulder, fist
closed; thrust the fist upward to the full extent of the arm and back to the shoulder
rapidly several times.

45. The tactical rifle squad is the basic fighting unit. When employed in the attack,
its mission is to close with and kill or capture the enemy.

46. Squad Leader – he carries out the orders of his platoon leader. His
responsibility includes the discipline, appearance, training, control and welfare of his
men at all times.

47. Fire Team Leader – he gives positive leadership to his team, and maintains
discipline, welfare and combat proficiency

48. The mission of the infantry rifle squad is to close with the enemy by means of
fire and maneuver, to destroy or capture them or repel their assault by fire, close
combat and counter attack.
Infantry rifle squad formation
49. Wedge Formation (Fire Team)

50. Squad Column

51. Squad Line

52. Squad File

Three types of movement techniques:

53. Traveling - is used when contact with the enemy is not likely an speed is
needed
54. Traveling over watch - is used when contact is possible. Attached weapons
move near the squad leader and his command so he can employ them quickly.
55. Bounding Over watch – is used when enemy contact is expected. It is most
secured, but the slowest movement technique.
56. Platoon Leader -- Is responsible for all the platoon does or fails to do. This
includes the tactical employment, training administration and personnel management
and the logistics of the platoon.

128
57. Platoon Sergeant -- Assist the platoon leader in the supervision, admin and
training, discipline and most especially in the moral and the welfare of the platoon

58. The U.S. RIFLE 5.56MM M16 is the basic weapon of the Philippine Army.

59. A grenade is a small explosive or chemical bomb for military use against an
enemy at the short ranges. Grenades are of two (2) basic types – hand and launched.
The hand grenade or thrown away, while the launched grenade is fired from a
launcher.

60. Preparatory Marksmanship Training (MPT) – all marksmanship training that

takes place before live fire.

61. Marksmanship – it is a skillful art of shooting and hitting the target at a given
or known distance.

Four fundamentals of marksmanship

62. Establish a Steady Position – refers to the establishments of a position that

allows the weapon to be held still while it is being fired.

63. Aiming

64. Breath Control

65. Trigger Control

Firing positions commonly used:

66. Prone Position

67. Standing Position

68. Kneeling Position

Elements of correct sight picture

69. Sight Alignment – The sight is aligned when the top of the front sight is exactly
on the center of the rear sight aperture.

70. Aiming Point – is the target where the sights are aligned with.

129
 PUBLIC INFORMATION

1. THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY

a. Definition of Terms:

1) Subversion – It is a group conspiracy seeking to

alter an existing system of government through deceit and other
unlawful means, or it is an act of individual or a group who want to
topple the government by all mean.
2) Communism – It is a theory which advocate
elimination of private ownership. It intends to make the world
stateless and the society classless.
3) Agitation – It is a subversive technique to arouse
hatred and anger among the people and to the government.
4) Propaganda – It is a line of persuasion/influence
the belief, emotion, behavior, attitude and opinion of the target
audience.
5) Infiltration – deceptive use of legal activities and
this is being used to exert influence and if possible, seize control of
the target group.
6) Politics – it is an art or science concerning the
winning or control over government.

b. Threats to National Security

. Threat to national security may be defined as any

expression of intuition to inflict evil, injury or damage to the
nation’s people, territories, vital installations, political, economic
and religious way of life.

c. Types of Threat

1) General Threat:

a) Politics – caused by person/group of persons

who aspire for power and/or position into the government.
b) Economic – caused by businessmen who
mass large amount of money but do not pay taxes, hoarders, dollar
syndicate, dollar salters, smugglers and big criminals. These
groups tend to drain our national fund and thus results into
economic chaos.
c) Psycho-social – caused by activities that
would undermine the morale of the populace which make them
easy prey to insurgents exploitation. These are:

130
 (1) Indulgence to vices
(2) Drug addiction
(3) Prostitution
(4) Other criminal acts

2) External/Internal Threats

External Threat – it is posed primarily by conflict

from other countries that may affect certain country politically,
economically, socially and even militarily. (Iran –Iraq conflict, arms
race among super powers – Indo-China War).

Internal Threat – posed primarily by the different

groups who oppose our present system such as:

a) PKP/HMB (BHB) – officially organized on 07

November 1930, after labor organization leaders arrive from
Moscow. These labor leaders studied on the teaching of Karl Marx
and Linen thoughts. Its objective before was independence from
the claws of the American rulers. Its military arms, the HMB
emanated from the HUKBALAHAP which was a guerilla force who
served to fight against Japanese invaders. After the war, the
PKP/HMB continued its armed resistance against the government
with the objective to topple down the government.
b) CPP/NPA – it was organized on 26 December
1968 by Jose Maria Sison with sixty seven (67) students activist
after he drifted from the PKP/HMB. Its military arm, the New
People’s Army was organized by Bernabe Buscayno, another
drifter from PKP/HMB. It adheres to the teachings of Mao Tse Tung.
It aims to wrest state power and completely dissolve the existing
government through protracted armed struggle which is being
done by mobilizing the peasantry from the country sides.
c) Secessionist – it is an insurgency which aims
to establish an autonomous region over the province of
MINSUPALA, BASILAN and TAWI-TAWI. The first secessionist
movement was organized by the former governor of Cotabato,
UDTOG MATALAM in which he issued a manifesto desiring to
establish autonomous government in the region stated.
The most organized secessionist movement
in the south is the MNLF which was organized by Nuru Ladji
Misuari. To date, the MNLF is divided into three (3) factions namely:
Misuari, Abbas, and Salamat faction. Another secessionist group is
the group under the late Father Balweg, a renegade priest who
drifted away from CPP/NPA. He aimed to establish an autonomous
region over the Cordilleras.

131
 The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) has
the intention of creating a Mindanao Islamic Republic. The
objective of the MILF is to curve out portions of the Philippine
territory where it intends to establish an Islamic state. To attain its
objective, the MILF relies on dawah or Islamic call and jihad or
struggle in the way of Allah. To finance its activities, the MILF
conducts “ZACAT” or tax collection, kidnapping for ransom and
extortion activities. It also solicits political and financial support
from local and international Islamic organization.

The MILF is the exponent of Islamic

fundamentalism in the Philippines. It is headed by Ustadz Hassim
Salamat, a religious scholar, who originally served as the Vice-
Chairman of the Nur Misuari led MNLF. He led the Maguindanaon,
Iranon, and Maranao followers in breaking away from the MNLF
main body due to policy and ideological differences with the MNLF
Chairman.
Unlike the MNLF which is more of a secular
organization, Salamat molded his MILF into an organization which
advocates for the establishment of a genuine Islamic state in
Mindanao governed entirely by the dictates of the QUR’AN. It
defines its ideology as LA ILAHA ILLA ALLAH MUHAMAD AL
RASUL ALLAH, which means that there is God worthy to be
worshipped but Allah and that worship of God must be in
accordance with the teaching of Prophet Muhammad.
The Al-Harakat’ul Al-Islamiya (Islamic
Movement) or the so-called Abu Sayyaf Group is the exponent of
the Islamic extremist in the Philippines. It was organized in the
early 90s by the Late Ustadz Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani. A
religious scholar who studied the islamic faith in Saudi Arabia.
When the Russo-Afghan war erupted in the early 80s, Janjalani
joined the Third International Islamic Brigade to help the Afghan
Mujahideen repel the Russian invaders. It was in that country where
Janjalani was educated on the extremist side of Islam and upon his
return to Mindanao, he organized his own group to fight for the
Islamic cause patterned after the Shi’ite guerillas in the Middle
East. Originally, it refused to tie up with the MILF group believing
that the latter organization is not true to be its objective since the
MILF allows for a peaceful co-existence between Christians and
Muslims in Mindanao. For Janjalani, Mindanao must be free from
any influence of the Christian faith. Based on this belief, the Al-
Harakat’ul Al-Islamiya initially carried out operations patterned after
the terrorist activities of their counterparts in the Middle East such
as bombing and sabotage operations, kidnap for ransom activities
targeting mostly Christian religious personalities. Eventually,
however, the need for more financial and logistical resources to
132
sustain its day-to-day operations forced the ASG to direct its
attention to more lucrative undertakings such as kidnap for ransom
activities preying on local wealthy businessmen and their families,
school teachers and foreign tourists who are soft targets for ASG
operations. Because of this, the ASG became notorious as a
terrorist and criminal organization.
d) Religious Radicals – these are members of
the religious sectors who find fault into our system. They claim to
be spokesmen of the oppressed. The fact is that they become
radical when a number of the legitimate religious organizations
were infiltrated by communists elements. These religious
organizations were being used to undermine the government and
denounce the abuses of the military, be they are real or fictitious.
e) Social Democrats – organized in the early part
of 1973 with the aim to seize state power, dissolve the government
and replace it with socialist-democratic form of government. Its
activities were manifested by its involvement on the recent
bombing in urban areas through the “Light a Fire Movement” and
the April 6 Liberation Movement.
f) Rightists – these are the disgruntled
politicians, businessmen, clerics, oligarch, intellectual, military
men and big time criminals who work hand in hand to restore the
old order to pave their way into power and position in the
government.
g) Political Warlords – these are politicians who
maintained their private armies to secure their vested interest. They
show defiance to an existing system of the government

2. KNOWING THE CPP/NPA

“If you know the enemy and you know yourself, you need not
fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself and not
the enemy, for every victory gained, you will also suffer a defeat. If
you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in
every battle…” Sun Tzu

Though the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) is

already considered a legal entity, its original intention of making
the Philippines a communist convert remains. The collapse of
several communist movements around the world, somehow, did
not really affect the efforts of the local communist movement in the
country. Factors contributory to this such as too much democracy,
economic advantage for the members and greed for power in the
disguise of helping the poor continuously exist. The CPP with its
military arm still poses a potent threat to the security of the nation.

133
It maybe interesting to understand how it came into being, its
ideology and work processes to accomplish its objectives.

The CPP developed its party from top (national) to the bottom
(the village). The Central Committee is the top governing body. It is
composed of the chairman with the secretaries of the territorial
commissions, the chairmen of the functional commissions and key
personalities of various organs as members. The Central
Committee seldom meets – at most is twice a year. Next in line is
the Politburo or the political bureau. It is the policy making body in
lieu of the Central Committee. Below the Politburo is the Executive
Committee which takes charge of the daily affairs of the party. Next
are the (territorial) Commissions. The CPP has five commissions in
the Philippines: the Central Luzon. Southern Luzon, Northern
Luzon, Visayas and the Mindanao Commissions. Next is the
Regional Party Committee (RPC). A Commission is composed of
six to seven RPCs. The RPC is equivalent to the regional office of
the government. Every RPC has five or more Front Party Committee
(FPC) or Provincial Party Committee (PPC), the equivalent of the
provincial government. Then, for every three municipalities of the
province is the District Party Committee (DPC). For every three
clustered villages is the Section Party Committee (SPC), and finally,
for each influenced village is the Village (Barangay) Revolutionary
Committee (VRC). The CPP line units are responsible for all the
party, army and united front activities in their respective areas of
responsibility.

Membership to the party is highly selective. Quality is given

more importance rather than quantity of members. They believe
that too many members will only pose problems especially on
discipline and security whereas limited membership of professional
ideologues - highly motivated, well trained and disciplined – is
assured to stir the nation into a bloody revolution and seize
political power. Following the lesson from Lenin, the membership
of the CPP is few. Before one becomes a member, he has to
undergo the rigorous life of an activist; first from legal activities,
thence to semi legal and finally to illegal ones while the knowledge
of communism is slowly given him. As he progresses, heavier
tasks are assigned him depending on his specific skills. Once he
proves his worth, he is recommended as candidate member until
he becomes a party member.

