Pressure coefficients (long):

Basic parameters:

ø= 30 ° 0.52 radian Angle of internal friction

d= 10 ° 0.17 radian Angle of wall friction
b= 0° 0.00 radian Surface slope from horizontal
q= 0° 0.00 radian Wall slope from vertical
c= 10 kPa Internal cohesion
a= 3.1 kPa Wall adhesion
g= 20 kN/m³ Density

Perm. Imp.
q= 0 10 kPa Vertical surcharge
p= 0 0 kPa Horizontal surcharge

gø = 1.25 Partial factor on tan ø

gc = 1.25 Partial factor on cohesion
gg,sup = 1.1 Partial factor on weight
gg,inf = 0.9 Partial factor on weight
gn,sup = 1.1 Partial factor on permanent surchage
gn,inf = 0.9 Partial factor on permanent surchage
gq,sup = 1.00 Partial factor on imposed surcharge
gq,inf = 0.00 Partial factor on imposed surcharge

øULS = 0.42 radian

= 24 °
cULS = 8 kPa

Unfav. Fav.
wULS = 22 18 kN/m³
qULS = 10 0 kPa
pULS = 0 0 kPa

Active: Passive:

c Cot ø = -22.5 kPa 22.5 kPa

Degrees Radians Degrees Radians

b0 = 0 0.00 0 0.00

mt = 57 0.99 33 0.58 (C.3)

mw = 49 0.86 15 0.27 (C.4)
v= 8 0.13 18 0.31 (C.5)
 Kn = 0.38 2.95 (C.6)
Kq = 0.38 2.95 (C.7)
Kc = 1.38 4.39 (C.8)
Kg = 0.38 2.95 (C.9)

Pressure coefficients (short):

Basic parameters:
ø= 25 ° 0.44 radian Angle of internal friction
d= 0° 0.00 radian Angle of wall friction
b= 0° 0.00 radian Surface slope from horizontal
q= 0° 0.00 radian Wall slope from vertical
c= 10 kPa Internal cohesion
a= 0 kPa Wall adhesion
g= 20 kN/m³ Density

Perm. Imp.
q= 0 10 kPa Vertical surcharge
p= 0 0 kPa Horizontal surcharge

gø = 1 Partial factor on tan ø

gc = 1 Partial factor on cohesion
gg,sup = 1.35 Partial factor on weight
gg,inf = 1.00 Partial factor on weight
gn,sup = 1.35 Partial factor on permanent surchage
gn,inf = 1.00 Partial factor on permanent surchage
gq,sup = 1.50 Partial factor on imposed surcharge
gq,inf = 0.00 Partial factor on imposed surcharge

øULS = 0.44 radian

= 25 °
cULS = 10 kPa

Unfav. Fav.
wULS = 27 20 kN/m³
qULS = 15 0 kPa
pULS = 0 0 kPa

Active Passive
Kn = #NAME? #NAME? (C.6)
Kq = #NAME? #NAME? (C.7)
Kc = #NAME? #NAME? (C.8)
Kg = #NAME? #NAME? (C.9)
Retaining wall (1) - Flat base, no toe:

Basic parameters:

Wall and topography: Null value indicator = …

d= 10 ° 0.17 radian Angle of friction on wall

b= 0° 0.00 radian Surface slope from horizontal
q= 0° 0.00 radian Wall slope from vertical
q= 5 kPa Vertical surcharge
p= 0 kPa Horizontal surcharge

Wall construction:
Width Thickness Density
(Horiz.) (Vert.)
(m) (m) (kN/m³)
Base: 1.50 0.30 24
Wall facing (active face): 0.00 22
Wall stem (core): 0.25 24
Wall facing (passive face): 0.00 22
Parapet: 0.00 22
Front batter (passive side): 0.00 24
Rear batter (active side): 0.00 24

Offset of core face = 0.30 m from passive edge of base.

Front batter angle = 0°
Rear batter angle = 0°

Soil:

Filling:

Average backfill density = 17 kN/m³

Active side:

H= 100.00 m Datum level (arbitary)

Haa = 110.00 m Level of surface
zwa = 2.40 m Depth to water from surface
Hba = 106.50 m Level of u/s of base

Layers:
Layer Top, z0 Btm, z1 g ø c a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(m) (m) (kN/m³) (°) (kPa) (kPa)
1 0 1.5 19 35 0 0
2 1.5 5 18 35 0 0
3
4
5
Passive side:

Hap = 107.70 m Level of surface after unplanned excavation

zwp = 0.60 m Depth to water from surface

Layers:
Layer Top, z0 Btm, z1 g ø c a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(m) (m) (kN/m³) (°) (kPa) (kPa)
1 0 0.3 19 35 0 0
2 0.3 2 18 35 0 0
3
4
5

Loading combinations:

Display calculations for comb. set = 3

M1 M2 EQU Selected
gø = 1.00 1.25 1.1 1.10 Partial factor on tan ø
gc = 1.00 1.25 1.1 1.10 Partial factor on cohesion

