Fluid Mechanics 2019

TITLE PROPOSAL
TITLE: “THE ANALYSIS OF VISCOSITY AND FLUID FLOW OF ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL,
SLIME AND GLYCERIN”

Objectives:

This study generally aims to determine the viscosity and fluid flows of the three kinds of fluids namely
the Isopropyl Alcohol, Slime and Glycerin.

• To determine the viscosity of the fluid samples, a computer aided program will use to test the force of
the fluids.

• To determine the density of the three fluids, whether the 3 different colors of corn syrup will float,
sink, or remain to where it was put.

• To determine Reynold’s number, test with three trials will be conducted on Isopropyl alcohol with 3
different colors of corn syrup, Glycerin with 3 different colors of corn syrup, and Slime with 3 different
colors of corn syrup,

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

The students shall be able to:

• Apply mathematical and analytical skills in researching and performing the experiment.

• Determining which sample fluid has shown the Laminar flow.

• Expand the knowledge on common fluids flow.

• Apply the ideas and methods of identify fluid flow by means of Reynold’s number.

Discussion:
Chapter One:

The Problem and its Background

Introduction:

According to Streeter (1951-1966), laminar flow is characterized by fluid particles following

smooth path in layers, with each layer moving smoothly past the adjacent layers with little or no mixing.
At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another
like playing cards. There are no cross-currents perpendicular to the direction of flow, nor eddies or swirls
of fluids (Geankoplis, 2003). In laminar flow, the motion of the particles of the fluid is very orderly with
particles close to a solid surface moving in straight lines parallel to that surface (Noakes, 2009). Laminar
flow is a flow regime characterized by high momentum diffusion and low momentum convection.

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Laminar flow is a gentle flow in which the streamlines are not crossing each other, that is, they are
parallel to one another. What determines a flow if it is laminar in nature or not is the value of its Reynolds
number, if the Reynolds number is less than 2000, the flow is still considered to be laminar flow. The
laminar flow still remains an important form of flow in engineering. A flow in engineering can be
compressible flow or incompressible flow. The incompressible flow finds its applications in the area of
pipe flow in which the pipe length may be too short for achieving fully developed conditions, such as in
a short length heat exchangers, the incompressible flow has its density remains constant.

Statement of the Problem:

This study aims to analyze the Laminar flow of the different kinds of isopropyl alcohol, slime and glycerin

Specifically, this research aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the significant difference between Isopropyl Alcohol, Slime, and Glycerin in terms of
viscosity?
2. What is the effect of the density of the three colors of corn syrup in Isopropyl Alcohol, Slime, and
Glycerin?
3. After the performed experiment, what type of flow is present on each sample of fluids?

Significance of the Study:

The result of the study will be of great benefit to the following:

Students. For the students, the result will provide them with huge knowledge on the differences
of laminar flow and turbulent based on their viscosity. It will give them the realization that viscosity of a
fluid affects fluids flow. Moreover, this study can help them to enhance their ability in the field of fluid
mechanics which can help to become successful in their chosen field.

Professors. For the professors, this research will serve as a starting point of expanding this study.
In addition, this study can be a great help to their discussions regarding related lessons.

Future researchers. For the researchers, the result of this study can serve as basis for further
study on demonstrating fluid flow especially the laminar flow.

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Scope and Delimitations

This research will be focused on the viscosity and flow of fluid in an alternative Couette Cell.
The apparatus made was a two glass with different sizes suspended with each other, one is larger than
the other. In conducting the experiment, the scope to visualize the flow of fluids which can be calculated
using Reynolds number and the viscosity. This study covers the significance, purpose, and the whole
details about determination of viscosity and fluid flow of three sample fluids. This research is limited
only on an alternative couette cell and on the three sample fluids that will be worked on by the
researchers.

Definition of Terms

 Laminar Flow - occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between those
layers.
 Turbulent - fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity.
 Viscosity – it is the resistance of fluid to flow
 Torque - a force that causes something to rotate

Chapter Two:

Review of Literature

Literature and Studies

Flow of non‐newtonian fluids—correlation of the laminar, transition, and turbulent‐flow regions

All available data on flow of non‐Newtonians in pipes have been correlated on the conventional
friction factor — Reynolds number plot for Newtonian fluids. This correlation, theoretically rigorous in
the laminar flow region, was tested with data on 16 different non‐Newtonian materials covering the 2.1 ×
109 range of Reynolds numbers from 6.3 × 10−5 to 1.3 × 105. Pipe diameters varied from 1/8 to 12 in.
As the correlation does not depend on the type of fluid encountered, it may be used with Newtonian and
non‐Newtonian fluids alike.