The Army of the CPP is the New Peoples Army (NPA). Its
highest governing body is the Red Area Commission (RAC). The
CPP Military Commission oversees and provides ideological-
political guidance to the NPA. The highest combat unit of the NPA
134
is the Main Guerilla Unit (MRGU) which is the armed component of
the RPC. Below the MRGU is the Front Guerilla Unit (FGU), the
armed component of the FPC or PPC. Next is the District Guerilla
Unit (DGU), the army of the DPC. Then the Sandatahang Yunit
Pangpropaganda (Armed Propaganda Unit) or SYP, the armed
propaganda of the SPC and finally, the Militia of the VRC. The
MRGU, FGU and DGU are the combatants while the SYP merely
conduct the propaganda work and the Militia serves as the village
police force, to impose party policies in the village. Hypothetically,
the CPP is the body; the NPA is the right hand, the arm that holds
the weapon. While the army under the leadership of the party
committee uses psychological approaches in its political and
organizational tasks, the people are naturally cowed into
submission because of the presence of arms. The revolutionary
term used is “armed propaganda”. The NPA, however, knowing
fully well that it has to totally win the sympathy and support of the
people, it continuously engaged in ideological, political and
organizational work.

The CPP united front is the National Democratic Front (NDF).

Its highest governing body is the White Area Commission (WAC). It
is not a separate and autonomous organization with a life of its
own. It is a façade which the CPP seeks
to mobilize the people to accomplish its ends. It has two main
tasks. First, as the left hand which holds the shield. Whenever the
body, the CPP and/or the right hand, the NPA and/or any of their
important personnel is attacked or arrested, the function of the
shield is done thru the conduct of propaganda by usually
denouncing the attack or arrest as a violation of human rights. The
NDF has human right groups, the active core which comes from the
different NDF organizations – the League of Filipino Students (LFS),
Kabataan para sa Demokrasya at Nasyonalismo (KADENA),
Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU), Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas
(KMP) and many others. Second, as the political arm which aims to
politicize the sectors of the society. To carry out this mission, the
NDF has an umbrella front organization in every sector. The LFS,
Student Christian Movement (SCM), College Editor’s Guild of the
Philippines (CEGF) and the National Union of Students in the
Philippines (NUSP) for the studentry; KADENA for the out-of-school
youths; KMU for the workers and PISTON for the drivers; KMP and
AMIHAN for the farmers; PAMALAKAYA for the fishermen; CNL for
the church; NAJFD for the professionals with ACT for the public
school teachers; GABRIELA for women; KMPL for the urban poor;
and PnB for the politicians. Every sectoral umbrella organization
has many affiliate organizations. This is intended to deter detection
by the military and the people. The party handles the NDF with
135
utmost care and in covert manner since most of those in the NDF
ranks are non-communist intellectuals and who are merely
motivated by their own interpretation of nationalism, some of whom
are of national stature. While the party commands and disciplines
its members in the NDF, the latter is extra careful not to
unnecessarily antagonize the non-members. Democratic space is
given but the leadership of the NDF is always manipulated so that
the party in a subtle manner can always provide the directions. As
part of its mission to subvert the people, the NDF has to bring to its
fold people’s nationalist organizations, a few of which are
organized by the party members themselves.

The basic strategy of the CPP/NPA is to ride on sensitive

issues and conflicts. According to the law of contradiction, matter,
man and society are beset with built-in contradictions which create
conflict. In reference to man and society, there are three main
contradictions – personal, interpersonal and societal. The personal
contradiction is with in man himself. He is confronted with what
decision to take, vocations, specific jobs, whom to marry and many
others. The interpersonal contradiction is between persons. The
societal contradiction is between countries, political parties,
classes of people and many others. The last is termed by Karl Marx
as class conflict. These contradictions are the products of various
social forces at play such as economic needs, political
philosophies and ideologies, religions, values, beliefs and
idiosyncrasies among others. “The basic contradiction in the
Philippine society according to the CPP are: 1. between the Filipino
nation and imperialism; 2. between the great masses of the people
and feudalism; 3. the suppression of the people by the present
government on behalf of the US imperialism and feudal landlords”
A good communist is adept not only in exploiting these various
contradictions especially the class conflict to his advantage but
also in heightening the conflict to a revolutionary level by creating
and inducing a revolutionary situation. The victory of the
communists depends mainly on how it manipulates people based
on this contradictions and class conflicts. That is why a communist
is especially taught how to conduct social investigation and class
analysis, that being the bases of his actions as it must be based on
concrete analysis of a concrete condition.

The communist follows a system in infiltrating a target group

or a village. He is indoctrinated in the art of infiltration. He must
master the art of infiltration to a point that wherever he is, he will
look, act and talk as the majority of the people do. Communist
infiltrators hide under different names, under the different target
sectors. In a farming village where the communist does not have its
136
army yet, or the latter has no ready access to the village, a member
of the semi-legal team (SLT) does and stays in the village with the
pretext that he is a farmer. Usually, his entry is pre-arranged with
the actual village resident with whom he has befriended and whom
he would claim as relative. Thence, covertly, he does social
investigation (SI), class analysis (CA) and counter-intelligence (CI).
Guided by his SICACI, he selects one resident whom he classifies
as his basic ally and based on the SI, he discusses with him the
social problems of the community, linking the same to the macro
problems and ends with an emphatic conclusion that the social
problems are caused by the structure of the society; the very rich
few suppress and extremely oppress the poor majority. The military
in this regard, is seen as an institutional partner of the rich to
oppress the people. The CI guides him in identifying the local
residents who work with the police/military intelligence network,
and he avoids them. When his initial convert is prepared, he task
him to convince two others; each of the other two convinces
another two, and each of the next four convinces two others
making the initial converts into a total of fifteen. After this is
reached, the communist infiltrator, who operates covertly from the
beginning, manipulates the initial converts thru his first convert
who is now regarded as the leader of the group. They grouped
themselves into farmers’ cooperative. Teach-ins are regularly held
until the Village Committee are established with the leader as the
chairman and each of the members heads the
education/propaganda, finance, defense and organizing
committees. Then the activities are intensified to convince and
convert the rest of the residents after which the VRC is formed.
The VRC branches into three groups namely; the male adults, the
women’s group and the youth’s group, each with its own
education/propaganda, finance, defense and organizing
committees. When all the residents are converted and/or cowed,
(the unwilling ones are forced to transfer residences) the Barangay
or VRC is consolidated with the inclusion of other committees
namely; economic, intelligence, mass action, supply and medical
committees. The male adults has one additional committee, the
militia. The position of vice chairman of each of the three groups is
created. The system is modified as applicable in urban areas and
school settings.

To further hasten discontentment of the people, the

communist pursues a propaganda of agitation to agitate the people
into hating, thus fighting the government. This is done by
exploiting the class conflict. The propaganda of agitation uses the
issue-oriented approach. The local issue of the day is discussed,
say, fuel price increase and in the process of elaborating and
137
deepening the issue, the communist cites the three basic evils
namely; US imperialism, bureaucrat capitalism and feudalism as
the roots of the problem. The issue which is legitimate and relevant
to the lives of the people naturally touches them without being
aware that the issue is just a mere tool to bring them under the
influence of communism. The issue merely serves as the boat and
those who are agitated ride on the vehicle and the communist
being the skipper brings the boat to the realm of a bloody
revolution to grab political power.

Out of the various vocations, the most deceptive is

communism. Aside from having no qualms in his deception, a
communist is proud of being smart in his deceit. It is being
nameless, hiding his real identity by using many aliases that
renders him shameless. He tells the Christians that he is a
Christian, even using the name of /Christ in vain branding him as
the first communist, yet, he is godless and anti Christ. He tells the
workers that his is a dictatorship of the proletariat – the working
class, yet, his is a dictatorship of the communist elite and under his
leadership, the workers are extremely oppressed and suppressed.
He promises that the peasants that the land will be distributed and
titled in their names, yet, his is a communal farming where the land
is owned by the state and the farmers are only given share of the
produce enough for their consumption. He tells the politicians that
his political system is people’s democracy without elaborating, yet,
his political system is totalitarianism. He commits anything and
everything to the people just so he can grab political power. While
we cannot blame him because he is indoctrinated to be such, at
least, we must always be aware that the ignorance of one makes
him and easy prey to the communist deceptive propaganda and
manipulation, the worst kind is subtly done.

At present, the local communists also considered as local

terrorists, are still capable of conducting mass actions and
selective armed attacks to unprepared military and police
detachments and vital installations. These activities can affect
economic activities in the area giving much burden to the local
populace. Communism is a menace and has no place to a
democratic way of life.

138
 HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCACY

HUMAN RIGHTS

a. Human Rights – embraces those fundamental freedom

like the right to life, liberty, security of person, property and equal
protection of the law.

Example: Choose his own occupation, his religion, run for

political position, to vote and associate with other people and right
to the product of his labor as guaranteed by the Bill of Rights and
those embodied in the universal declaration of human rights.

b. Is there a tradition of human rights in the Philippines?

Yes, even before the advent of western influences, we

have a tradition of human rights as typified in the Code of
Kalantiaw where rights and obligations, duties and privileges of
social groups are defined.

Example:

1) Tillers of the land had certain right to the product

of his own.
2) The individual had the recognized rights on forest
product in accordance with the ability and strength.
3) Chief had the right to protect the lives of his
followers
4) The right to property.
5) The custom and tradition of the locality.

c. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

ARTICLE 1 – All human beings are born free and equal in

dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience
and should act towards another in a spirit of brotherhood.
ARTICLE 2 – Everybody is entitled to all rights and freedom
set forth in this declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as
race, color, sex, language, religious, political or other opinion.
ARTICLE 3 – Everyone has the right to life, liberty and
security of person.
ARTICLE 4 – No one shall be held in slavery or servitude and
the slave trade shall be prohibited in all forms.
ARTICLE 5 – No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel in
human and degrading treatment or punishment.

139
 ARTICLE 6 – Everyone has the right to recognition
everywhere as person before the law.
ARTICLE 7 – All are equal before the laws are entitled without
any discrimination of equal protection of the law. All are entitled to
equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this
declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
ARTICLE 8 – Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by
the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental
rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
ARTICLE 9 – No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,
detention or exile.
ARTICLE 10 – everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and
public hoarding by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the
determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal
charge against him.
ARTICLE 11
a. Everyone charged with a penal offense has the
right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law
in public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for
his defense.
b. No one shall be held guilty of any offense on
account of any act of commission which did not constitute a penal
offense, under national or international law, at the time when it was
committed.
ARTICLE 12 – No one shall be subjected to arbitrary
interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor
to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to
the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
ARTICLE 13
a. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and
residence within the borders of each state.
b. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including
his own, and returns to his country.
ARTICLE 14
a. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other
countries asylum from prosecution.
b. This right may not be invoked in the case of
prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crime or from
acts contrary to the purpose and principles of the United Nations.
ARTICLE 15
a. Everyone has the right to a nationality
b. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor
denied the right to change nationality.