A1 A2 EQU Selected
gG,sup = 1.35 1.00 1.1 1.10
gG,inf = 1.00 1.00 0.9 0.90
gQ,sup = 1.50 1.30 1.5 1.50
gQ,inf = 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00

R1
gR,h = 1.00

Salient wall dimensions:

x Dx
Stem height = 3.2 m Edge 0.00
Front batter = 0.0 m 0.30 0.30
Rear batter = 0.0 m 0.30 0.00
Core 0.30 0.00
Core 0.55 0.25
0.55 0.00
0.55 0.00
Edge 1.50 0.95
OK OK

Active Passive
(m) (m)
Surface level = 110.00 107.70
Top of base level = 106.80 106.80
Btm of base level = 106.50 106.50
Water level = 107.60 107.10
Weights of construction:
Width Height Density Weight
(m) (m) (kN/m³) (kN)
1 Base 1.50 0.30 21.6 9.7
2 Wall facing (active face) 0.00 3.20 19.8 0.0
3 Wall stem (core) 0.25 3.20 21.6 17.3
4 Wall facing (passive face) 0.00 3.20 19.8 0.0
5 Parapet 0.00 0.00 19.8 0.0
6 Rear batter (active side) 0.00 3.20 21.6 0.0
7 Front batter (passive side) 0.00 3.20 21.6 0.0
8 Soil on base (active side) 0.95 3.20 15.3 46.5
9 Soil on base (taper) 0.00 3.20 15.3 0.0
10 Soil on base (passive side) 0.30 0.90 15.3 4.1
11 Soil on base (taper) 0.00 0.90 15.3 0.0

Parts above/below water:

Top Bottom Above WL Below WL Check Weight Weight
Above WL Below WL
1 106.80 106.50 0.00 0.30 0.30 0.00 5.31 OK
2 110.00 106.80 2.40 0.80 3.20 0.00 0.00 OK
3 110.00 106.80 2.65 0.55 3.20 14.31 1.62 OK
4 110.00 106.80 2.90 0.30 3.20 0.00 0.00 OK
5 110.00 110.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OK
6 110.00 106.80 2.40 0.80 3.20 0.00 0.00 OK
7 110.00 106.80 2.90 0.30 3.20 0.00 0.00 OK
8 110.00 106.80 2.40 0.80 3.20 34.88 4.17 OK
9 110.00 106.80 2.40 0.80 3.20 0.00 0.00 OK
10 107.70 106.80 0.60 0.30 0.90 2.75 0.49 OK
11 107.70 106.80 0.60 0.30 0.90 0.00 0.00 OK

Active side:

zda = 10.00 m Surface above datum

With water level, if present:

Index z0 z1 g ø c uw a
1 2 3 4 5 6 … 7
(m) (m) (kN/m³) (°) (kPa) (m) (kPa)
#NAME? ### ### 20.9 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? ### ### 19.8 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? ### ### 9.0 31.8 0.0 2.60 0.0
#NAME? ### ### … … … … …
#NAME? ### ### … … … … …
#NAME? ### ### … … … … …

Referred to datum:
Index z0 z1 dz g ø c uw a
1 2 3 4 5 6 … 7
(m) (m) (m) (kN/m³) (°) (kPa) (m) (kPa)
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 20.9 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 19.8 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 9.0 31.8 0.0 2.60 0.0
… #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … …
… #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … …
… #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … …

Active pressures:
Index z0 z1 sva,0 sva,1 sha,0 sha,1 shw,0 shw,1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … … …
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … … …
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … …

Total active pressures:

Index z0 z1 sh,0 sh,1
1 2 3 4 5
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa)
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 0.0 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 0.0 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 0.0 0.0
… … … 0.0 0.0
… … … 0.0 0.0
… … … 0.0 0.0

Water:

Top Bottom Height Above WL Below WL

110.00 106.50 3.50 2.40 1.10

Sum of active pressure:

SPa SMa za
(kN) (kNm) (m)
Soil #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Water 5.93 2.18 0.37
53.2 58.7 1.10

Passive side:

Hbp = 106.50 m Level of u/s of base

zdp = 7.70 m Surface above datum
zba = 6.50 m Base above datum

With water level, if present:

Index z0 z1 g ø c uw a
1 2 3 4 5 6 … 7
(m) (m) (kN/m³) (°) (kPa) (m) (kPa)
#NAME? ### ### 17.1 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? ### ### 16.2 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? ### ### 7.371 31.8 0.0 1.40 0.0
#NAME? ### ### … … … … …
#NAME? ### ### … … … … …
#NAME? ### ### … … … … …
Referred to datum:
Index z0 z1 dz g ø c uw a
1 2 3 4 5 6 … 7
(m) (m) (m) (kN/m³) (°) (kPa) (m) (kPa)
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 17.1 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 16.2 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 7.4 31.8 0.0 1.40 0.0
… #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … …
… #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … …
… #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … …

