Credit to: Fiki Hidayat, M.

Eng
CALCULATION PROCEDURES
• The 1997 SPE/WPC definitions allow either deterministic or
probabilistic procedures
i. Deterministic Procedures
Deterministic calculations of oil and/or gas initially in place (OIP/GIP) and
reserves are based on best estimates of the true values of pertinent
parameters, although it is recognized that there may be considerable
uncertainty in such values.
ii. Probabilistic Procedures
Uncertainties in input data and equations to calculate reserves may be
significant. Reserves calculated using this procedure are classified on the basis
of specified percentile rankings of reserves estimates within the calculated set
and/or of pertinent regulatory and/or corporate guidelines.
ESTIMATION METHODS
• Methods to estimate reserves may be categorized as either static or
dynamic.
• Static methods typically are used before production is initiated, and
include analogy methods and volumetric methods. Computer
simulation that is used before production initiation is considered a
static method.
• Dynamic methods might be used after sustained production has been
initiated, and include production trend analysis, material-balance
calculations, and computer simulation.
Analogy Methods
• Typically used to estimate ultimate recovery-or unit recovery factors-
of oil and/or gas for undrilled locations and to supplement volumetric
methods of estimating reserves in the early stages of development
and production.
• The analogy method assumes that the analogous reservoir or well is
comparable to the subject reservoir or well in those aspects that
control ultimate recovery of oil and/or gas.
• The weakness is that this assumption’s validity cannot be determined
until the subject reservoir or well has been produced long enough to
estimate reserves using dynamic methods.
VOLUMETRIC METHOD
• Generally are used early in the life of reservoir, before there are
sufficient production and/or pressure data to use the performance
method, and for behind-pipe zones, which might not be placed on
production until the current completion zone is abandoned.
• Results from this method might be subject to considerable
uncertainty, depending on the geologic setting and the amount and
quality of geologic and engineering data.
• It is recommended that an evaluator compare reserves estimated by
volumetric methods against well and reservoir performance at the
earliest practical stage of production and make adjustments as
warranted.


VOLUMETRIC METHODS
• Volumetric methods for estimating reserves involve three steps:
1) Use volumetric mapping or another procedure to determine net
volume of the reservoir.
2) Determine rock/fluid parameters to calculate unit volumes of oil,
gas, and/or condensate initially in place (OOIP/IGIP)
3) Estimate Recovery efficiency (ER) for oil, gas, and/or condensate.

Step 1 may involve the use of gross-rock-volume isopach maps and a

net-to-gross net-pay ratio to obtain the net volume of the reservoir.
Gross sand map layer “X”
Net sand map layer “X”
Net pay map layer “X”

554000 554200 554400 554600 554800 555000 555200 555400 555600 555800 556000 556200
9222000

9222000
9221800

9221800
NGL-33
NGL-35NGL-08
NGL-44
9221600

9221600
NGL-41
NGL-32
NGL-38 NGL-28
NGL-29 NGL-26
NGL-43 NGL-24
NGL-22
NGL-25 NGL-34
NGL-30
NGL-P4 NGL-P2
NGL-18 NGL-39
NGL-14
NGL-42 NGL-23
9221400

9221400
NGL-P1
NGL-40 NGL-P3
NGL-36
NGL-TW36
NGL-37 NGL-20

NGL-11 NGL-09
NGL-31
NGL-13
9221200

9221200
1 : 10.000

0 100 200 300 400

METER

554000 554200 554400 554600 554800 555000 555200 555400 555600 555800 556000 556200
Calculate of bulk Volume
h
(
• Pyramidal Vb = An + An +1 + An  An +1
3
)
• If : An+1/An  0,5

• Trapezoidal Vb = ( An + An +1 ) If : An+1/An  0,5

h
2

Where :
Vb : Bulk, acre-ft.
An : square of lower level, acre.
An+1 : square of high level, acre.
h : depth of between two isopach contur ,ft.

Isopach map


Original Oil In Place

7758   Vb   ( 1 − Sw )
N=
Boi
dimana :
N : original oil in place, STB.
Vb : Total Bulk Volume contain oil, cuft.
 : porosity, fraction
Sw : Initial water saturation, fraction.
Boi : Initial oil factor volume formation , bbl/STB.
7758 : Conversion, bbl/acre-ft.