140
 ARTICLE 16
a. Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to
race, nationality or religion have the right to marry and to find a
family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage and its
dissolution.
b. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full
consent of the intending spouses.
c. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of
society and is entitled to protection by society and the state.
ARTICLE 17
a. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as
in association with others.
b. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
ARTICLE 18 – everyone has the right to freedom of thought,
conscience and religion, this right includes freedom to hold
opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart
information and ideas through any media and regardless of
frontier.
ARTICLE 19
a. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly
and association.
b. No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
ARTICLE 20
a. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of
his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.
b. Everyone has the right of access to public service in his
country.
c. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority
of government, this will be expressed in periodic and genuine
selections which shall be by universal and equal surface shall be
held by secret vote or by equivalent voting procedures.
ARTICLE 21 – everyone, as a member of society has the right
to social security and is entitled to realization, through national
effort and international cooperation and in accordance with the
organization and resources of each state, of the economic, social
and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and in the free
development of his personality.
ARTICLE 22
a. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of
employment, to just pay, favorable conditions of work and to
protection against unemployment.
b. Everyone without any discrimination has the right to
equal pay for equal work.
c. Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable
remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence

141
worthy of human dignity and supplemented, if necessary by other
means of social protection.
ARTICLE 23 – everyone has the right to form, to join trade
unions for the protection of his interest.
ARTICLE 24 – everyone has the right to rest and leisure,
including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic
holidays with pay.
ARTICLE 25
a. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate
for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including
good, clothing, housing and social care and necessary social
services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment,
sickness, disability, widowed, old age or other lack of livelihood
circumstances beyond his control.
b. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special
assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock shall
enjoy the same social protection.
ARTICLE 26
a. Everyone has the right to education.
b. Education shall be directed to the full development of
the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for
human rights and fundamental freedoms.
c. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of
education that shall be given to their children.
ARTICLE 27
a. Everyone has the right to participate in the cultural life
of the community, to enjoy the acts, to share scientific
advancements and its benefits.
b. Everyone has the right to protection of the moral and
paternal interests resulting from any scientific literacy or artistic
production of which he is the author.
ARTICLE 28 – Everyone is entitled to a social and
international order in which the rights freedom set forth in this
declaration can be fully realized.

142
_____________________________ _______________
(Name) (Date)
WRITTEN EXAMINATION
(Public Information)

INSTRUCTIONS: Fill-in the blanks with the word or group of words that will make the
sentence complete or as required. After completing the examination, detach the same
from this book and submit to your Platoon Leaders.

1. Subversion – It is a group conspiracy seeking to alter an existing system of

government through deceit and other unlawful means, or it is an act of individual or a
group who want to topple the government by all mean.

2. Communism – It is a theory which advocate elimination of private ownership. It

tends to make the world stateless and the society classless.

3. Threat to national security may be defined as any expression of intuition to

inflict evil, injury or damage to the nation’s people, territories, vital installations,
political, economic and religious way of life.

4. External Threat – it is posed primarily by conflict from other countries that may
affect certain country politically, economically, socially and even militarily.

5. Internal Threat – posed primarily by the different groups from within who
oppose our present system.

6. CPP/NPA – it was organized on 26 December 1968 by Jose Maria Sison with

sixty seven (67) students activist after he drifted from the PKP/HMB. It adheres to the
teachings of Mao Tse Tung. It aims to wrest state power and completely dissolve the
existing government through protracted armed struggle which is being done by
mobilizing the peasantry from the country sides.

7. The military arm of the CPP is the New People’s Army was organized by
Bernabe Buscayno,

8. Secessionist is an insurgency which aims to establish an autonomous region

over the province of MINSUPALA, BASILAN and TAWI-TAWI.

9. Rightists are the disgruntled politicians, businessmen, clerics, oligarch,

intellectual, military men and big time criminals who work hand in hand to restore the
old order to pave their way into power and position in the government.

10. Political Warlords are politicians who maintained their private armies to
secure their vested interest. They show defiance to an existing system of the
government

11. The Central Committee is the top governing body of the CPP.

12. The Army of the CPP is the New Peoples Army.

13. The highest combat unit of the NPA is the Main Guerilla Unit.

14. The Militia serves as the village police force, to impose party policies in the
village

15. The CPP united front is the National Democratic Front (NDF). Its highest
governing body is the White Area Commission (WAC).

143
 CIVIL AFFAIRS

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

DISASTER RESPONSE AND RESCUE OPERATIONS

1. DEFINITION OF TERMS

a. DISASTER/CALAMITY – refers to a situation that is

associated with catastrophic events where a number of persons are
plunged with hardship and suffering that are caused by problems
like shortage of food, clothing, medical care and other basic
necessities
b. FLOOD – it is state or condition when water overflows
from natural waterways caused by heavy rainfall resulting in the
water accumulation in low lying areas.
c. RELIEF – refers to anything that is done to alleviate the
condition of those who are suffering from the effects of a
disaster/calamity and who at that particular time are completely
helpless.
d. POLLUTION – refers to any discharge of liquid, solid
substance or gases into land, soil, waters, atmosphere, air or space
which will create or render such environmental elements and
atmospheric air harmful or detrimental or injurious to human
beings, animals, plants and the nature’s environment and
ecological balance.
e. REHABILITATION – refers to the restoration of a
person’s economic dependency to a stable living either physically,
economically, socially or emotionally.
f. VOLCANIC ERUPTION – an occurrence characterized by
an ejection of volcanic materials such as molten lava, rock
fragments, ashes, lahar flow, steam and other gases through the
fissure brought about by tremendous pressure which forces open
the rock formation or stem reservoirs beneath the earth’s crust.
g. SPACE DEBRIS – these are remains of artificial satellites
and other components as well as their means of carriage aloft
which fall back to earth.
h. RADIO ACTIVE FALL-OUT- these are dust particles of
earth and debris, together with the radioactive materials that cling
to them and are drawn up into mushroom clouds resulting from
detonation of a nuclear weapon or devise and which are carried by
the wind and sent back to earth.
i. NATIONAL DISASTER COORDINATING COUNCIL – this
is the highest government body responsible in advising the
President of the country on the status of disaster preparedness

144
program and disaster relief and rehabilitation effort at the national
level.
j. DISASTER CONTROL – refers to act of limiting the effect
of disaster through the introduction of measures designed to
prepare the inhabitants before, during and after a disaster.
k. STATE OF CALAMITY – it is a condition that is declared
by the President of the country in the event of a widespread
destruction to property and lives due to destructive forces of
nature and emergencies.

2. CONCEPT OF CIVIL DEFENSE

The Philippines is located in the circumpacific belt of fire and
typhoon. This being so, the country has always been subjected to
natural disaster and calamities anytime of the year. In whatever part
of the country, we have been experiencing yearly natural calamities
– floods, typhoons tornadoes, earthquakes, drought, fire, tsunamis
and volcanic eruptions which have brought incessant miseries to
our people, no to loss of lives and properties.
In the mid-seventies and eighties, strong typhoons and
torrential rains brought devastation to Manila and large areas of
central Luzon. The 1990 killer earthquake that hit several Luzon
provinces as well as Metro Manila and the effects of the 1991 Mt
Pinatubo eruption had put the National Disaster Coordinating
Council (NDCC) in the forefront.
To enhance the people’s preparedness and ensure precision
and spontaneity in responding to emergencies or catastrophes, the
NDCC, together with the concerned agencies conduct regular
mobilization exercises and drills at all levels with the participation
of the private agencies concerned and the non-government
organization.

3. OPERATIONAL POLICIES OF NDCC

Since the year 1989, the NDCC, by virtue of Memorandum
Order Nr 4, has issued some functional policies and procedures
intended to assist the victims of calamities and alleviate their
plight.
Upon the declaration of a state calamity by the President,
priority assistance is instantly extended to victims in terms of relief
operations, medical assistance, immediate repair of vital
infrastructures which were damaged by natural disasters and
resettlement of calamity victims. Calamity funds are released
directly to the implementing departments and agencies. Funds
released to the Department of Social Welfare and Development are
used for emergency relief and rehabilitation assistance to affected
areas and disaster victims. Funds released to the Department of

145
Health are used in the procurement of needed medicines and for
medical assistance to disaster victims.

4. COMPOSITION OF THE NDCC

The NDCC is composed of the following

a. Department of National Defense (DND) (the lead agency)
b. Department of Public Works and Highways
c. Department of Transportation and Communication
d. Department of Social Welfare and Development
e. Department of Education, Culture and Sports
f. Department of Finance
g. Department of Labor and Employment
h. Department of Justice
i. Department of Trade and Industries
j. Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)
k. Department of Public Information
l. Department of Budget and Management
m. Chief of Staff, AFP
n. Secretary General, Philippine National Red Cross
o. Civil Defense Office

5. THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES DURING

DISASTER AND CALAMITY OPERATIONS

Since the DND and the AFP possess the capability to react to
natural calamities with the DND’s unique nature of organization and
network of troops and asset disposition, an inter-agency plan
headed by the DND was organized specifically to put into
realization an action oriented Civil Defense Plan with the creation of
the NDCC.

The Secretary of DILG is responsible for the establishment of

operation centers of all local government.
The Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports is tasked with
organizing the disaster control and reaction teams in large building
for commercial and reaction purposes.
The Department of Trade and Industry Secretary is
responsible for the organization of disaster control and reaction
teams in large building for commercial and reaction purposes.
The Secretary of Department of Social Welfare and
Development is tasked with extending emergency relief assistance
and social services to victims of strategy.
During disaster operations, all other disaster coordinating
councils make available their facilities and expertise relative to the
effective implementation of the councils mission. Likewise, the
146
office of the Civil Defense prepares the national/regional disaster
and calamity preparedness plan in accordance with the approved
disaster and calamity guidelines.

6. THE ROLE OF THE YOUTH DURING NATURAL CALAMITIES

AND MANMADE DISORDERS

All able- bodied young citizens of the land should get

themselves involved in civic actions in the community where
she/he lives and should be ready to render assistance anywhere
and anytime their services are needed. More than anything else, it
is everybody’s moral obligation to assist her/his countrymen in
distress.
In times of natural calamities or manmade disorders, the
youth (ROTC cadets/cadettes) should be willing and ready to
render direct assistance to calamity victims in any of the following
areas:

a. Sorting, loading and distribution of relief goods

b. Administering first aid treatment on victims
c. Comforting and assisting in their rehabilitation
d. Disseminating information to concerned individual
e. Surveying of affected families and areas
f. Monitoring and liaisoning work
g. Civic action activities like:
1) Environmental and ecological protection
2) River and watershed control projects
3) Tree planting/forest fire control
Likewise, the concerned youth development agencies should
establish coordination and linkages to be set up before, during and
after every disaster. By using the NDCC operational model, the
leadership in the youth development agencies, the corps of officers
or coordinators, in order to succeed in their chosen endeavor
should:
a. Plan the chosen activities ahead of long time before any
calamity strikes. Joint/Participate in training exercise on disaster
and relief operations.
b. See to it that resources that are available could meet the
needs of chosen activities.
c. Coordinate all activities properly with the City, Provincial
and Municipal Disaster Coordinator Councils.
d. Organize the corps into various brigade or cadre. Assign
the members’ responsibilities which they feel they can properly
handle. Confidence in what is one is doing is the key to success.
e. Work as a TEAM. Coordinate efforts with other
organizations (NGO, PO, LGO or religious organizations)
147
_____________________________ _______________
(Name) (Date)
WRITTEN EXAMINATION
(Civil Affairs)

INSTRUCTIONS: Fill-in the blanks with the word or group of words that will make the
sentence complete or as required. After completing the examination, detach the same
from this book and submit to your Platoon Leaders.