Passive pressures:
Index z0 z1 svp,0 svp,1 sha,0 sha,1 shw,0 shw,1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … … …
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … … …
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … …

Total passive pressures:

Index z0 z1 sh,0 sh,1
1 2 3 4 5
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa)
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 0.0 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 0.0 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 0.0 0.0
… … … 0.0 0.0
… … … 0.0 0.0
… … … 0.0 0.0

Water:

Top Bottom Height Above WL Below WL

107.70 106.50 1.20 0.60 0.60

Sum of passive pressure:

SPp SMp zp
(kN) (kNm) (m)
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
1.77 0.35 0.20
47.4 19.8 0.42

Horizontal equilibrium (not including base friction):

At level 106.50 m

P M
Active 53.2 58.7
 Passive -47.4 -19.8
Balance 5.8 39.0

Wall friction:
Water head = 1.10 m passive side

Force on wall = 53.2 kN

Less water force = -5.9 kN
47.3 kN

Calculate soil friction = 1 Soil friction used

Multiplier for Tan ø = 0.67
Wall friction = 0.42 x SW
= 19.7 kN

Gravity loading:

Weight x m0
Part: (kN) (m) (kNm)
1 Base 5.3 0.75 4.0
2 Wall facing (active face) 0.0 0.55 0.0
3 Wall stem (core) 15.9 0.43 6.8
4 Wall facing (passive face) 0.0 0.30 0.0
5 Parapet 0.0 0.30 0.0
6 Rear batter (active side) 0.0 0.55 0.0
7 Front batter (passive side) 0.0 0.30 0.0
8 Soil on base (active side) 39.1 1.03 40.0
9 Soil on base (taper) 0.0 0.55 0.0
10 Soil on base (passive side) 3.2 0.48 1.5
11 Soil on base (taper) 0.0 0.30 0.0
12 Wall friction 19.7 1.50 29.5
83.2 81.8

Eccentricity of gravity load resultant from passive edge 0.98 m

Base friction: #NAME? #NAME?

#NAME? #NAME?
Total weight = 83.2 kN #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
Multiplier for Tan ø = 0.67 #NAME? #NAME?
Base friction = 0.24 x SW #NAME? #NAME?
= 19.8 kN 3 3
31.82 7.37

Equilibrium (including base friction and weights):

P M
Active Pressure 53.2 58.7
Wall friction -29.5
Sub total 53.2 29.3
Passive Pressure -47.4 -19.8
Base friction -19.8
Weight -81.8
-67.3 -101.6
 Balance -14.1 -72.3
1.3 3.5
Factor of safety:

EQU combination g= 1.26 3.47

gR,h = 1.00 1.00
OK OK

NOTE: Restoring moments greater than overturning moments

Bearing pressure:

Total weight = -83.2 kN Downward (stable)

Total moment = -72.3 kNm (edge) Toward active (stable)
e0 = 0.87 m from passive edge
eg = 0.12 m from centroid
We = -9.92 kNm (centroid) Toward active side
Foreshortened = 0.0 N/A Passive
x0 = 0.00 m
x1 = 1.50 m
b= 1.50 m
A= 1.50 m²
Z= 0.38 m³

Passive - Overturning cannot contribute to base pressure.

P/A = 55.5 kPa

We/Z = -26.5 kPa
p0 = 29.0 kPa
p1 = 81.9 kPa

Max pressure = 81.9 N/A PassivekPa for selected comb.

1 Comb 1(A1/M1)
2 Comb 2(A2/M2)
3 Comb 3(EQU/EQU)
Remember to reset tables!

Bearing pressure for STR and GEO combination = 81.9 kPa

Pressure distribution under base:

Soil pressure:

Unsorted: Sorted:
x sv x sv
(m) (kPa) (m) (kPa)
1 0.00 29.01 #NAME? #NAME?
2 0.30 39.59 #NAME? #NAME?
3 0.55 48.41 #NAME? #NAME?
4 1.50 81.93 #NAME? #NAME?

Weight on projections:
 x0 x1 Above WL Below WL Weight Weight Weight
Above WL Below WL Total
Base 0.55 1.50 0.00 0.30 0.0 -3.4 -3.4
Soil -39.1
Soil 0.0
0.95 Active side: -42.4
Base 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.30 0.0 -1.1 -1.1
Soil -3.2
Soil 0.0
0.30 Passive side: -4.3

Unsorted: Sorted:
x0 x1 sv,0 sv,1 x0 x1 sv,0 sv,1
0.00 0.30 29.0 39.6 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
0.30 0.55 39.6 48.4 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
0.55 1.50 48.4 81.9 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
0.55 1.50 -44.7 -44.7 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
0.00 0.30 -14.4 -14.4 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?