In spite of the great range of the available experimental data, further work is necessary in the
transition and turbulent‐flow regions. No data at all were available on thixotropic, rheopectic, and dilatant
fluids, and extension of the correlation to these materials should prove most illuminative from both
theoretical and practical viewpoints.

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Reference: Metzner, A & Reed, J. (2018). Flow of non‐newtonian fluids—correlation of the laminar,
transition, and turbulent‐flow regions.

Retrieved: https://aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aic.690010409.

Laminar Flow of Newtonian Liquids in Ducts of Rectangular Cross-Section an Interesting Model

for Both Physics and Mathematics

This paper considered the laminar fully developed flow, of a Newtonian fluid, in ducts of
rectangular cross-section. Poisson’s partial differential equation Saint-Venant solution was used, to
calculate Poiseuille number values whatever is rectangles aspect ratio. From these results, we considered
limit cases of square duct and plane Poiseuille flow (infinite parallel plates). We showed there exists a
rectangle equivalent to a circular cross-section for energy dissipation through viscous friction. Finally, we
gave some mathematical consequences of this approach for odd integers zeta function calculations and
Catalan’s constant.

Reference: Delplace, F. (2018). Laminar Flow of Newtonian Liquids in Ducts of Rectangular Cross-
Section an Interesting Model for Both Physics and Mathematics.

Retrieved: http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ijtmp.20180802.04.html#Ref.

Transition from laminar to turbulent flow in liquid filled microtubes

The flow of a liquid in microchannels should be represented well by continuum theory unless the
channel dimensions approach the slip length at the wall, estimated to occur for channels and tubes whose
dimensions lay below a few microns. Despite this expectation, significant departures from continuum
macroscale theory have been reported in the literature of microfluidics, and they have sometimes been
attributed to unknown microscale effects that produce transition to turbulence at anomalously low
Reynolds numbers. The results show conclusively that below a critical Reynolds number for transition to
turbulence the flow is described, to within 1% experimental accuracy, by the classical macroscale result
for Poiseuille, f = 64/ReD. More importantly, they show that the transition to turbulence first begins in
virtually the same Reynolds number range as that found for macro-scale flow: ReD =1,800–2,300. Lastly,
within the transition range, the behavior of teach microscale flow property — pressure drop, mean velocity
and RMS velocity — is consistent with macroscale data. Thus, the behavior of the flow in microtubes, at
least down to 50 micron diameter, shows no perceptible differences with macroscale flow. Once
demonstrated, the applicability on the microscale of Osborne Reynolds’ simple criterion for transition to
turbulence may not seem surprising.

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Reference: R.J. Adrian and K.V. Sharp (2014). Transition from laminar to turbulent flow in liquid filled
microtubes

Retrieved:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225914960_Transition_from_laminar_to_turbulent_
flow_in_liquid_filled_microtubes?fbclid=IwAR34SUYV9MdKLnPqaDkzJNzD8tQYdCQHrn-
p0zzGbTJELCvEW6Jtro9VitY

Numerical Analysis of Laminar flow of Viscous Fluid Between Two Porous Bounding walls

In this research paper an analytical procedure is used for solving the differential equations and the
main objective is to analysis of laminar flow of viscous fluid, the effect of Suction Reynolds Number and
Large Reynolds Number porous bounding walls. The enhancements of Reynolds Number, velocity of
fluid increase sharply and then decreases sharply for large Reynolds Number where as the velocity of fluid
is small changes for suction Reynolds number. The application of viscous flow of fluid is in engineering
and biological problem such as accelerators electrostatics precipitation, petroleum industry, geothermal
energy extraction and plasma studies.

Reference: Ramesh Yadav (2016). Numerical Analysis of Laminar flow of Viscous Fluid Between Two
Porous Bounding walls

Retrieved: https://www.irjet.net/archives/V3/i4/IRJET-V3I4122.pdf

Laminar Flow Demonstrations of All Time

Corn syrup dyed yellow, blue and red is added to a container full of undyed syrup. Corn syrup has
a viscosity thousands of times that of water. Because the Reynold's number is inversely related to
viscosity, η, corn syrup stirred in the manner demonstrated here has a very small Reynolds number.

A common analogy states that a fluid with a sufficiently low Reynolds number will flow along
distinct paths in parallel layers (like fanning a deck of cards), which prevents disruption of the fluid.
Granted, not all laminar flow is inherently reversible, but there's almost always something more orderly
about it. Flow lines that are laminar are often described as "coherent." It's a word that conveys consistency,
order and unification. It stands in stark contrast against the disorder observed in what are known as
"turbulent" flows.