1. DISASTER/CALAMITY – refers to a situation that is associated with

catastrophic events where a number of persons are plunged with hardship and
suffering that are caused by problems like shortage of food, clothing, medical care
and other basic necessities

2. RELIEF – refers to anything that is done to alleviate the condition of those who
are suffering from the effects of a disaster/calamity and who at that particular time are
completely helpless.

3. The Secretary of Department of Social Welfare and Development is tasked with

extending emergency relief assistance and social services to victims of strategy.

In times of natural calamities or manmade disorders, the ROTC cadets may be

tapped to render to direct assistance to calamity victims in any of the following areas:

4. Sorting, loading and distribution of relief goods

5. Administering first aid treatment on victims

6. Comforting and assisting in their rehabilitation

7. Disseminating information to concerned individual

8. Surveying of affected families and areas

9. Monitoring and liaisoning work

10. Civic action activities

148
 MANDATORY READINGS

1. INTERIOR GUARD DUTY

a. Composition of Main Guard

An interior guard system is installed by commander of all military

installations to preserve, protect property, and enforce military regulations.
Security is part of the composition of the interior guard system. Separate units
are responsible for posting interior in their areas.

The elements of the interior guard system are classified according

to their purposes. They include the main guards and special guards. The latter
category consists of park, train boat guards and other detailed for specific
purposes. Generally, the interior guard consists of a system of patrols and
fixed post.

Normally, an interior guard system is composed of the following:

One (1) Field Officer of the Day (FOD); one officer or more Sergeants of the
Guard (SOG); a relief commander for each relief; and sentinels of the guard,
the number of sentinels needed for routine daytime duty is ordinarily much
smaller than the number required at night or on Sunday and Holidays.

b. Functions and General Duties of Personnel

1) Field Officer of the Day (FOD) – A field grade officer detailed

at FOD is the commanding officer’s personal representative. His primary
concern is the proper supervision in the performance of duty of the interior
guards.
2) Officer of the (OD) – The OD is responsible for the proper
performance of duty by the main guards. He is charged with executing all
orders of the commanding officer relating to interior guard duty.
3) Commander of the Guard (COG) – He is responsible for the
instruction, discipline, and performance of the guards. Being a senior in rank,
the commander of the guards is responsible for proper action in case of
emergency.
4) Sergeant of the Guard (SOG) – The SOG is the overall
supervision over the other NCOs and sentinel of the guards. He takes over a
commander of the guards in case no one else is detailed as such.
5) Relief Commander – The relief commander instructs
members of his relief as to their orders and duties, and makes certain that
each sentinel understands them. He also familiarizes himself with the special
duties of members of his relief.
6) Sentinel – They must memorize, understand, and comply
with the general orders for sentinel. In addition, they must understand and
comply with the special orders applicable to their particular post, including the
use of counter-signs, if they are in effect.

149
 c. Procedure in Formal Guard Mounting

1) Before the new guard arrives in the guardhouse, the old

guards have already been formed on time by the old commander. The new
guards march to the guardhouse for informal guard mounting.
2) When the new guards are about six steps from the left flank
of the old guards, the new commander of the guards commands “Eyes Right”.
Almost at the same time, the commander of the old guards faces about the
commands “present Arms.” They remain in this position until the new guards
have cleared their right flank. The old commander commands “Order Arms”
3) A soon as the new guards have cleared the right flank, the
new commanders “ready, Front.” The new guard executes right flank and halts
when are approximately six steps to the right of the old guards. The
commander then commands “Order, Arms” and “About Face”.
4) Both commanders of the guards positioned six steps in
front and centered on their respective groups, face about and command
“Present Arms.” After that, they face each other and exchange salutes. They
then face their guards and command “Order Arms”.
5) After the new guards have been presented to the
commander of the guards, the new old officers of the day position themselves
eighteen steps in front and centered on their respective guards. Both
commanders of the guards face about the command “Present Arms." After
which they face back to the front and salute their respective officers of the day.
6) After salutes have been exchanged both commanders face
about, command “Order Arms,” and face back to the front. The two officers of
the day then face each other and exchange salutes which starts with the new
OD rendering salute to the old OD. They then face their respective guards.
7) The new commands “ Post the first Relief,” after which the
first relief commander salutes the new OD, faces about, then commands “Falls
out.” The guards report to the guardhouse and the first relief commander
reports to the commander of the guards for instructions on posting his relief.
8) Meanwhile, the old OD commands “Dismiss the Guards.”
The old commander of the guards salutes the old OD, faces about, and
command “Rest.” He then contracts the new commander of the guards to
convey instructions and orders. The old guards are then marched off to their
company areas. This ends informal guard mounting.

d. Guard Orders

Sentinels are governed by both general and special orders. General

orders apply to all sentinels. While special orders apply to particular posts and
duties. These special orders may also contain instructions on the use of signs
and countersigns. Herein below are the eleven General Orders for sentinels.

1) General Order Nr 1 – To take charge of this post and all

government properties in view.
2) General Order Nr 2 -To walk my post in a military manner,
keeping always on the alert and observing everything that takes place within
sight or hearing.
3) General Order Nr 3 – To report all violation of orders I am
instructed to enforce.
4) General Order Nr 4 – To repeat all calls from posts more
distant from the guardhouse than my own.

150
 5) General Order Nr 5 – To quit my post only when properly
relieved.
6) General Order Nr 6 – To received, obey, and pass on the
sentinel who relieves me all orders from the commanding officer, office of the
day, and officer and non-commissioned officers of the guard only.
7) General Order Nr 7 – To talk to one except in the line of
duty.
8) General Order Nr 8 – To give the alarm in case of fire or
disorder.
9) General Order Nr 9 – To call the commander of the guard in
any case not covered by instructions.
10) General Order Nr 10 – To salute all officers, and all colors
and standards not cased.
11) General Order Nr 11 – To be especially watchful at night,
and during the time for challenging, to challenge all personal on or near my
post, and to allow no one to pass without proper authority.

2. ANTI AND COUNTER - TERRORISM

Terrorism – is the unlawful use of or threatened use of force or violence

against individual or property to coerce intimidates government or societies,
often to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives.

a. THE ENVIRONMENT OF TERRORSIM

It is often difficult to distinguish the act of politically motivated

terrorist from violent acts performed by criminals or individuals in the society
at large. These acts create similar tactical-level problems for security forces,
but normally have no political intent or effect. Some criminal organizations,
especially drug traffickers, have become powerful enough to have vested
political interest. When they pursue this interest by acts of terrorism, they
become a concern for the military like any other political terrorists group.

The terrorists neither require nor necessarily seek political

support. Terrorist operations, organizations and movements require secrecy.
Their activities do not conform to the rules of law or warfare. Their victims are
frequently noncombatants, or symbolic persons and places, and usually have
no role in either causing or correcting the terrorist’s grievance. Terrorist
methods include hostage taking, hijacking, sabotage, assassination, arson,
hoaxes, bombings and armed attack or threat thereof.

b. THE TERRORIST THREAT:

The terrorist – understanding modern terrorism requires an

appreciation of the emotional impact that the terrorist act has on the terrorist’s
audience, people other than the victims. The audience must now act to
respond to it, therefore, media coverage is imperative to terrorist wishing to
execute public fear or to gain attention for their cause. To great extent, the
terrorist’s desire for attention determines his choice of tactics.

The role that the terrorists group perceives itself is playing also
determines its choice of tactics and selection of targets. Terrorism can be an
element of an insurgency or revolutionary effort when employed with other

151
military and political activities designed to gain autonomy or to supplant the
existing political system. Terrorism can be mere gesture used in isolation from
any meaningful political effort. In this context, terrorists frequently claim
affiliation with some vague cause or obscure political philosophy to give their
actions a veil of responsibility.

A terrorists group’s selection of target is also influenced by its

governmental affiliation. For some years, security forces categorized terrorist
groups according to their operational traditions, national, transitional-national
and international.

Ease of travel and the growing tendency toward cooperative

efforts among terrorist groups distinguish mostly by government affiliation.
This helps security planners anticipate their targets and their degree of
sophistication and intelligence weaponry.

c. THE GENERAL CATEGORIZATION OF TERRORIST:

1) Non-State Supported – this terrorist group operates

autonomous receiving no significant support from any government.
2) State Supported – a state supported group generally
operates independently but receives support from one or more government.
3) State Directed – in this category, the terrorist group
operates as an agent to a government. It receives intelligence, logistics and
operational support from government.

d. TERRORIST OBJECTIVES:

Terrorist events can be classified by their immediate objectives. A

terrorist organization may pursue one, some or all of these objectives. The
terrorist organization may establish its objectives and strategy or the
government supporting the terrorist organization may dictate them. In either
case, the military planner must identify these objectives and strategies in
order to defeat the terrorist organization and prevent it from attaining its goal.

1) Recognition – at the outset of the terrorist campaign, the

objective terrorists acts maybe national or international recognition of the
cause. The reason in seeking recognition might also include attracting
recruits, obtaining funds demonstrating strength.
2) Coercion – coercion is the attempt to force a desired
behavior of individual or groups or governments. This objective call for from a
strategy of a selective targeting which may rely on publicly announced
bombing, destruction of property and other acts which are initially less violent
than taking human life.
3) Intimidation – intimidation differs from coercion,
intimidation attempt to prevent individuals or group from acting; coercion
attempt to force action. Terrorist may use intimidation to reduce the
effectiveness of security forces by making they afraid to act. Intimidation can
discourage competent citizen from seeking or accept position within a
government.
4) Provocation – the specific objective of terrorist acts in this
category is to provoke over reaction on the part of the government forces. The
strategy normally calls for attacking the targets symbolic of the government.

152
Attacks of this type, demonstrate vulnerability of terrorist acts and contribute
to a loss of confidence in the government’s ability to provide security.
5) Insurgency Support – terrorism in support of an insurgency
is likely to include provocation, intimidation, coercion and the quest for
recognition. Terrorism can also aid an insurgency by causing the government
to over extend itself in attempting to protect all possible targets. Other uses of
terrorism skill in insurgencies includes acquiring funds, coercing recruits,
obtaining logistical support and enforcing internal discipline.

e. THE TERORISTS TACTICS

Terrorist incidents may be classified to the tactics terrorist use.

There are many tactics, but generally each cell favors and specialized in the
use of one or two. The tactics establish a distinct identifying pattern of
operation. Generally, techniques used to analyze criminal behavior are also
useful in analyzing terrorist behavior. The study of terrorist behavioral patterns
can reveal most about a terrorist group. This information is helpful in
implementing anti-terrorism and conducting counter terrorism operations. A
terrorist organization may use any or all of the tactics below.

1) Assassination – assassination is a euphemism for murder.