Passive projection - action at core face: 0.00 0.30

x0 sv,0
x1 sv,1 W e M
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 10.3 -0.14 -1.5
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? -4.3 -0.15 0.6
6.0 -0.14 -0.8 Sagging

Active projection - action at core face: 0.55 1.50

x0 x1 sv,0 sv,1 W e M
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? -42.4 0.48 -20.1
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 61.9 0.52 31.9
19.5 0.60 11.8 Sagging

SM SP
(kNm) (kN)
Abs. max action = 19.5
11.8 for selected comb.
1 19.5
11.8 Comb 1(A1/M1)
2 Comb 2(A2/M2)
3 Comb 3(EQU/EQU)
Remember to reset tables!
Pressure on wall stem above base:
Result at level = 106.80 m

P M e
Active #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Passive #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?

SPa SMa
(kN) (kNm)
Abs. max action = 11.5 35.1 for selected comb.
1 Comb 1(A1/M1)
2 Comb 2(A2/M2)
 3 Comb 3(EQU/EQU)
Remember to reset tables!

Base design shear VEd = 19.5 kN

Base design moment MEd,sag = 11.8 kNm
Wall design shear VEd = 15.1 kN
Wall design moment MEd = 37.6 kNm

Retaining wall (2) - With toe: UNDER CONSTRUCTION

Basic parameters:

Wall and topography: Null value indicator = …

d= 10 ° 0.17 radian Angle of friction on wall

b= 0° 0.00 radian Surface slope from horizontal
q= 0° 0.00 radian Wall slope from vertical
q= 5 kPa Vertical surcharge
p= 0 kPa Horizontal surcharge

Wall construction:
Width Thickness Density
(Horiz.) (Vert.)
(m) (m) (kN/m³)
Base: 1.50 0.30 24
Toe 0.50 0.50 24
Wall facing (active face): 0.00 22
Wall stem (core): 0.25 24
Wall facing (passive face): 0.00 22
Parapet: 0.00 22
Front batter (passive side): 0.00 24
Rear batter (active side): 0.00 24

Offset of core face = 0.00 m from passive edge of base.

Front batter angle = 0°
Rear batter angle = 0°
Offset of toe face = 0 m from passive edge of base.

Soil:

Filling:

Average backfill density = 17 kN/m³

Active side:

H= 100.00 m Datum level (arbitary)

Haa = 110.00 m Level of surface
 zwa = 2.40 m Depth to water from surface
Hba = 106.50 m Level of u/s of base
Layers:
Layer Top, z0 Btm, z1 g ø c a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(m) (m) (kN/m³) (°) (kPa) (kPa)
1 0 1.5 19 35 0 0
2 1.5 5 18 35 0 0
3
4
5

Passive side:

Hap = 107.70 m Level of surface after unplanned excavation

zwp = 0.60 m Depth to water from surface

Layers:
Layer Top, z0 Btm, z1 g ø c a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(m) (m) (kN/m³) (°) (kPa) (kPa)
1 0 0.3 19 35 0 0
2 0.3 2 18 35 0 0
3
4
5

Loading combinations:

Display calculations for comb. set = 3

M1 M2 EQU Selected
gø = 1.00 1.25 1.1 1.10 Partial factor on tan ø
gc = 1.00 1.25 1.1 1.10 Partial factor on cohesion

A1 A2 EQU Selected
gG,sup = 1.35 1.00 1.1 1.10
gG,inf = 1.00 1.00 0.9 0.90
gQ,sup = 1.50 1.30 1.5 1.50
gQ,inf = 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00

R1
gR,h = 1.00

Salient wall dimensions:

x Dx
Stem height = 3.2 m Edge 0.00
Front batter = 0.0 m 0.00 0.00
Rear batter = 0.0 m 0.00 0.00
Core 0.00 0.00
Core 0.25 0.25
 0.25 0.00
0.25 0.00
Edge 1.50 1.25
Toe 0.00
Toe 0.50 0.50
1.50 1.00
OK OK

Active Passive
(m) (m)
Surface level = 110.00 107.70
Top of base level = 106.80 106.80
Btm of base level = 106.50 106.50
Water level = 107.60 107.10
Btm of toe level = 106.00 106.00

Weights of construction:
Width Height Density Weight
(m) (m) (kN/m³) (kN)
1 Base 1.50 0.30 21.6 9.7
2 Wall facing (active face) 0.00 3.20 19.8 0.0
3 Wall stem (core) 0.25 3.20 21.6 17.3
4 Wall facing (passive face) 0.00 3.20 19.8 0.0
5 Parapet 0.00 0.00 19.8 0.0
6 Rear batter (active side) 0.00 3.20 21.6 0.0
7 Front batter (passive side) 0.00 3.20 21.6 0.0
8 Soil on base (active side) 1.25 3.20 15.3 61.2
9 Soil on base (taper) 0.00 3.20 15.3 0.0
10 Soil on base (passive side) 0.00 0.90 15.3 0.0
11 Soil on base (taper) 0.00 0.90 15.3 0.0
12 Toe 0.50 0.50 21.6 2.7
13 Soil active side of toe 0.75 0.50 15.3 2.9
14 Soil passive side of toe 0.00 0.50 15.3 0.0

