JOURNAL

Module 5: Plane Coordinate Geometry

Chapter 1
Lesson 1: The distance Formula, the midpoint formula, and the
Coordinate proof
Distance between two points is always nonnegative. It is
positive when the two points are different, and zero if the
points are the same. If p and q are two points, then the
distance from p to q is the same as the distance from q to p.
that is pq = qp.

The distance between two points, whether or not they are

aligned horizontally or vertically, can be determined using the
distance formula.

Distance Formula =√[(𝑥2− 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 ]

d  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2

if 𝐿(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝑁(𝑥2, 𝑦2 ) L(x1, y1) and N(x2, y2) are the
endpoints of a segment and M Is the midpoint, then the
 𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
coordinates of M = ( + ). This is also referred to as
2 2
the midpoints formula.

x1  x2 y1  y 2
M ( , )
2 2
Many geometric properties can be proven by using a
coordinate plane. A proof that uses figures on a coordinate
plane to prove geometric properties is called a coordinate
proof.
To prove geometric properties using the methods of
coordinate geometry , consider the following guidelines for
placing figures on a coordinate plane.
1. Use the origin as vertex or center of a figure
2. Place at least one side of a polygon on an axis
3. If possible, keep the figure within the first quadrant.
4. Use coordinates that make computations simple and
easy . Sometimes, using coordinates that are
multiples of two would make the computation easier.
Lesson 2: Equation of a Circle
The standard equation of a circle with center at (h, k) and a
radius of r unit is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 (x-h)2+(y-k)2=r2. The
values of h and k indicate that the circle is translated k units
horizontally and k vertically from the origin.
If the center of the circle is at the origin, the equation of the
circle is𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 x2+y2=r2
The general equation of a circle is𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
x2+y2+Dx+Ey = 0, where D, E, and F are real numbers. This
equation is obtained by expanding the standard equation of a
circle, (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
The center and the radius of a circle can be found given the
equation. To do this, transform the given equation to its
standard form (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 (x-h)2+(y-k)2=r2. If the
center of the circle is (h,k) , or 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 x2+y2=r2 if the
center of the circle is the origin. Once the center and the radius
of the circle are found, its graph can be shown on the
coordinate plane.
Chapter 2

Chapter 3
In this module I was able to learn how to determine the
distance between two points on the plane, how to find the
midpoint of a segment and how to find the value of the other
point.
Module 6: Permutations and
Combinations
Chapter 1
Permutations refers to the different possible arrangements of a
set of objects. The number of permutations of n objects taken r
at a time is:
n!
P(n, r )  ,n  r .
(n  r )!

n-Factorial is the product of the positive integer n and all the

positive integers than n. n! = n(n-1)(n-2) … (3)(2)(1)
Circular permutation is the different possible arrangements of
objects in a circle. The number of permutations, P, of n objects
around a circle is given by P = (n – 1)!.
Distinguishable permutations is refers to the permutations of a
set of objects where some of them are alike. The number of
distinguishable permutations of n objects when p are alike, q
are alike, r are alike, and so on, is given by
n!
P 
p! q! r!...
Combinations is the number of ways of selecting from a set
when the order is not important. The number of combinations
of n objects taken r at a time is given by
n!
C (n, r )  ,n  r .
(n  r )! r!

Chapter 2
Chapter 3
In this module I were given the opportunity to formulate and
solve problems in permutations and apply the knowledge to
formulating conclusions and making decisions. I were also know
about combinations and its applications in real life. I were able
identify the difference between permutations and
combinations.

Module 7: Probability of Compound

Events
Chapter 1
Lesson 1: Union and Intersection of Events
Activities which could be repeated over and over again and
which have well-defined results are called experiments. The
results of an experiment are called outcomes. The set of all
outcomes in an experiment is called a sample space. An event
is a subset of the sample space.
Probability of Simple Events: If each of the outcomes in a
sample space is equally likely to occur, then the probability of
an event E, denoted as P(E) is given by
number of ways the event can occur or number of outcomes in the event
P( E ) 
number of possible outcomes or number of outcomes in the sample space

Compound Events is a composition of two or more simple

events.
The complement of an event is the set of all outcomes that are
NOT in the event. This means that if the probability of an event,
A, is P(A), then the probability that the event would not occur
(also called the complementary event) is 1 – P(A), denoted by
P(A’). Thus, P(A’) = 1 – P(A).
Mutually Exclusive Events is events that have no outcomes in
common. This also means that if two or more events are
mutually exclusive, they cannot happen at the same time. This
is also referred to as disjoint events.
If two events, A and B, are mutually exclusive, then the
probability that either A or B occurs is the sum of their
probabilities. In symbols,
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
If two events, A and B, are not mutually exclusive, then the
probability that either A or B occurs is the sum of their
probabilities decreased by the probability of both occurring. In
symbols,
P(A or B)= P(A)+ P(B) – P(A and B).
Lesson 2: Independent and Dependent Events
Two events are independent if the occurrence of one of the
events gives no information about whether or not the other
event will occur; that is, the events have no influence on each
other. If two events, A and B, are independent, then the
probability of both events occurring is the product of the
probability of A and the probability of B. In symbols, P(A and B)
= P(A) • P(B).
When the outcome of one event affects the outcome of
another event, they are dependent events. If two events, A and
B, are dependent, then the probability of both events occurring
is the product of the probability of A and the probability of B
after A occurs. In symbols, P(A and B) = P(A) • P(B following A).

Lesson 3: Conditional Probability

For any two events A and B with P(B)>0, the conditional
probability of A given that B has occurred is defined by
 P( A  B)
P( A | B) 
P( B)

In word problems, conditional probabilities can usually be

recognized by words like “given”, “if,” or “among” (e.g., in the
context of samples). There are, however, no hard rules, and you
have to read the problem carefully and pay attention to the
entire context of the problem to determine whether the given
probability represents an ordinary probability (e.g., P(AB)) or a
conditional probability (e.g., P(A|B) or P(B|A)).
Chapter 2

Chapter 3
In this module I’ve learned that compound events is a events
which consist of more than one outcome. I also learned that to
each event, a probability is assigned. The probability of a
compound event can be calculated if its outcomes are equally
likely. Events can be mutually exclusive or not mutually
exclusive. I also learned the difference between independent
events and dependent events. I easily recognized the
conditional probabilities by words like “given”,”if”, or “among”.
I’ll just need to read the problem carefully and pay attention to
the entire context of the problem to determine whether the
given probabilities represents an ordinary probability or a
conditional probability.