REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The proponent found and gathered the following literature and studies

relevant to the proposed study

Fshell Algorithm

Different algorithm approaches exist that try to tackle the problem of

automated wildfire (Honberg), detection based on image taken from

surveillance camera. One of the most successful marketed fire detections

systems called Firewatch was developed by the DLR. They use Fshell

algorithm with four major steps to determine whether there is smoke in an

image sequence. None of the used filters applied by the algorithm was learned

but created by sophisticated trial and error and much experience with visual

recognition task in general. Due to Fshell’s functionality it does not classify

negative regions but gradually refines a selection of region based on

predefined filters. As a result no evaluation can be done on region basis, in

addition to providing the initial camera system, Fshell uses the image to

automatically detect wildfire smoke. The camera system in combination with

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the Fshell algorithm was successful tested in 1998 and finally won against

competing systems in 2001 receiving financial support for series production.

Smoke and fire detection using CNN

Deep learning is also considered for smoke fire detection. A binary

classifier is trained using annotated patches from scratch, second, learning

and classification using cascade convolutional neural network (CNN) fire

detector. Muhammad et al. propose an adaptive prioritization mechanism for

fire smoke detection. CNN and the internet of multimedia things (IoMT) for

disaster management are used for early fire detection framework. Through

deep learning, features can be learned automatically. However, these deep

learning methods for fire smoke detection are still limited by learning static

features. Wu et al. combine deep learning method and conventional feature

extraction method to recognize the fire smoke areas. CNN is used in Caffe

framework to achieve a Caffe model with static features. This deep learning

approach can work well to certain extent, but the dynamic feature is not

trained directly for most situations. It uses a regularization parameter, C, to

balance the model complexity and accuracy. Another parameter known as

Gaussian width, σ, can be used to avoid the over-fitting problem. However, it

is difficult to select proper values of C and σ. AdaBoost based component

classifiers can solve the over fitting problem with relatively high precision.
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Fire flame detection using logistic regression and temporal smoothing

According to Kong et al. (2016) Fire appears in different colors

depending on the temperature of the flame. The color of the center of a fire

flame can be different from that of the edge. Fire-colored pixels are relatively

easy to detect according to the specific range of the color spectrum. The

colors of natural fire often belong to the red-to-yellow color range. Since the

fire color tends to be highly saturated in the red channel, red components of

each fire pixel is greater than the others in the RGB color space. Since RGB

color values are sensitive to variations of illumination, an RGB color is

converted into the color space that can separate chrominance from luminance.

SHIPING YE et al (2017) proposed an algorithm to detect both smoke

and flame in color video sequences obtained from a stationary camera. The

algorithm allows effective and stable detection of smoke and flame, consisting

of following steps: frame preprocessing, three frame differentiation,

background update, foreground construction, morphological processing,

contour analysis, chaotic motion estimation, and moving blob classification.

The moving blob classification is based on spatial and temporal wavelet

analysis, Weber contrast analysis and color segmentation in YCbCr color

space.
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Video smoke detection during night-time is uniquely addressed in a

paper presented by Chao-Ching(2013). In the method, a laser light is

projected into the monitored field of view, and the returning projected light

section image is then analyzed to detect fire and smoke. The method assumes

that if smoke appears within the monitoring zone created from the diffusion or

scattering of laser light in the projected path, a colour CCD camera sensor

receives a corresponding signal. The successive processing steps of the

proposed algorithm utilize the spectral, diffusing, and scattering features of the

smoke-filled regions (in YCbCr colour space) of the image sequences to

determine the position of possible smoke in a video. Characterization of

smoke is then carried out by a nonlinear classification method using a support

vector machine. It is reported that experimental results in a variety of night-

time conditions show that the proposed method can reliably detect smoke.

However, the wavelength emitted by the employed off-the-shelf commercial

laser diode is reported to be unstable due to fluctuations in the temperature

and power supply.

The purpose of reviewing former studies is to understand different

aspect posted by different researcher on fire and smoke detection using image

processing or video processing. This is significant because the proponent will

develop a system that will improve former studies, thus cited studies are the

basis of the researcher to justify that the proposed study is applicable.