The term generally applies to the killing of prominent persons and symbolic
enemies as well as to defectors from a terrorist group.
2) Arson – arson has the advantage of low risk to the
perpetrators. It requires only a low level of technical knowledge.
3) Bombing – the improvised explosive device (IED) is the
contemporary terrorist’s weapon of choice. It is inexpensive to produce and
terrorist use it frequently, due to the various detonation techniques available.
The IED poses a low risk to the trained terrorist. Other advantages include its
attention getting capacity and the terrorist ability to control casualties through
time of detonation and placement of device.
4) Hijacking – hijacking produces a spectacular hostage
situation. Although terrorist hijacking on trains, buses, ships and aircraft offer
them greater mobility and worldwide media coverage as a means for escape.
5) Hostage Taking – this is usually an overt seizure of one or
more people to gain publicity, concessions or ransom in return for the release
of the hostage or hostages.
6) Kidnapping – while similar to hostage-taking, kidnapping is
usually covert action and the perpetrators may not make themselves know for
sometimes. While hostage- taker seek immediate publicity for their terrorist
acts, news media attention. Kidnapping is usually less intense since the event
may extend over a prolonged period because of the time involved. A
successful kidnapping requires elaborate planning and logistics, although the
risk to the terrorist is less than in a hostage situation.
7) Maiming – maiming creates fear causes pain, but is not as
negative terrorist image as killing a hostage.
8) Raids – armed attacks on facilities usually have one or
three purposes: gain access to radio or television broadcast facilities, to
demonstrate government’s inability to guarantee the security of critical
facilities and acquire money or materials.
9) Seizure – usually involves the capture of the building or
object that has a value to the target audience. Publicity is the principal
objective. The risk to the terrorist is high because security forces have time to

153
react of the attack. They may opt to use force to resolve the incident since few
or no innocent lives may be risked.
10) Sabotage – the sabotage in the most sabotage incident is to
demonstrate how vulnerable society is to the terrorist actions. In the more
developed countries, utilities, communications and transportation systems are
so interdependent that a serious disruption of one, affects all and gained
immediate public attentions. Sabotage of industrial, commercial or military
facilities is one means of showing the vulnerability of the target. While
simultaneously making statement or political or monetary demands.
11) Hoaxes – any terrorist group can successfully employ a
hoax. A threat to against person’s life and those around him to devote more
time and effort to security measures. A bomb threat can close a commercial
building, empty or disrupt transportation system at no cost to the terrorist. The
long-term effects is “false alarm” on the security force are more dangerous
than a temporary disruption of the hoax. Repeated threat that do not
materialized, dull the analytical and operational effectiveness of security
personnel.
12) Use of NBC Weapons – although nuclear device is beyond
the reach of all but the most sophisticated state sponsored terrorist group, a
chemical or biological weapons is not. The technology is simple and the cost
per casualty is extremely low. This makes such weapons ideal for those with
little or no regard for the consequence of their act. Fear of alienation from peer
and support population probably inhibits their use, but this restrains could
disappear as completion for headlines increases.

f. THE TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The terrorist group develops organizational structures appropriate

for the environment in which they operate. Since terrorist usually work in a
hostile environment, security is one of the primary concerns. Hence, they
organize their structure as:

1) Terrorist group is normally cellular.

2) They may organize into multi-functional cell that come
several skills into one tactical unit.
3) They may create a separate specialized cells that come
together for an operation on an ad-hoc basis.
4) Larger groups normally have a central command and
control elements with one or more subordinate elements.

Terrorist groups are strictly similar to the rudimentary military

organizations. However, in other group dynamics, egos, and philosophical
differences override organizational principles. Because of these internal
differences, members may take actions not consistent with their stated
objectives.

In general, terrorist organization, specially those with little or no

less access to government resources, need a support structure like:

1) Leadership – leadership is the top of the pyramid. It defense

policy and direct actions. Leadership is intensely committed and may include
charismatic figures. If the group is state supported or direct, the leadership

154
usually includes one or more members who have been trained by the
sponsoring state.
2) Active Supporters – active supporters are people who do
not actually commit the violent acts of terrorism. However, they assist the
terrorist by providing money, information, legal end, medical services, safe
houses, and forged, and stolen documents, Active supporters frequently agree
ideologically with some or all of the group’s goal, but not the use of violence.
3) Passive Supporters – passive supporters are more difficult
to define and identify. Most of them are sympathetic to the terrorist group, but
either will not or cannot assume an active role. Some passive supporters are
involved by intimidation or blackmail. Passive support may be unwitting, for
example, contribution to charitable cause or causes. The terrorist relies on
passive supporters for financial and public displays of support and minor
logistical support.

g. MEETING THE TERRORIST THREAT

In this section, the government policy toward terrorism and the

responsibilities of appropriate agencies within the national government shall
be discussed. It includes a brief review of the AFP programs to combat
terrorism.

Following are statements that summarize the policies and

responsibilities:

1) All terrorist actions are criminal and intolerable: thus

whatever their activities they should be condemned.
2) All lawful measures will be taken to prevent terrorist acts
and to punish those who commit them.
3) Host government will exercise its responsibility under
international law to protect all persons within its territories.
4) International cooperation to combat terrorism is a
fundamental tenet of policy. Treaties concerning aircraft hijacking, measures
to protect diplomats and denial of sanctuary to terrorist are included in any
international treaties.

h. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN MEETING TERRORIST THREAT

1) Legal Consideration – terrorist acts are criminal, whether

committed in peacetime or war. In peacetime, terrorist may be prosecuted for
violating the criminal laws of the country which they commit their crime.
Terrorist may also be subjected to the extra-territorial criminal jurisdiction of
other nation. They may also be subjected to universal jurisdiction by any
nation for international offence such as piracy.
2) Principles of National Program – no two nations or societies
are exactly alike; therefore, no two national programs for combating terrorism
are identical. This is because national programs exercise the values of the
society and government that create it. There are however, several principles
common than an internationally recognized insurgency, for example, the use
of conventional military forces (other than highly specialized counter terrorism
units) in a domestic counter terrorist role and lead to overreaction and abuse.
This would be counterproductive and lend support to the terrorist cause.

155
 3) Policy – a government develop single, consistent policy, the
national leadership must express it clearly. The statement of policy address
three (3) audiences:

a) The Domestic Population – the terrorist attempts to

undermine popular faith in a government ability to protect its citizens. A
significant part of the government policy therefore, must demonstrate to its
citizens that their government actions are more detrimental to their well being
than the terrorist acts the government attempts to prevent.
b) The International Community – views the government
policy as statement of national resolve and commitment. It evaluates the
policy for consistency, with agreements, treaty, commitments, and adherence
to national and international law. To the extent the policy achieve this, the
government legitimacy grows while that of the terrorist diminishes. However, a
strong national policy against terrorism is meaningless without the resolve
and the means to implement it.
c) The Terrorist – are the third audience for national
policy. In general, terrorism is – at his time – a low risk operation. Bombings,
hijacking and assassinations offer terrorist groups a high probability of
success and low risk of capture or death. However, a strong consistent
national program effectively executed; can increase the terrorist risk. It can
also separate the terrorists from the populace, thereby denying their
sanctuary, recruits, funds and support. The terrorist evaluates the government
program by comparing its public statements with effectiveness of its policy.
d) Organization – a government cannot easily organize
and support a new system whose sole mission is combating terrorism, due to
the expense and degree of sophistication required, therefore, it usually
employs existing organizations.
e) Terrorist attack – a broad range of target which fall
into many different civil and military jurisdictions. Thus, no single element of
government can fully cope with all aspects of a nation’s terrorist problem. To
be successful, it is necessary for a government to orchestrate the activities of
the many agencies involved. National leaders must actively participate in this
orchestration.

One way to focus the national effort is to establish an office which

deals exclusively with terrorism. Such an office requires a mechanism for
policy coordination. A council composed of senior personnel from all
government agencies involved in the anti-terrorism program could provide this
mechanism. The head of the terrorism office should chair this council; ideally,
he should report directly to the nation’s leader.

i. FUNCTIONS OF A NATIONAL PROGRAM

The functions of a government program for combating terrorism

are similar to those for counter-insurgency. Chief among these functions are:

1) Intelligence – intelligence provides the key to both

successful AT and CT programs. A nation’s ability to recognize, analyze and
move against a terrorist threat depends upon the effectiveness of its
intelligence apparatus. An effective system of information exchange and
control between the police and the military should provide both organizations
with essential current intelligence. The police is normally have unit exclusive

156
contact with general population than the military. Thus, information
concerning terrorist place, recruitment, and support structure will normally
surface from police sources earlier than from military source.
2) Security – security is the context of a national program to
combat terrorism includes both anti-terrorist (AT) and counter-terrorist (CT).
Anti-terrorist (AT) programs are the most difficult to plan and implement
because they require active participation by all agencies and to varying
degrees, the public. Counter-terrorist (CT) on the other hand, generally
involves only intelligence, police, and on occasion, selected military
personnel. The fundamental elements of an AT program include awareness
and physical security.

One of the defensive behaviors the AT campaign encourages is

physical security. This includes efforts to both physically strengthen and
control access to facilities which are likely terrorist targets. In brief, by
developing public awareness and implementing or enhancing physical
security, the government “hardens” the terrorist targets. This makes the
terrorist task more difficult. More importantly, it increases the risk of injury,
capture, or death for the terrorist.

3) Information – in combating terrorism, the government

coordinates a variety of policy instruments, both internally and its allies.
Informational activities are one of the most important ingredients in a national
security strategy. Policy makers should understand how using informational
assets could strengthen the government standing in both world and domestic
public opinion. PSYOPS, public affairs (PA) and public diplomacy are all
informational activities. Each can play an important role in combating
terrorism.
When government uses information to persuade, it is a PSYOP
weapon. When it uses information to discuss matters of public interest, it
becomes a PA. When the government integrates information into a
comprehensive program involving both information and cultural activities
supporting a national strategy, it becomes a part of public diplomacy.
In combating terrorism, PYSOP can contribute immensely to an
offensive strategy. It can help avoid collateral damage to the general populace.
A well-planned and executed program put the terrorist on the defensive
psychologically, forcing him into more predictable behavior. PSYOP integrated
with other operations helps separate the terrorist from their sources of support
and instigate rivalry between different groups.
Terrorist and terrorist group promote their actions through the
news media. To counteract this, the government must preempt the terrorist
exploitation of the media through rapid and accurate disclosure of their
activities and intentions. Only serious national security and operational
requirements should be allowed to alter the procedure.
Adhering to such full disclosure policy helps offset terrorist
propaganda. It may help turn public opinion against terrorist exposing their
cruelty and destructive acts. But a policy of full disclosure must also avoid the
release or exposure of counterproductive information.
Consistency within the national program and education of the
population and military forces combine to reduce the risk of terrorism. Unity of
effort and legitimacy are factors in any program o combat terrorism. But
leadership and effective management are paramount. No amount of training,

157
money or equipment can overcome poor judgment or inattention to deal in the
struggle against terrorism.

j. PRINCIPLES OF COMBATING TERRORISM

A well-structured anti-terrorism program is the foundation of any

effective combating terrorism effort. The basics of such program include the
collection and dissemination of timely threat information, the conduct of
information awareness program and the implementation of sound defensive
measure. Defensive measures include preparation and exercise of response
forces and procedures. . Because absolute protection against terrorist
activities is not possible, protection plan and procedures are based on
assessment of the threat and an evaluation of friendly vulnerabilities. The
resulting plan should strike a reasonable balance between the protection
desired, mission requirements, and the vulnerability of resources.
Army Combating Terrorism Program – within the army, combating
terrorism is one aspect of force protection. It therefore falls within the staff
responsibility of operations officers at all levels.
The Army designed its combating terrorism program to reduce the
vulnerability of installations, unit and personnel during peacetime,
mobilization and war. The Army’s program concentrates on developing a
protective posture in peacetime which can carry over war. The Army’s
approach to combating terrorism has two distinct but not separate aspects of
anti-terrorism and counter-terrorism.
Anti-Terrorism – includes all measures that installation, units and
individuals take to reduce the probability of their falling victims to terrorist act.
AT includes these defensive measures that reduce the vulnerability of
individuals and property. The extent of these measures varies based on
assessment of the local threat. These include personnel awareness and
knowledge of personal protection techniques. They also include crime
prevention and physical security program to “harden” the target, making the
Army installations and personnel less appealing as terrorist targets.
Counter-Terrorism – includes the full range of offensive measures
to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism. Other counter-terrorism measure
preemption, intervention, or retaliation with specialized forces operating under
direction of the NCA – have the characteristics of strikes or raids.