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Reference: Robbie Gonzales (2013). Laminar Flow Demonstrations of All Time.
Retrieved: https://io9.gizmodo.com/your-guide-to-one-of-the-coolest-physics-demonstrations-
1442968064

Twist in Time – Laminar Flow

The Twist in Time - Laminar Flow activity is one of the interesting experiment about laminar flow.
It can create a science fair project by identifying a variable, or something that changes, in this experiment.
Instead of just using one brand of clear liquid soap, the experiment can also conduct with several different
brands of clear liquid soap. Because the fluids involved are thick and movement is slow, the flow stays
laminar and not turbulent. There is really no mixing. With low Reynolds number (Re < 1) those kinds of
processes are reversible because the flow remains laminar (as opposed to turbulent). As long as the process
is not turbulent, substances in the medium will not mix. This is not something reversible, fluid layers flow
independently and dyes don’t diffuse into neighboring layers.

Retrieved: https://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/twist-in-time-laminar-flow

Illustration of laminar and turbulent flow in a very simple way

The objective of the study is to understand what a flow is and to illustrate the types of flow and
their differences. According to the study a flow is the continuous movement of a fluid, either a liquid or a
gas, from one place to another. The flow is the continuous movement of a fluid, either a liquid or a gas,
from one place to another. Basically there exist two types of flows, namely laminar flows and turbulent
flows. A laminar flow is a 'simple' flow while a turbulent flow is a 'complicated' flow. In a laminar flow
all the molecules in the fluid move more or less smoothly in the same direction and at the same speed. In
a turbulent flow, the molecules in a fluid move in many different directions and at many different speeds.
Turbulence is that state of fluid motion which is characterized by apparently random and chaotic three-
dimensional velocity. When turbulence is present, it usually dominates all other flow phenomena and
results in increased energy dissipation, mixing, heat transfer, and drag. If there is no three-dimensional
velocity, there is no real turbulence. The reasons for this will become clear later; but briefly, it is ability
to generate new velocity from old velocity that is essential to turbulence.

Reference: Dr. Corieri, P. (2017). Illustration of laminar and turbulent flow in a very simple way.
Retrieved:https://www.fp7-restarts.eu/index.php/home/root/state-of-the-art/results/the-experiments/58-
ii-greening-air-transport/turbulences/114-illustrate-laminar-and-turbulent-flow-in-a-very-simple-
way.html?fbclid=IwAR23LT0FJXf_3L5kmIyShf8wDPVkVOwwd95Lbvb5v0EK4cS15lRI8D6iZjw

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Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications

The author state viscosity as the properties of fluid to flow. The investigation involves the factors,
including viscosity and the effect of the rate of fluid flow. Laminar flow is characterized by the smooth
flow of the fluid in layers that do not mix. Turbulent flow, or turbulence, is characterized by eddies and
swirls that mix layers of fluid together. Another interpretation of laminar was presented, smoke rises
smoothly for a while and then begins to form swirls and eddies. The smooth flow is called laminar flow,
whereas the swirls and eddies typify turbulent flow. As time runs the smoke rises more rapidly and flowing
smoothly then after it will become turbulent, implying that turbulence poses more resistance to flow.
Layers flow without mixing when flow is laminar. When there is turbulence, the layers mix, and there are
significant velocities in directions other than the overall direction of flow.

This shows how viscosity is measured for a fluid. Two parallel plates have the specific fluid
between them. The bottom plate is held fixed, while the top plate is moved to the right, dragging fluid
with it. The layer (or lamina) of fluid in contact with either plate does not move relative to the plate, and
so the top layer moves at while the bottom layer remains at rest. Each successive layer from the top down
exerts a force on the one below it, trying to drag it along, producing a continuous variation in speed from
to 0 as shown. Care is taken to ensure that the flow is laminar in this sense, the layers do not mix. The
motion in is like a continuous shearing motion. Fluids have zero shear strength, but the rate at which they
are sheared is related to the same geometrical factors and as is shear deformation for solids.

The graphic shows laminar flow of fluid between two plates of area. The bottom plate is fixed.
When the top plate is pushed to the right, it drags the fluid along with it.

