UPPER BICUTAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

THIRD GRADING REVIEWER

Please read the following: *TYPES of SPEECH*
- The Story of Keesh Purpose of delivering a speech:
- Song of Autumn - To inform
- To Build a Fire - To instruct
- The Last Leaf - To entertain
- To persuade
*USE OF SENSORY IMAGES* 1. INFOMATIVE SPEECH – serves to provide interesting
IMAGERY – consists of descriptive language that helps and useful information to your audience
the readers to better imagine the world of the piece of Examples:
literature and also add symbolism to the work. - A teacher telling students about earthquake
- draws on the five senses, namely the details of - A student talking about research
taste, touch, sight, smell and sound. 2. DEMONSTRATIVE SPEECH – is almost similar to
Examples of Using Sensory Images to convey meaning informative speech. The main difference lies in including
 TASTE a demonstration of how to do the thing you are teaching.
- The familiar tongue of his grandmother’s Examples:
cranberry sauce reminded him of his youth. - How to start your own blog
 SOUND - How to bake a cake
- The concert was loud that her ears rang for days - How to write a speech
afterward. 3. PERSUASIVE SPEECH – works to convince people to
 SIGHT change in some way.
- The sunset was the most gorgeous they’d ever Examples:
seen; the clouds were edge with pink and gold. - Become a blood donor
 SMELL - Improve your health through healthy diet
- After eating the curry, his breath reeked of garlic. 4. ENTERTAINING SPEECH – the speaker provides
 TOUCH pleasure and enjoyment that make the audience laugh or
- The three bark was rough against her skin. identify with anecdotal information.
Example: after-dinner speech
*ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY*
 CHARACTER – is a person, sometimes even an *PRONOUNS*
animal, who takes part in the action on the short - words used in place of a noun or another pronoun
story or other literary work. ANTECEDENT- a word for which a pronoun stands
 SETTING – is the time and place in which it Example:
happens. Authors often use description of Doña Ana was so touched by Jaime’s words that she
landscape, scenery, buildings, seasons, or felt obligated to give him her blessing.
weather to provide a strong sense of setting. ANTECEDENT PRONOUN/S
 PLOT – is a series of related event and character Doña Ana she, her
actions that connects to the central conflict. Jaime him
 CONFLICT – is a struggle between two people or
things in a short story.
- Is the turning point or the point of the highest
tension in a narrative
 THEME – is the central idea or belief in a short
story.
 *KINDS OF PRONOUNS* DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS – used in place of the SINGULAR PLURAL
names of the person speaking, spoken to or a person, This These
place, or things spoken about. That Those
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL 6. RELATIVE PRONOUNS – begin a subordinate clause
1 st
I, me, my, mine We, us, our, and connect it to another idea in the sentence or to the
person ours independent clause.
2nd You, your, yours You, your, RELATIVE PRONOUNS
person yours That who whom which whose
3rd He, she, it, him, her, They, them,
person his, her, hers, its their, theirs Independent Clause Subordinate Clause
He cooked the fish that he had caught in
2. POSESSIVE PRONOUNS – used to show ownership and the river.
possession. This may also refer to one of the cases of The man wearing a smart who lives in the big
pronouns. suit is the man house.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL 7. Interrogative Pronouns – are used to begin a question.
st
1 person my, mine our, ours They do not always have specific antecedents.
2nd your, yours your, INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
person yours what who whom which whose how
3rd him, her, his, her, hers, their, Examples:
person its theirs - What did you hear?
- Which house is yours?
3. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS – end in –self or –selves and - Whose book is this?
add information to a sentence by pointing back to a 8. Indefinite Pronouns – refer to people, places, or
nouns or pronoun earlier in the sentence. It cannot be things, often without specifying which ones. This may or
left out without changing the meaning of the sentence. may not have antecedents.
Examples: INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
- Maya cooked herself some breakfast. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR or PLURAL
- Manuel picked himself up when he fell. Another Both All
4. INTENSIVE PRONOUNS – also end in –self or –selves Anybody Few Any
but simply add emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the Anyone Many More
same sentence. It emphasizes its antecedent but does Anything Others Most
not add information to a sentence. If it is removed, the Each Several None
meaning of the sentence will not change. Either Some
Examples: Everybody
- Father himself knocked on the rich man’s gate. Everyone
- We fixed the broken fence ourselves. Everything
Little
REFLEXIVE and INTENSIVE PRONOUNS
Much
PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL
Neither
1st person Myself Ourselves Nobody
2nd person yourself Yourselves No one
rd
3 person Himself, herself, itself Themselves Nothing
One
5. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS – point out and direct Other
attention to specific people, places, or things. Somebody
Example: That is the house of the judge. Someone
Something
9. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS – used for one of the 3. Possessive Case – when a pronoun is used to show
participants of a reciprocal construction, i.e a clause in ownership.
which two participants are in mutual relationship.