3. BASIC SURVIVAL

Survival – is the at of living into a new state of things but adopted to an

environment as a result of natural selection.

a. The following are situations that causes survival:

1) Air crashes
2) Crash landing
3) Ship wreck
4) Lost patrol
5) Unit cut-off main body

b. Psychological conditions to overcome in order to survive

158
 1) Fear of the unknown – your fear of the unknown will be
eliminated by proper training and briefing. Perhaps you will learn something of
the geography, topography and the climate of the area which you will operate.
All it takes is to recall them.
2) Fear of discomfort – fear of discomfort will be eliminated
when you know how to get water, food and proper ways to travel thru the
terrain. Knowledge of medicines and construction of shelter will also help you
to overcome this condition. Remember that rest is valuable than speed and
you will be more comfortable if you make your way with careful planning.
3) Fear of people – Fear of certain races of people within the
territory can be relieved by previous knowledge and some common sense.
Unless they have been allied with the enemy, you will have little trouble from
the native and possibly get a lot of assistance.
4) Fear of your weakness – considerable outdoor experience,
or previous experience in environment similar to that which you find yourself;
you should have confidence in you ability to live-off then land if not, take
advantage of any opportunity to go any survival school.

d. Deciding factors for survival

1) Determination to Live – You can remain alive anywhere in

the world when you keep your wits, you may suffer all the hardship and
obstacle, yet you will still be alive because of your strong determination in
your will to survive.
2) Ability to make nature work for you – Remember that nature
and elements are actually interested on your welfare. If you know how to use it
in your own advantage, it will always be your friend.

e. Key words in survival

1) Size up the situation by considering:

a) Yourself – Hope for the best but prepare for the

worst. Recall survival training, expect it to work. Be confident that you can
survive. Get to safe comfortable place as quickly as possible. Once there, look
things over, think and forge a plan. Your fear will lessen and your confidence
increases. Be calm. Take It easy until you know where you and where you are
heading for.
b) The area – Part of your fear may come from being in a
strange country, therefore try to determine where you are by landmarks,
compass direction or by recalling intelligence passed to you by leaders.
c) The Enemy - put your self in the enemy’s shoes. What
would you do? Watch the enemy habits & routines. Base your plans in your
observations. Remember you know where the enemy is but he does not know
where you are.

2) Undue haste make waste

a) Don’t be to eager to move. It will make you careless

and impatient.

159
 b) Don’t loose your temper. It makes cause you to top
thinking when something initiating happens, stop, take a breath and relax,
start over.

c) Face the fact, danger does exist.

3) Remember where you are.

You may give yourself away because you are top acting in a
certain way. Do things naturally.

4) Vanquish fear and panic

a) To fear is normal and necessary. It is natures of

giving you to that extra shot of energy when you need learn to recognized fear
for what it is and control it.
b) When you are injured and in pain, it is difficult to
control fear. Pain sometimes turn fear into panic and causes person to act
without thinking.
c) Panic can also cause by loneliness. It can lead to
hopelessness, suicide and carelessness, even capture or surrender.
Recognizing this signs help to overcome panic.
d) Planning your escape will keep your mind busy. Find
things to do and watch. Remember that miracle work best for those who
prepare carefully and they can do to save themselves.

5) Improvise

a) You can always do something to improved the

situation. Figure out of what you have, then improvise.
b) Learn to put up with new and unpleasant conditions.
Keeping your mind on survival will help. Don’t be afraid to try strange food.

6) Value living

a) A hope and real when for escape reduces your fear

and make chance of survival.
b) Conserve your health and strength. Injury will greatly
reduce your chance of survival and escape.
c) Hunger, cold and fatigue lower your efficiency and
stamina, make you careless and increases the possibility of getting caught.
Knowing that this will make you especially careful, because you will realize
that your low spirit is the result of your physical condition and not of the
danger.
d) Remember your goal – Getting out alive
concentrating on the time after you get out alive will help you value living now.

7) Act like a native

Accept the true customs of the native. When you are in the
situation, accept and adopt native behavior.

8) Learn basic skills

160
 f. Survival rules on edibility

1) Generally:

a) Anything that swims, flies, creeps and crawls are

edible.
b) All four-legged animals edible
c) Anything that birds and monkeys eat are edible
d) All eggs are edible
e) All larvae are edible
f) Almost all sea leaves are edible
g) All reptiles are edible
h) All crustaceans and mollusk are edible
i) Most fish you can catch in an open sea and sight of
land are good to eat
j) Eel are good to eat than sea snakes
k) All snakes except sea snake are edible
l) Cook animals as soon after killing as possible
m) Frogs, turtles, lizards, alligators and crocodiles are
edibles. Toads are not edible
n) Always remove in trails (intestines) and sex glands
before cooking.

2) Water – will be a primary requirement. Start looking for it

immediately. An individual can get along without food for a week, but he can’t
live along without water, especially in hot or in arctic areas where he will lose
large quantities of water thru sweating or dehydration.
Purification – purify all water before drinking, either (1) by
boiling for at least one minute; (2) by using water purification tablets; (3) by
adding eight drops of 2 ½ percent solution of iodine to a quart (canteen full) of
water and letting it stand for ten minutes before drinking.
Rainwater collected directly in the clean containers or in
plants is generally safe to drink without purifying. Don’t drink urine or sea
water – the salt content is to high.

3) Plants - Never eat large quantities of strange food without

first tasting it. Prepare a cooked sample then take a mouthful, chew and hold it
in your mouth for five minutes. If it still taste good, go ahead and eat it. If the
taste is disagreeable, don’t eat it. A Burning of bitter taste is a warning of
danger.

a) Plants eaten by birds and animals are safe.

b) Don’t eat unknown plants with milky juice or let silk
contact your body skin.
c) Don’t eat unknown plants that have a disagreeable
odor.
d) Non-poisonous mushroom are edible. Poisonous
mushroom are very dangerous. Cooking will not destroy the poison.
Poisonous mushroom have a frill or ring around the upper part of the stem and
cup that the base into which the stem fits.

161
 e) Don’t eat unknown plants that taste disagreeable,
bitterness is a guide for danger.

4) Most roots are edible, but must be boiled thoroughly.

g. COMMON MEDICINAL PLANTS

1) Avocado – fresh leaves use for diarrhea. Boil for thirty

minutes. Take a glass three time a day.
2) Ampalaya – Leaves, antiseptic for wounds Cure for malaria.
Boiled seed or stem. For stomach trouble. Reduce constipation.
3) Atis - Leaves, bark, unripe fruits, good for diarrhea.
Boil or ground fruit. For sprain, wrap leaves.
4) Balingbing – For gonorrhea. Rub and squeeze in opening of
penis. Rub around penis.
5) Banana – Leaves and bark. Boil for kidney trouble. Increase
urine flow. Four to Five glasses daily.
6) Garlic – Bulb is a cure for high blood, inflammation of
peptic ulcer. Use a juice.
7) Guava – Leaves for diarrhea and antiseptic for wounds
8) Cacao – Boil roots for kidney trouble
9) Chico – Bark cure for diarrhea
10) Duhat – Barks when boiled is good for cure of diabetes and
hemorrhage.
11) Granada – Fruits, barks cures hemorrhage.
12) Gumamela – Flower for boils
13) Squash – Seeds when boils is good eradicating parasites
14) Calamansi – For cold
15) Camias – for gonorrhea
16) Coffee – stimulants for nerves and heart
17) Kawayan – roots and leaves, shoots for curing kidney
18) Kaimito – Bark or fruit for diarrhea
19) Radish – Help cure peptic ulcer
20) Jackfruit – Milky caps helps cure wound

h. HUNTING GROUNDS FOR SURVIVAL

1) Along sea coast between high and low water marks

2) Areas between beaches and corals reefs
3) Marshes and mud flats
4) Best time is on early morning or dust
5) In travels keep alert for animal size such as tracks, trampled
underbrush or droppings.
6) On narrow trails, watch for games crossing
7) In hallow trees.

4. INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL MILITARY OPERATIONS (CMO)

REVISED CMO PROGRAM

The Revised CMO Program encompasses various factors in our society

such as economic, social, political and psycho-social activities being

162
undertaken by the AFP-DND in close coordination with civil government
agencies (CGA); non-gov’t organization (NGO); media, and other important
sectors in the disasters and calamities. This ranges from the simple to
exemplary conduct of the individual soldier improvement projects/programs
that could remove the root cause of insurgency and catalyze socio-economic
development of our country.

a. CMO OBJECTIVES;

1) BROAD OBJECTIVES:

a) To enrich the military personnel moral, spiritual and

nationalistic positive values and strengthen his commitment to his
constitutional role as defender of his country and protector of his people.
b) To contribute the natural growth and development
while sustaining as wide bade of popular support for the government
particularly the AFP.
c) To help establish the environment conducive to the
early return to the folds of the law of the various threat groups.
d) To develop CMO doctrines, concepts and strategies
through continuous research, analysis, surveys and special studies.

2) SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

a) To conduct values education activities among

military personnel and their dependents.
b) To train military personnel, their dependents is
essential vocational skills.
c) To conduct civic action, community relations and
public information activities among the civilian populace in the urban and rural
areas.
d) To help broaden the awareness of Filipinos on the
nature and dynamics of various threats to national security, and also no to
extend any kind of support to dubious organizations in and out of the country.
e) To link-up and interface with the civil government
agencies (CGAs), tri-media group, non-gov’t organization (NGOs) and other
sectors in the delivery of basic goods and services during disasters/calamities
and /or insurgency related operations.
f) To reach out develop, organize and motivate the
people in insurgency affected barangays to resist communist insurgency, and
reject all forms of terrorism and criminality.
g) To conduct activities that will strengthen and uplift
the moral fiber of soldiers to include their dependents, and develop them into
better well-discipline soldier.
h) To conduct research/analysis for the purpose of
developing CMO policies, doctrines, techniques and responsive appeals.

a. CMO COMPONENTS:

1) Military Values Education (MILVED)

a) Definition – the dynamic of process of learning

internalizing, upholding and practicing universal truth, moral principles and

163
time honored intrinsic military values and ethics essential to the pursuit of
AFP goals objectives.

b) Objectives:

(1) To develop, organize and sustain a corps of

trainers from any PA units, and responsible for the implementation of AFP
Values Education Program of Instruction (MILVED POI) based on the Philippine
Constitution and AFP Code of Ethics.
(2) To undertake regular values education
activities to include the publication and distribution of values reading material
at all levels of command.

2) Military Livelihood Program (MILP)

a) Definition – it is designed to provide necessary

assistance to the soldier and his dependents to embark on productive gesture
that would enable him to cope with harsh economic realistic while in the active
services and during retirement.

b) Objectives

(1) To transform the soldier and his dependents

into productive members of the organization and to locality through manpower
skills development.
(2) To develop interest of the soldier in the
organization of cooperative and active participation of his dependent through
loan acquisition and/or initiation of specific livelihood project may be expedite.
(3) To establish and maintain livelihood centers
where soldiers and his dependents could avail of training and technical
assistance in planning and implementation of productive activities.