Parts above/below water:

Top Bottom Above WL Below WL Check Weight Weight
Above WL Below WL
1 106.80 106.50 0.00 0.30 0.30 0.00 5.31 OK
2 110.00 106.80 2.40 0.80 3.20 0.00 0.00 OK
3 110.00 106.80 2.65 0.55 3.20 14.31 1.62 OK
4 110.00 106.80 2.90 0.30 3.20 0.00 0.00 OK
5 110.00 110.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OK
6 110.00 106.80 2.40 0.80 3.20 0.00 0.00 OK
7 110.00 106.80 2.90 0.30 3.20 0.00 0.00 OK
8 110.00 106.80 2.40 0.80 3.20 45.90 5.49 OK
9 110.00 106.80 2.40 0.80 3.20 0.00 0.00 OK
10 107.70 106.80 0.60 0.30 0.90 0.00 0.00 OK
11 107.70 106.80 0.60 0.30 0.90 0.00 0.00 OK
12 106.50 106.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.00 2.95 OK
13 106.50 106.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.00 2.06 OK
14 107.60 106.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.00 OK

Active side:
 zda = 10.00 m Surface above datum

With water level, if present:

Index z0 z1 g ø c uw a
1 2 3 4 5 6 … 7
(m) (m) (kN/m³) (°) (kPa) (m) (kPa)
#NAME? ### ### 20.9 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? ### ### 19.8 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? ### ### 9.0 31.8 0.0 2.60 0.0
#NAME? ### ### … … … … …
#NAME? ### ### … … … … …
#NAME? ### ### … … … … …

Referred to datum:
Index z0 z1 dz g ø c uw a
1 2 3 4 5 6 … 7
(m) (m) (m) (kN/m³) (°) (kPa) (m) (kPa)
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 20.9 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 19.8 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 9.0 31.8 0.0 2.60 0.0
… #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … …
… #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … …
… #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … …

Active pressures:
Index z0 z1 sva,0 sva,1 sha,0 sha,1 shw,0 shw,1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … … …
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … … …
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … …

Total active pressures:

Index z0 z1 sh,0 sh,1
1 2 3 4 5
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa)
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 0.0 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 0.0 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 0.0 0.0
… … … 0.0 0.0
… … … 0.0 0.0
… … … 0.0 0.0

Water:

Top Bottom Height Above WL Below WL

110.00 106.00 4.00 2.40 1.60

Sum of active pressure:

 SPa SMa za
(kN) (kNm) (m)
Soil #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Water 12.55 6.69 0.53
76.2 90.9 1.19

Passive side:

Hbp = 106.50 m Level of u/s of base

zdp = 7.70 m Surface above datum
zbp = 6.50 m Base above datum
Htp = 106.00 m Level of u/s of toe

With water level, if present:

Index z0 z1 g ø c uw a
1 2 3 4 5 6 … 7
(m) (m) (kN/m³) (°) (kPa) (m) (kPa)
#NAME? ### ### 17.1 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? ### ### 16.2 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? ### ### 7.371 31.8 0.0 1.40 0.0
#NAME? ### ### … … … … …
#NAME? ### ### … … … … …
#NAME? ### ### … … … … …

Referred to datum:
Index z0 z1 dz g ø c uw a
1 2 3 4 5 6 … 7
(m) (m) (m) (kN/m³) (°) (kPa) (m) (kPa)
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 17.1 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 16.2 31.8 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 7.4 31.8 0.0 1.40 0.0
… #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … …
… #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … …
… #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … …

Passive pressures:
Index z0 z1 svp,0 svp,1 sha,0 sha,1 shw,0 shw,1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa) (kPa)
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … … …
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … … …
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … …

Total passive pressures:

Index z0 z1 sh,0 sh,1
1 2 3 4 5
(m) (m) (kPa) (kPa)
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 0.0 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 0.0 0.0
 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 0.0 0.0
… … … 0.0 0.0
… … … 0.0 0.0
… … … 0.0 0.0

Water:

Top Bottom Height Above WL Below WL

107.70 106.00 1.70 0.60 1.10

Sum of passive pressure:

SPp SMp zp
(kN) (kNm) (m)
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
5.93 2.18 0.37
90.2 53.7 0.59

Horizontal equilibrium (not including base friction):

At level 106.00 m

P M
Active 76.2 90.9
Passive -90.2 -53.7
Balance -14.0 37.2

Wall friction:
Water head = 1.60 m active side

Active force on wall = 76.2 kN

Less water force = -12.6 kN
63.7 kN

Calculate soil friction = 1 Warning: Soil friction used on wall

Multiplier for Tan ø = 0.67
Wall friction = 0.42 x SW
= 26.5 kN

Gravity loading:

Weight x m0
Part: (kN) (m) (kNm)
1 Base 5.3 0.75 4.0
2 Wall facing (active face) 0.0 0.25 0.0
3 Wall stem (core) 15.9 0.13 2.0
4 Wall facing (passive face) 0.0 0.00 0.0
5 Parapet 0.0 0.00 0.0
6 Rear batter (active side) 0.0 0.25 0.0
7 Front batter (passive side) 0.0 0.00 0.0
8 Soil on base (active side) 51.4 0.88 45.0
9 Soil on base (taper) 0.0 0.25 0.0
10 Soil on base (passive side) 0.0 0.63 0.0
11 Soil on base (taper) 0.0 0.00 0.0
 12 Wall friction 26.5 1.50 39.7
13 Toe 2.9 0.25 0.7
14 Soil active side of toe 2.1 1.00 2.1
15 Soil passive side of toe not taken
104.1 93.5

Eccentricity of gravity load resultant from passive edge 0.90 m

Base friction: #NAME? #NAME?

#NAME? #NAME?
Total weight = 104.1 kN #NAME? #NAME?
#NAME? #NAME?
Multiplier for Tan ø = 0.67 #NAME? #NAME?
Base friction = 0.24 x SW #NAME? #NAME?
= 24.8 kN 3 3
31.82 7.37

Equilibrium (including base friction and weights):

P M
Active Pressure 76.2 90.9
Wall friction -39.7
Sub total 76.2 51.2
Passive Pressure -90.2 -53.7
Base friction -24.8
Weight -93.5
-115.0 -147.1
Balance -38.8 -95.9
1.5 2.9
Factor of safety:

EQU combination g= 1.51 2.87

gR,h = 1.00 1.00
OK OK

NOTE: Restoring moments greater than overturning moments

Bearing pressure:

Total weight = -104.1 kN Downward (stable)

Total moment = -95.9 kNm (edge) Toward active (stable)
e0 = 0.92 m from passive edge
eg = 0.17 m from centroid
We = -17.85 kNm (centroid) Toward active side
Foreshortened = 0.0 N/A Passive
x0 = 0.00 m
x1 = 1.50 m
b= 1.50 m
A= 1.50 m²
Z= 0.38 m³

Passive - Overturning cannot contribute to base pressure.

 P/A = 69.4 kPa
We/Z = -47.6 kPa
p0 = 21.8 kPa
p1 = 117.0 kPa

Max pressure = 117.0 N/A PassivekPa for selected comb.

1 Comb 1(A1/M1)
2 Comb 2(A2/M2)
3 Comb 3(EQU/EQU)
Remember to reset tables!

Bearing pressure for STR and GEO combination = 117.0 kPa

Pressure distribution under base:

Soil pressure:

Unsorted: Sorted:
x sv x sv
(m) (kPa) (m) (kPa)
1 0.00 21.82 #NAME? #NAME?
2 0.00 21.82 #NAME? #NAME?
3 0.25 37.68 #NAME? #NAME?
4 1.50 117.00 #NAME? #NAME?

Weight on projections:

x0 x1 Above WL Below WL Weight Weight Weight

Above WL Below WL Total
Base 0.25 1.50 0.00 0.30 0.0 -4.4 -4.4
Soil -51.4
Soil 0.0
1.25 Active side: -55.8
Base 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.0 0.0 0.0
Soil 0.0
Soil 0.0
0.00 Passive side: 0.0

Unsorted: Sorted:
x0 x1 sv,0 sv,1 x0 x1 sv,0 sv,1
0.00 0.00 21.8 21.8 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
0.00 0.25 21.8 37.7 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
0.25 1.50 37.7 117.0 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
0.25 1.50 -44.7 -44.7 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?

Passive projection - action at core face: 0.00 0.00

x0 x1 sv,0 sv,1 W e M
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 0.0 0.00 0.0
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 7.4 0.14 1.0
7.4 0.14 1.0 Sagging
Active projection - action at core face: 0.25 1.50

x0 x1 sv,0 sv,1 W e M
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? -55.8 0.63 -34.9
#NAME? #NAME? #NAME? #NAME? 96.7 0.73 70.8
40.9 0.88 35.9 Hogging

SM SP
(kN)
(kNm)
Abs. max action = 40.9
35.9 for selected comb.
1 Comb 1(A1/M1)
2 Comb 2(A2/M2)
3 Comb 3(EQU/EQU)
Remember to reset tables!
Pressure on wall stem above base:
Result at level = 106.80 m

P M e
Active #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Passive #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?

SPa SMa
(kN) (kNm)
Abs. max action = 11.5 35.1 for selected comb.
1 Comb 1(A1/M1)
2 Comb 2(A2/M2)
3 Comb 3(EQU/EQU)
Remember to reset tables!

Pressure on toe:
Result at level = 106.50 m

P M e
Active #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?
Passive #NAME? #NAME? #NAME?

SPa SMa
(kN) (kNm)
Abs. max action = -22.2 5.9 for selected comb.
1 Comb 1(/)
2 Comb 2(/3,2)
3 Comb 3(/m)
Remember to reset tables!