A force is required to keep the top plate in moving at a constant velocity (v), and experiments
have shown that this force depends on four factors:

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1. Force (F) is directly proportional to (v) (until the speed is so high that turbulence occurs—then
a much larger force is needed, and it has a more complicated dependence on (V))
2. Force (F) is proportional to the area of the plate. This relationship seems reasonable, since
is directly proportional to the amount of fluid being moved
3. Force (F) is inversely proportional to the distance between the plates (L). This relationship is
also reasonable; (L) is like a lever arm, and the greater the lever arm, the less force that is
needed.
4. is directly proportional to the coefficient of viscosity, (v). The greater the viscosity, the
greater the force required. These dependencies are combined into the equation

which gives a working definition of fluid viscosity (n) . Solving for (n) gives

which defines viscosity in terms of how it is measured. The SI unit of viscosity is

lists the coefficients of viscosity for various fluids.

Viscosity varies from one fluid to another by several orders of magnitude. In addition, the
viscosities of gases are much less than those of liquids, and these viscosities are often temperature
dependent. The viscosity of blood can be reduced by aspirin consumption, allowing it to flow more
easily around the body. (When used over the long term in low doses, aspirin can help prevent heart
attacks, and reduce the risk of blood clotting.)

Reference: Open State College. (n.d.). Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications
Retrieved:https://opentextbc.ca/physicstestbook2/chapter/viscosity-and-laminar-flow-poiseuilles-
law/?fbclid=IwAR1qCHPAT0MsFOHlHyFKbsvdd-s7rzMU6IKV-XlJdy9-jZWCNbKT2a0C_eg

Chapter Three:

Methodology

This chapter discusses the methodologies and procedures used in gathering the necessary facts and
information relevant in solving the problems encompassed in this study.

Research Design

The study focusses on determining the laminar flow in three different fluids; oil, slime, and alcohol.
Quantitative and Experimental approach will be used in this study. In numerical data, the computation for
the viscosity and Reynolds number will be analyze using the quantitative approach. Reynold’s number is
used to describe fluid flow. It is found by dividing the fluid's inertial force by its viscous force. The
Reynold's number is unitless. Low Reynold's numbers indicate laminar flow, meaning it is smooth and
constant. High Reynold's numbers indicate turbulent flow, meaning it is chaotic. On the other hand
viscosity is a properties of fluid to flow.

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This study will also use the experimental approach for the demonstration of the types of fluid flow
in the each sample. The experimental method is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which
the researcher manipulates one or more variables, and controls and measures any change in other variables.

Source of data

This study will analyze three different fluids (slime, alcohol and glycerin) injected with colored
corn syrup. The proponents will conduct three different trials in each sample.

Materials:

Improvise Couette Cell Apparatus Slime

Corn syrup Isopropyl alcohol

Glycerin Stopwatch

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* Laptop

CMD Software for Simulating Fluid Flow Applications

The CFD Module provides tools for modeling the cornerstones of fluid flow analysis, including:

 Incompressible and compressible flows

 Laminar and turbulent flows
 Single-phase and multiphase flows
 Free and porous media flow and flow in open domains
 Thin film flow

The Laminar Flow interfaces has the functionality for modeling transient and steady flows at relatively
low Reynolds numbers. A fluid viscosity may be dependent on the local composition and temperature or
any other field that is modeled in combination with fluid flow. For non-Newtonian fluids, predefined
rheology models for viscosity, such as Power Law, Carreau, and Bingham for easy model setup can be
use.

In general, density, viscosity, and momentum sources can be arbitrary functions of temperature,
composition, shear rate, and any other dependent variable, as well as derivatives of dependent variables.
These settings make it possible to define arbitrary models for viscoelastic flow.

Procedure:

Demonstration of fluid flow

1. Fill the larger glass with 50 ml of glycerin.

2. Put the smaller glass inside of it.
3. Fill the smaller glass with water much higher with that on the larger glass.
4. Clip three of the large binder clips around the rim of the larger glass. Make sure they are evenly
spaced and leave a spot for the final clip to be added later.
5. Add three drops of colored corn syrup in the sample. It should be green, blue and red.
6. Add the final binder clip to the empty spot of the larger glass.
7. Slowly rotate the smaller glass in one direction. You will see the colors begin to mix inside of the
soap. Connect the set up in a computer aided software to measure it force. Then, proceed to the
computation for torque.
8. Repeat the process in sample 2 and 3. Record your observation on a separate paper.
9. Proceed to the computation of the Reynold’s number to identify what type of fluid flow is present
in each sample.
10. After identifying the fluid flow present in each fluids, proceed to the computation of force and
viscosity.
11. Analyze the flow using CFD software.

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Statistical analysis

The statistical model used in this study is linear regression. Linear Regression is used to know the

relevant correlation of data and the relation of the different dependent variables and as well as predict the

outcome of such experiments.

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