3) Military Civic Action Program (MICAP)

a) Definition – the use of the army resources in pre-

dominantly non-military projects and activities useful to the people and
supportive of combat operation in such fields as socio-economic, health and
sanitation, agri-industrial, rescue, relief and rehabilitation, education and the
like.

b) Objectives:

(1) To support combat operations through the

conduct or short term, high impact CIVAC projects jointly with civil
government agencies (CGAs).
(2) To assume implementation of certain civil
works projects being undertaken by DPWH and other civil government
agencies concerned and therefore request for assistance, to be implemented
with AFP Engineers as OPR and fund s from other civil government agencies
(CGAs).

4) Community Relation Program (COMREL)

164
 a) Definition – it is a program that needs active
participation of the AFP personnel, individual or collectively as an AFP unit, in
people oriented community-based activities initiatives in such fields sports;
cultural/historical events/festival, cause-oriented program immoral activities,
and other community relation activities.

The difference between the COMREL and CIVAC is

that the former is to identify the military with the community, not as cost-
intensive and more often is undertaken by the military as a result of COMREL,
cost-intensive and designed to improve the military’s standing in the locality
as well as the spur growth and development efforts.

b) Objectives:

(1) To enhance better understanding and prompt

closer coordination/cooperation between/among military personnel; civil
government agencies; NCO’s; and the people.
(2) To bring the AFP closer to the people and
develop sensitively in the AFP personnel for people’s sentiments, problems
and aspirations.

5) Public Information Program (PUBINFO)

a) Definition – is the dissemination of military

information through all forms of communications media to include
interpersonal, face to face communication to the internal audience and more
specifically to the public at large with the view of information them about
peace, security and development efforts.
b) Objective:

To disseminate information through all form of

communication media such as print and broadcast (radio/TV); inter-personal,
face to face communication that will broader the public understanding of the
AFP, and to generate public support for the AFP in particular support for the
AFP in particular understanding of the various threats to national security, its
objectives, strategies and techniques to grab political powers.

6) Psychological Operation Program (PSYOPS)

a) Definition – it is a myriad of activities undertaken by

the military addressed principally to the enemy (CPP/NPA/NDF; MNLF; and
URG) directly or through key communicators, designed to breaks his will to
fight and persuade him to abandon the resident struggle and return to the
folds of the law. actions and appeals in this program are generally persuasive
in character with the BALIK-BARIL projects as backbone.

b) Objectives

(1) To disseminate print and broadcast

propaganda materials exploiting certain psychological issues and situations
designed to break the enemy’s will to fight.

165
 (2) To conduct community organizing/networking
activities to insulate the people from enemy infiltration and/or severe enemy
linkage with the people.
(3) To identify the implementation of BALIK-BARIL
protects.

7) Research and Special Studies Program (RSSP)

a) Definition – it is designed to improve and upgrade the

operational effective of CMO and to hasten the attainment of AFP objectives. It
include collection of Psyops information, conduct of surveys if enemy
propaganda and the conduct of the special studies in the support of other
CMO program components.

b) Objectives:

(1) Collection of psyops information

(2) Surveys of enemy
(3) Analysis of enemy propaganda
(4) Special studies

166
ANNEX - RA 9163

Republic of the Philippines

Congress of the Philippines
Metro Manila

Weekly Congress

First Regular Session

Begun and held in Metro Manila on Monday, the twenty-third day of July,
two thousand one.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9163

AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM

(NSTP) FOR TERTIARY LEVEL STUDENTS, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE
OF REPUBLIC ACT 7077 AND PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO 1708 AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

Enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines

in Congress assembled:

Section 1. Short Title. - This Act shall be known as the “National

Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001.
Section 2. Declaration of Policy – It is hereby affirmed the prime duty
of the government to serve and protect its citizens. In turn, it shall be the
responsibility of all citizens to defend the security of the State in fulfillment
thereof, the government may require each citizen to render personal, military
or civil service.
Recognizing the youth’s vital role in nation-building, the State shall
promote civic consciousness among the youth and shall develop their
physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It shall inculcate
in the youth patriotism, nationalism, and advance their involvement in public
and civic affairs.
In pursuit of these goals, the youth, the most valuable resource of the
nation, shall be motivated, trained, organized and mobilized in military training,
literacy, civic welfare and other similar endeavors in the service of the nation.
Section 3. Definition of Terms – It is hereby affirmed the prime duty of
the government to serve and protect its citizens. In turn, it shall be the

(a) “National Service Training Program (NSTP)” is a program aimed at

enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by
developing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in
any of its three (3) program components. Its various components are specially
designed to enhance the youth’s active contribution to the general welfare.
(b) “Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC)” is a program
institutionalized under Sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077 designed
to provide military training to tertiary level students in order to motivate, train,
organize and mobilize them for national preparedness.

167
 (c) “Literacy Training Service” is a program designed to train
students to become teachers of literacy and numeracy skills to school
children, out of school youth, and other segments of society in need of their
service.
(d) “Civic Welfare Training Service” refers to programs or activities
contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members
of the community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those devoted
to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety,
recreation and morals of the citizenry.
(e) “Program component” shall refer to the service components of
the NSTP as enumerated in Section 4 of this Act.

Section 4. Establishment of the National Service Training Program –

There is hereby established a National Service Training Program (NSTP),
which shall form part of the curricula of all baccalaureate degree courses and
of at least two (2) year technical vocational courses and is a requisite for
graduation, consisting of the following service components:

(a) The Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC), which is hereby

made optional and voluntary upon the effectivity of this Act.
(b) The Literacy Training Service; and
(c) The Civic Welfare Training Service

The ROTC under the NSTP shall instill patriotism, moral virtues, respect
for rights of civilian, and adherence to the Constitution, among others.
Citizenship training shall be given emphasis in all three (3) program
components.

The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Technical Education

and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), in consultation with the
Department of National Defense (DND), Philippine Association of State
Universities and Colleges (PASUC), Coordinating Council of Private
Educational Associations of the Philippines (COCOPEA) and other concerned
government agencies may design and implement such other program
components as may be necessary in consonance with the provisions of this
Act.

Section. 5. Coverage – Students, male and female, of any

baccalaureate degree course or at least two (2) year technical vocational
courses in public and private educational institutions shall be required to
complete one (1) of the NSTP components as requisite for graduation.
Section. 6. Duration and Equivalent Course Unit – Each of the
aforementioned NSTP program components shall be undertaken for an
academic period of two (2) semesters.
In lieu of the two (2) semester program for any of the components of the
NSTP, a one (1) summer program may be designed, formulated and adopted by
the DND, CHED and TESDA.
Section. 7. NSTP Offering in Higher and Technical-Vocational
Educational Institutions. – All higher and technical-vocational institutions,
public and private, must offer at least one of the program components:
Provided, That State universities and colleges shall offer the ROTC component
and at least one other component as provided herein: Provided, further, That

168
private higher and technical-vocational education institutions may also offer
the ROTC if they have at least three hundred and fifty (350) cadet students.
In offering the NSTP whether during the semestral or summer periods,
clustering of affected students from different educational institutions may be
done, taking into account logistics, branch of service and geographical
considerations. Schools that do not meet the required number of students to
maintain the optional ROTC and any of the NSTP components shall allow their
students to cross-enroll to other schools irrespective of whether or not the
NSTP components in said schools are being administered by the same or
another branch of service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), CHED
and TESDA to which schools are identified.
Section. 8. Fees and Incentives. – higher and technical-vocational
institutions shall not collect any fee for any of the NSTP components except
basic tuition fees, which shall not be more than fifty percent (50%) of what is
currently charged by schools per unit.
In the case of the ROTC, the DND shall formulate and adopt a program of
assistance and/or incentive to those students who will take the said
component.
The school authorities concerned, CHED and TESDA shall ensure that
group insurance for health and accident shall be provided for students
enrolled in any of the NSTP components.

Section. 9. Scholarship. – There is hereby created a Special

Scholarship Program for qualified students taking the NSTP, which shall be
administered, by the CHED and TESDA. Funds for this purpose shall be
included in the annual regular appropriations of the CHED and TESDA.
Section. 10. Management of the NSTP Components. – The school
authorities shall exercise academic and administrative supervision over the
design, formulation, adoption and implementation of the different NSTP
components in their respective schools: Provided, That in case a CHED or
TESDA accredited nongovernmental organization (NGO) has been contracted
to formulate and administer a training module for any of the NSTP
components, such academic and administrative supervision shall be exercised
jointly with that accredited NGO: Provided, further, That such training module
shall be accredited by the CHED and TESDA.
The CHED and TESDA regional offices shall oversee and monitor the
implementation of the NSTP under their jurisdiction to determine if the
trainings are being conducted in consonance with the objective of this Act.
Periodic reports shall be submitted to the CHED, TESDA and DND in this
regard.
Section. 11. Creation of the National Service Reserve Corps – There is
hereby created a National Service Reserve Corps, to be composed of the
graduates of the non-ROTC components. Members of this Corps may be
tapped by the State for literacy and civic welfare activities through the joint
effort of the DND, CHED and TESDA.
Graduates of the ROTC shall form part of the Citizens’ Armed Force,
pursuant to Republic Act No 7077.
Section. 12. Implementing Rules – The DND, CHED and TESDA shall
have the joint responsibility for the adoption of the implementing rules of this
Act within sixty (60) days from the approval of this Act

169
 These three (3) agencies shall consult with other concerned government
agencies, the PASUC and COCOPEA, NGOs and recognized student
organizations in drafting the implementing rules.
The implementing rules shall include the guidelines for the adoption of
the appropriate curriculum for each of the NSTP components as well as for the
accreditation of the same.
Section. 13. Transitory Provisions - Students who have yet to complete
the Basic ROTC, except those falling under Section 14 of this Act, may either
continue in the program component they are currently enrolled or shift to any
of the other program components of their choice: Provided, That in case he
shift to another program component, the Basic ROTC courses he has
completed shall be counted for the purpose of completing the NSTP
requirement: Provided, further, That once he has shifted to another program
component he shall complete the NSTP in that component.
Section. 14. Suspension of ROTC Requirement – The completion of
ROTC training as a requisite for graduation is hereby set aside for those
students who despite completing all their academic units as of the effectivity
of this Act have not been allowed to graduate.
Section. 15. Separability Clause – If any section or provision of this Act
shall be declared unconstitutional or invalid, the other sections or provisions
not affected thereby shall remain in full force and effect.
Section. 16 Amendatory Clause – Section 35 of Commonwealth Act No.
1, executive Order No. 207 of 199, Sections 2 and 3 of Presidential Decree No.
1706 and Section 38 and 39 of republic Act no. 7077, as well as all laws,
decrees, orders, rules and regulations and other issuance inconsistent with
the provisions of this Act are hereby deemed amended and modified
accordingly.
Section. 17. Effectivity – this Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after
its publication in two (2) newspapers of national circulation, but the
implementation of this Act shall commence in the school year of 2002-2003.

Approved,

FRANKLIN M. DRILON JOSE DE VENECIA JR

President of the Senate Speaker of the House
of Representative

This act which is a consolidation of H. B. No. 3593 and S. B. No. 1824

was finally passed by the House of Representatives and the senate on
December 19, 2001.

OSCAR G YABES ROBERTO P. NAZARENO

Secretary of the Senate Secretary General
House of Representative

Approved: Jan 23, 2002

GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
President
170
 ANNEX - MS 1 POI

BASIC ROTC PROGRAM OF INSTRUCTION

PURPOSE:

To teach students the values of citizenship, leadership, service to the

community, personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment while
instilling in them self-esteem, teamwork, and self-discipline. It prepares
students for responsible leadership roles while making them aware of their
rights, responsibilities, and privileges as Filipino citizens. It provides
instruction and rewarding opportunities that will benefit the student,
community, and nation.