Base design shear VEd = 56.1 kN

Base design moment MEd = 59.7 kNm
Toe design shear VEd = 32.0 kN
Toe design moment MEd = 8.4 kNm
Wall design shear VEd = 15.1 kN
Wall design moment MEd = 37.6 kNm
These should be used with care and adjusted to suit each job
Bearing capacity - drained conditions:

z
B
y

Combination 1: A1+M1+R1
Combination 2: A2+M2+R1
L
gR,v,SER = 3.0 x

gG gQ gf' gc' gcu gqu gR,v

1.35 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.30 1.25 1.25 1.40 1.40 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Foundation dimensions:

B= 0.6 m a= 0°
L= 4m ø'/d = 1.5
z= 1m

Soil parameters:

ø' = 30 ° u= 0.5 m
c' = 5 kPa g' = 18 kN/m³

Loading:
Gk Qk
P= 400 150 kN
Mx = 0 0 kNm
My = 0 0 kNm
Hx = 0 0 kN
Hy = 0 0 kN

Results:

B/L = 0.15 a= 0.00 radian

Rect. = 1 d= 20 °
ø' = 0.52 radian q' = 13 kPa
Resistance for combination: 1

P= 765 kN ex = 0.000 m
Mx = 0 kNm ey = 0.000 m
My = 0 kNm q= 0.000
Hx = 0 kN H= 0.000 m
Hy = 0 kN

B' = 0.60 m ex = 0.00 m

L' = 4.00 m ey = 0.00 m
B'/L' = 0.15 c' = 5 kPa
A' = 2.40 m² ø' = 0.52 radian

Kp = 3.00 mL = 1.13
mB = 1.87 mq = 1.13

Nc = 30.1 Nq = 18.4 Ng = 20.1

bc = 1.00 bq = 1.00 bg = 1.00
sc = 1.08 sq = 1.08 sg = 0.96
ic = 1.00 iq = 1.0 ig = 1.0
kc = 32.5 kq = 19.8 kg = 9.6

Design resistance:
Gross Nett
Rk/A' = 525.3 512.2 kPa CHAR (D.2)
Rd/A' = 525.3 512.2 kPa STR/GEO

Design bearing pressure:

qd,1 = 319 kPa

Resistance for combination: 2

P= 595 kN ex = 0.000 m
Mx = 0 kNm ey = 0.000 m
My = 0 kNm q= 0.000
Hx = 0 kN H= 0.000 m
Hy = 0 kN

B' = 0.60 m ex = 0.00 m

L' = 4.00 m ey = 0.00 m
B'/L' = 0.15 c' = 4 kPa
A' = 2.40 m² ø' = 0.42 radian

Kp = 2.37 mL = 1.13
mB = 1.87 mq = 1.13
 Nc = 19.3 Nq = 9.6 Ng = 7.7
bc = 1.00 bq = 1.00 bg = 1.00
sc = 1.07 sq = 1.06 sg = 0.96
ic = 1.00 iq = 1.0 ig = 1.0
kc = 20.6 kq = 10.2 kg = 3.7

Design resistance:
Gross Nett
Rk/A' = 255.5 242.4 kPa CHAR (D.2)
Rd/A' = 255.5 242.4 kPa STR/GEO

Design bearing pressure:

qd,2 = 248 kPa

Resistance for combination: 3

P= 550 kN ex = 0.000 m
Mx = 0 kNm ey = 0.000 m
My = 0 kNm q= 0.000
Hx = 0 kN H= 0.000 m
Hy = 0 kN

B' = 0.60 m ex = 0.00 m

L' = 4.00 m ey = 0.00 m
B'/L' = 0.15 c' = 5 kPa
A' = 2.40 m² ø' = 0.52 radian

Kp = 3.00 mL = 1.13
mB = 1.87 mq = 1.13

Nc = 30.1 Nq = 18.4 Ng = 20.1

bc = 1.00 bq = 1.00 bg = 1.00
sc = 1.08 sq = 1.08 sg = 0.96
ic = 1.00 iq = 1.0 ig = 1.0
kc = 32.5 kq = 19.8 kg = 9.6

Design resistance:
Gross Nett
Rk/A' = 525.3 512.2 kPa CHAR (D.2)
Rd/A' = 525.3 512.2 kPa SER

Design bearing pressure:

qd,3 = 229 kPa

 Utility factors:
1 0.61 STR/GEO OK
2 0.97 STR/GEO OK
3 0.44 SER Warning - SLS

Bearing capacity - undrained conditions:

z
B
y

Combination 1: A1+M1+R1 x
Combination 2: A2+M2+R1

gR,v,SER = 3.0 SLS factor

gG gQ gf' gc' gcu gqu gR,v

1 1.35 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
2 1.00 1.30 1.25 1.25 1.40 1.40 1.00
3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Foundation dimensions:
B= 1.2 m a= 25 °
L= 4m z= 1.8 m