Original Gas In Place

43560   Vb   ( 1 − Sw )
G=
Bgi

Where :
G : original gas in place, SCF
Vb : Total Bulk Volume contain gas, cuft.
 : porosity, fraction.
Sw : Initial water saturation, fraction.
Bgi : Initial gas factor volume formation, cuft/SCF.
43560 : Conversion, cuft/acre-ft


Exercise 1

The area of isopach maps have calculated with

planimeter, below :

Contour Area square Area Question :

(Acre) 1. Total Bulk Volume
2. OOIP, if  = 0,19, Swi = 0,30
A0 450 and Boi = 1,27.
A1 375
A2 303
A3 231
A4 154
A5 74
A6 0 
Solution

Contour
Area Square Area Ratio Interval formula Volume
(acre) Square Area ft acre-ft
A0 450
A1 375 0,83 5 Trap. 2063
A2 303 0,81 5 Trap. 1695
A3 231 0,76 5 Trap. 1335
A4 154 0,67 5 Trap. 963
A5 74 0,48 5 Pyr. 558
A6 0 0 4 Pyr. 99
Total Volume 6712


Solution

Area A4 :

Vb = (231 + 154 ) = 963

5
2
Area A5 :
5
( )
Vb = 154 + 74 + 154  74 = 558
3

Area A6 :

Vb = (74 ) = 99
4
3

Solution
Original Oil In Place (OOIP) :

7758   Vb   ( 1 − Sw )
N=
Boi

7758  6712  0.19(1 − 0.30 )

N=
1.27

= 5,452,842 stb


Exercise 2
Isopach map , below :

1 acre = 43.560 ft2

1 block = 1.000.000 ft2

Question :
OOIP if  = 0,21, Sw = 0,29 and Boi = 1,06.


Contour A0 :


Contour A1 :


Contour A2 :


Contour A3 :


Contour A4 :


Contour A5 :


Solution

Contour Grids feet2 acre

A0 112 112000000 2571,17
A1 86,5 86500000 1985,77
A2 53 53000000 1216,71
A3 24,5 24500000 562,44
A4 7,5 7500000 172,18
A5 1 1000000 22,96


Solution
Area A1 :

Vb = (2571 .17 + 1985 .77 ) = 22784 .66

10
2
Area A4 :

Vb =
10
3
( )
562 .44 + 172 .18 + 562 .44 172 .18 = 3486 .03


Solution

Contour Square Ratio Form. interfal Volume

acre ft acre-ft
A0 2571.17
A1 1985.77 0.71 Trap. 10 22784.66
A2 1216.71 0.61 Trap. 10 16012.40
A3 562.44 0.46 Pyr. 10 8687.99
A4 172.18 0.31 Pyr. 10 3486.03
A5 22.96 0.13 Pyr. 10 860.01
Total 51,831.10


Solution
Original Oil In Place (IOIP) :

7758   Vb   ( 1 − Sw )
N=
Boi

7758  51831 .1 0,21(1 − 0.29 )

N=
1.06

= 53,866,986 stb


RECOVERY FACTOR
• The most controversial part in the volumetric method
• “Big Part” of Reserve Estimation
• Depend on several factor such as:
• Driving Mechanism
• Mobility Ratio
• Reservoir Heterogeneity
• Number and Distribution of Well
• Production Schedule of each Well
• Possibility of EOR Implementation
• Recovery Efficiency’s Corelation by J.J.Arps (API)
• Sandstone/Carbonate with Solution Gas Drive
0.1611 0.0979 0.1741
 (1 − S w)  k  0.3722  pb 
ER, o (%) = 41.815  
 
 (S w) p 
 Bob   ob   a

• Sandstone with Water Drive:

0.0422 0.0770 − 0.2159
 (1 − S w)  k wi  − 0.1903  pi 
ER, o (%) = 54.898  
  
 (S w) p 
 B oi   oi   a

 And Sw in fraction ; K in Darcy

µ in cp ; Pb, Pi, and Pa in Psia