OBJECTIVES:

a. The objectives of the ROTC program are:

1. To attract, motivate, and prepare selected students to serve

as commissioned Officers in the Active or Reserve Force of the Philippine
Army.
2. To provide ROTC cadets with the fundamental concepts
and principles of military art and science to develop leadership and managerial
potential.
3. To develop strong sense of personal integrity, honor,
responsibility, and good citizenship.

b. Attainment of the ROTC objectives prepares students for a sound

foundation for their future professional development and effective
performance essential to success in any career.

A. TITLE: Basic ROTC POI for 1st Semester (MS 1)

B. DURATION: Sixty (60) Periods or 15 Training Weeks

NR OF PERIODS
Lecture
(L) &
SUBJECT SCOPE OF INSTRUCTION
Practical References
Exercises
(PE)
1. PHYSICAL Organizing the cadets by squad / 2
ORGANIZATION platoon / company and its equivalent of
OF THE CADET the Cadet Corps. Course orientation (1L, 1PE)
CORPS and (General Provisions, attendance,
COURSE Grading System, Merits System,
ORIENTATION Conditions of the Service).
2. MILITARY 12
ORIENTATION
a. Legal Basis Specific Provisions of the Fundamental 1L RA 7077, RA
for ROTC Program law and pertinent Republic Act 9163 & Phil
Constitution

171
 b. Military a. Organizations & Functions of the a. Special
Organization AFP; Major services; area unified Text
commands; major combat service and
combat service support organization; b. AFP Field
The TOE of a Div, Bde and other units; Manual
PA, PAF and PN mission,
1L
b. The Chain of Command (Commander
in Chief, DND & AFP, Brief History of the
AFP, Mission, Organization and
capabilities of the AFP, Major Service
Commands, Major Service RESCOMs
and AFPRESCOM.
c. Philippine a. Filipino Freedom Fighters (Guerillas) 1L; 4 hrs History of
Military History during pre-Spanish period influences of PA camp the
the Spaniards. Americans and Japanese tour Philippine,
on our society and the society of the by Agoncillo
future.
b. The capsulated history of the AFP,
Participation in the conflicts from WW II, PA
to Korea, Vietnam, MNLF campaign, Centennial
reconciling martial traditions with the Book 1997
new code of the Filipino soldier. Issue
c. Role of ROTC in previous wars
d. AFP Core a. Basic in Code of Ethics, 5 AFP Core 1L, 1 hr Spl Text
Values Values film
b. Military Culture, Customs and showing
tradition, core philosophy and its impact
on our service to our Country and the
Filipino People.
c. Basic in Soldiering
d. Reconciling the Army traditions with
the new code of the Filipino Soldier.
e. Military a. Definition of terms, Who, What, When, 1L Soldiers
Courtesy and Where, Why and How to Salute. Handbook
Discipline b. Conduct and behavior of a soldier
(while in combat operations; while
dealing with the civilian; and towards
their superiors and counterparts)
c. Services and Courtesies.
d. Identification of Rank Insignias in the
AFP.
e. Military traditions of the Filipino
soldier.
f. Soldiers attitudes going to the basics.
f. Military Military Justice System, Sources of Soldiers
Justice military law, military jurisdiction, Handbook
selected punitive Articles of War, and 1L
relationship between civil-military
courts
g. Military Definition of terms; Factors of
Leadership Leadership; Qualities of leader, Basic
1L
Leadership Styles; 3 Over-all types of
leadership;
172
 3. COMBAT 18
TRAINING OF
INDIVIDUAL
SOLDIER (CTIS)
a. Basic Definition of terms, Basic report writing, 1L, 2PE Size,
Intelligence SALUTE should be complemented with activity,
the more common and practical 5Ws location,
and 1H format, letter drops, portrait unit, time
parle,. and
equipment
(SALUTE)
b. Basic Map Map orientation; Types of maps
Reading and Land according to scale; azimuths and
Navigation direction using a compass & protractor;
Measuring distance on a map; locating 2L, 2PE
points on the map and means of
locating one's position on the map and
on the ground.
c. Basic Signal Introduction to signal communication,
Communication five (5) means of communication,
familiarization of different radio
1L, 1PE
equipment, its capabilities and
limitations. Military prowords, flashing
lights, hand and arm signal
d. Individual Day and night movement, cover and
Movement concealment, camouflaging, Organizing
Technique the squad / platoon into their individual 1L, 2PE
role as a Rifleman, Hand and arm signal
and flashing light.
e. Basic Unit Different types of combat formation
1L, 1PE
Formations (Team, Squad, Platoon, Company)
f. Basic Nomenclature, general data,
Weapons Training characteristics, cycle of operation
(M16 5.56mm, assembly and disassembly, care and
1L, 1PE
M14, Grenade & maintenance, History of Grenade, Parts
Garand) of Grenade, capability and limitation,
Procedure of throwing hand grenade
g. Pre Fundamental of firing, types of firing
Marksmanship positions (prone, sitting, kneeling,
Training standing to prone and standing to
1L, 1PE
sitting). Correct sight picture,
Triangulation and coach and pupil
techniques

4. Public 6
Information
a. Threat to a. CCP History, strategy and recruitment 2L, 2 hrs a. Special
National Security methods and propaganda. film Text
(“Knowing the b. Three Basic propaganda, talks of Mao showing b. Anatomy
Enemy” of the Tse Tung, (MLMTT). of
State) c. Concept of communism and its Communist
varieties as applied to Philippine Insurgency.
173
 setting; the three weapon system.
d. The four functional commissions and
territorial including their corresponding
arms.
e. LCM: Characteristics and
organization of the NPA Guerilla Zones
and base areas principles of NPA
operations; armed city partisans and
sparrows.
f. NDF, United front building; the
sectoral organizations.
g. How the communist launch their
campaign and propaganda techniques
they used based on persuasion and
intimidation, distortion and
exaggeration.
h. The capability of the threats and their
vulnerabilities, their organization and
mobilization efforts.
i. MNLF/MILF (SPSG).
j. Insurgency and Terrorism, Political,
Economic Social perspective of the
threats to national security.
b. Peace a. Provisions, Concepts, Mechanics of 2L Executive
Process Peace Process Order Nr
b. Policies and guidelines on POC from 103
National down to municipal level - POC
c. Processes and implementation of Program
POC Info
d. Processes undertaken by the GRP Materials
and the OPAPP (Office of the - OPPAP
Presidential Adviser on Peace Process) Brochure
e. The mission, functions and
responsibilities of OPAPP
f. Human Rights Advocacy program of
the AFP
g. Provisions of the Comprehensive
Agreement on Respect for Human
Rights and International Law
(CARHRIHL) entered into by the
government and the CPP-NPA-NDF
negotiating panels.)
5. Civil Affairs 11

a. Army Social a. The rationale on how Army Social 1L ASR Manual

Responsibility Responsibility revolves around the spirit
(ASR) Program of rendering services voluntary even
beyond the call of duty.
b. Causes why should every Army
personnel to be always on the call in
extending assistance 24 hours a day,
seven days a week all year round.
c. The current frame of mind among the

174
 Army personnel that all non-combat
activities and civilian relations are
identified with “civil military operations”
should be reconfigured.
d. ASR as the Philippine Army’s
inherent care and concern for humanity.
e. The process on convergence and
integration of private sectors, corporate
businesses, NGO’s and philanthropic
individuals shared resources to ASR
and distribute it to the direct
beneficiaries.
f. The special role of the Philippine Army
in being responsible for the welfare of
the people beyond its role as defender
of the land.
g. Alleviating the plight of the
marginalized sectors of society by
reaching out to other communities
h. Developing soldier’s generosity to
ever increasing levels and define
sustainability through volunteerism
approach.
b. Disaster a. Aim, Function of disaster rescue, 1L, 4 hrs Special Text
preparedness Groups of rescue worker, personal practical on Disaster
traits, behavior of the rescuer, rescue by exercises Rescue &
stage, team composition, rescue plan. Relief
b. Disaster preparedness and rescue Operations.
operations, and further equip them with
skills in Disaster Relief Operations
c. Disaster Response & Rescue
Operations and skills in Rescue
Operations.
d. Organization of rescue team,
security, recuer, first aider/medical
services.

c. Community a. The importance of area study in 1L; 4 hrs Special

Service support to Civil-Military Opns communit Handouts /
b. Familiarization on the intelligence y service Facts
requirements of any Military Operations sheets
c. Definition and identification of
demographic and psychographic
information about the area of operation
in support to the conduct of Civil-
Military Operations
d. Description and discussion of the
CAS factors
e. Formulation and preparation of
Community Area Study Assessment
based on (HGS-RESPEC-HMO)
6 DRILLS AND 10
CEREMONIES
175
 a. Dismounted Lecture and conduct of dismounted
Drill drill, ceremonies, parades inspection of 1L 7PE
individual equipment.
b. Ceremonies Parade and Review, Conduct of Arrival
1L 1PE
honor, Presentation of sponsors
7.TEST & Graded Examination 1
EVALUATION
TOTAL 60 Hrs
*MANDATORY SCOPE
READINGS
a. Interior Guard Definition of terms, Sequence of formal
Duty / informal guard mounting, (11 General
Orders)
b. Human Rights Provision of Human Rights

c. Anti and Reading of news articles – five (5)

Counter Terrorism articles that affect the image of the
PA/AFP and five (5) articles on CPP/NPA
atrocities). Organization and Dynamics;
Mode of Opns & Techniques
d. Basic Signal a. Signal Communications, General
Communication 1) Principles of Signal
Communication
2) Signal support organization in the
maneuver units (Infantry) and Combat
support (Artillery)
3) Means of Signal Communication
and its employment in various types of
offensive and defensive operations.
4) Message preparation and handling
b. Basic Radio Communication
1) Radio-telephone procedure
2) Capabilities and limitations of
radio
3) General characteristics of radio
4) Field expedient radio
communication
c. Communication Security
1) CEOI/CESI formulation and use
2) Radio commo security procedures
and techniques
3) Message center operation
(Division HQs, Brigade HQs and Bn
HQs)
e. Basic Survival Familiarization on various field craft,
survival at sea, water and food
discipline and other survival technique.
f. Intro to CMO Different pillars of CMO, concepts, roles
and the significance of CMO for the
furtherance of the AFP mission.
g. AGOS / Procedures on directing, troop boarding
Heliborne Opns and dismount from a helicopter.

176
 h. Familiarization Familiarization firing
Firing
* - To be provided through instructional handouts / handbook or on-line in the
PA Website.

Module/Subject Lecture Practicals TOTAL

I. Physical Organization / Orientation 1 1 2
II. Military Orientation 7 5 12
III. Combat Training of Individual Soldier 8 10 18
IV. Public Information 4 2 6
V. Civil Affairs 3 8 11
VI. Drills and Ceremonies 2 8 10
VII. Test and Evaluation 1 1
Total Periods/Hours 26 34 60

177
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, 1987

Cupin, Buds. “Anatomy of Counter Communist Insurgency”San Juan Press

Inc.1992

HPA Letter Directive dated 12 June 2007. Subject: Revitalizing the Reserve
Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) Program.

Ong, Jerome A. “In Defense of our Homeland: A Glimpse at Military Education

and ROTC History” Faura, CAS, UP Manila. Number 2 April 2005

Philippine Army Manuals

Republic Act 7077

Republic Act 9163 otherwise known as the National Service Training Program
(NSTP) Act of 2001

United States Field Manuals

178