Examples: POSSESSIVE CASE
- 2 people: USE Examples
Tom and Sara work with each other. Show ownership before a Her painting was
- 3 or more people: noun magnificent.
When my family had dinner, we told one Used before a gerund Her cooking is making us
another about our jobs. all gain weight.
Used by themselves to This trash is theirs, not
*CASES OF PRONOUNS* indicate possession ours.
Case – a term used to describe different forms of nouns
and pronouns. This indicates its use in a sentence. *PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT RULES*
General Rule:
Nominative Case Objective Case Possessive Case
I Me My, mine A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender
You You Your, yours and number.
He, she, it Him, her, it His, hers, its  A singular pronoun must replace a singular
We Us Our, ours noun; a plural pronoun must replace a plural
They Them Their, theirs noun.
SINGULAR: The president had his meeting today.
1. Nominative Case – when a pronoun is used as a PLURAL: The presidents had their meeting today.
subject or a predicate nominative in a sentence. 1. A phrase or a clause between the subject and the
Nominative Pronoun verb does not change the number of the antecedent.
USE Examples Example:
Subject She caught a bullfrog. The can of lima beans sits on its shelf.
He dropped the oil lamp. The girl, who helped the other little girls, opened her
Predicate Nominative Our saviour is He. locker.
It has always been you. 2. Indefinite Pronouns as Antecedents
It is I. - Singular indefinite pronoun antecedents take singular
pronoun referents.
2. Objective Case – when a pronoun is used as object of Singular: each, either, neither, one, no one, nobody,
verb, preposition, and verbal. anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something,
Objective Case everyone, everybody, everything
USE Examples Example:
Direct Object The old man gave them to us. Each of the clerks does a good deal of work around his
Indirect Object My brother gave her the or her office.
bundle. - Plural indefinite pronoun antecedents require plural
Object of the Jose ate with us. pronoun referents.
Preposition
Plural: several, few, both, many
Object of the The man coaching him is his
Example:
Participle father.
Both do a good job in their office.
Object of Gerund Guarding her was not an easy
task. - Some indefinite pronouns that are modified by a
Object of Infinitive My father likes to tease me prepositional phrase may either be singular or plural.
about my pigtail. Either Singular or Plural: some, any, none, most
When the object of the preposition is uncountable, use
a singular referent pronoun
Singular:
Some of the sugar fell out of its bag.
All of the jewelry has lost its glow.
3. Compound Subjects
- Compound subjects joined by ‘and’ always take a *COHESIVE DEVICES*
plural referent. - sometimes called as linking words, linkers, connectors,
discourse markers, or transitional words
Plural: Jones and Smith made their presentation. - words or phrases that show the relationship between
- With compound subjects joined by ‘or’/ ’nor’, the paragraphs or sections of text or speech.
referent agrees with the antecedent closer to the (ADDING) (SEQUENCING)
pronoun. And First, firstly, first of all
(Plural antecedent closer to pronoun) As well as Second, secondly
Neither the director nor the actors did their jobs. Moreover Third
(Singular antecedent closer to pronoun) Furthermore Next
Neither the actors nor the director did his or her job. In addition Meanwhile
Too Now
4. Collective Nouns
On top of that Subsequently
- Collective nouns may be singular or plural
Another point is
depending on the meaning.
(ILLUSTRATING) (COMPARING)
Example: For example Similarly
The jury read its verdict. Such as Likewise
(in this example, the jury is acting as one unit) For instance As with
The jury members gave their individual In the case of Like
opinions. As shown by Equally
(in this example, the jury members are acting as twelve Illustrated by In the same way
individuals, therefore the pronoun is plural) Take …
5. Titles of Single Entities One example is…
(books, organizations, countries, etc.) (QUALIFYING) (CONTRASTING)
- Titles of single entities take a singular referent But Whereas
Example: However Alternatively
Enough Unlike
The Grapes of Wrath made its characters seem
Unless On the other hand
real.
Except Conversely
The United States cherishes its democracy. Apart from Having said that
6. Plural form subjects w/ singular meaning As long as Nevertheless
(news, measles, mumps, physics,etc.) if However
- Plural form subjects with singular meaning
take a singular referent.
Example:
The news has lost much of its sting two days
later.
7. Use of ‘every’ or ‘many a’
- EVERY or MANY A before a noun or a series of
nouns requires as singular referent.
Example:
Every cow, pig and horse had lost its life in the fire.
Many a girl wishes she could sing like Tina Turner.
8. ‘the number of’ VS ‘a number of’
- ‘the number of’ is SINGULAR
Example:The number of volunteers increases its ranks
daily.
- ‘a number of’ is PLURAL
Example:
A number of volunteers are offering their help.