Soil parameters:

g' = 18 kN/m³ cu = 20 kPa

u= 0m

Loading:
Gk Qk
P= 900 300 kN
Mx = 100 52 kNm
My = 50 10 kNm
Hx = 0 0 kN
Hy = 0 0 kN

Results:
 a= 0.44 radian u= 0m
g' = 18 kN/m³ q' = 32 kPa
z= 1.8 m bc = 0.83
B/L = 0.30 Rect. = 1.00

Resistance for combination: 1

P= 1665 kN ex = 0.128 m
Mx = 213 kNm ey = 0.050 m
My = 82.5 kNm q= 0.000
Hx = 0 kN H= 0.000 kN H applied at base
Hy = 0 kN

B' = 0.94 m ex = 0.13 m

L' = 3.90 m ey = 0.05 m
B'/L' = 0.24 cu = 20.00 kPa
A' = 3.68 m² sc = 1.05
ic = 1.00
Design resistance:
Gross Nett
Rk/A' = 121.9 89.5 kPa (D.1)
Rd/A' = 121.9 89.5 kPa STR/GEO

Design bearing pressure:

qd,1 = 452.0 kPa

Resistance for combination: 2

P= 1290.0 kN ex = 0.130 m
Mx = 167.6 kNm ey = 0.049 m
My = 63.0 kNm q= 0.000
Hx = 0.0 kN H= 0.000 kN
Hy = 0.0 kN

B' = 0.94 m ex = 0.13 m

L' = 3.90 m ey = 0.05 m
B'/L' = 0.24 cu = 14.29 kPa
A' = 3.67 m² sc = 1.05
ic = 1.00

Design resistance:

Gross Nett
Rk/A' = 96.3 63.9 kPa
 Rd/A' = 96.3 63.9 kPa STR/GEO

Design bearing pressure:

qd,2 = 352.0 kPa

Resistance for combination: 3

P= 1290.0 kN ex = 0.118 m
Mx = 152.0 kNm ey = 0.047 m
My = 60.0 kNm q= 0.000
Hx = 0.0 kN H= 0.000 kN
Hy = 0 kN

B' = 0.96 m ex = 0.118 m

L' = 3.91 m ey = 0.047 m
B'/L' = 0.25 cu = 20.000 kPa
A' = 3.77 m² sc = 1.200
ic = 0.500
Design resistance:

Gross Nett
Rk/A' = 83.6 51.2 kPa SER

Design bearing pressure:

qd,3 = 342.0 kPa

Ratio of serviceability pressure to undrained strength:

1 0.36
2 0.28
Min = 0.28 Warning - Non-linear ?

Settlement of cohesionless soil from SPT or CPT - (1):

(Ref: Schmettermann)

B= 4m s'p = 100 kPa

t= 50 year s'v0 = 10 kPa

z0 z1 uw (N1)60 d50 z0,i z1,i zavg

(m) (m) (m) (m) (mm) (m) (m) (m)
0.00 1.50 0.00 16 0.20 0.00 1.50 0.75
1.50 2.75 1.50 16 0.20 1.50 2.75 2.13
 2.75 3.20 1.95 18 0.30 2.75 3.20 2.98
3.20 6.00 4.75 20 0.60 3.20 6.00 4.60
6.00 9.00 6.75 20 0.20 6.00 8.00 7.00

qc/N qc z/r Dz Ed Iz Dsz

(kPa) (m) (kPa)
4.04 6470 0.38 1.50 16175 0.225 2.09E-05
4.04 6470 1.06 1.25 16175 0.588 4.54E-05
4.31 7761 1.49 0.45 19403 0.503 1.17E-05
4.77 9539 2.30 2.80 23848 0.340 3.99E-05
4.04 8088 3.50 2.00 20219 0.100 9.89E-06
Overwrite qc values if CPT used directly 1.28E-04

r= 2m Ed = 2.5 qc (Schmettermann et al.)

2B = 8m qc/N = 1.521.log(d50)+5.107 (Derived from Thorburn 1971)
z/Bp = 1 C1 = 0.95
z/Bz = 4 C2 = 1.54
Izp = 0.6 s= 0.019 m

Settlement of cohesive soils:

(Ref: Janbu, Bjerrum & Kjaerrnsli)

B= 4.00 m Subdivision, Nx = 10
L= 5.00 m Subdivision, Ny = 10
D= 2.90 m Position, x = 0m
sn = 100.0 kPa Position, y = 0m
n= 0.3 Depth, z = 3.7 m
Ed = 48 MN/m²

z0 z1 uw mv mg
(m) (m) (m) (m²/MN)
1 0.00 2.10 0.00 3.43E-02 1.0
2 2.10 4.60 1.00 2.89E-02 1.0
3 4.60 6.80 3.50 2.50E-02 1.0
4
5

Initial settlement:
H= 6.80 m
Ed = 48000 kPa
L/B = 1.25
H/B = 1.70
D/B = 0.73
m0 = #NAME? (Bjerrum's coefficients, improved version
m1 = #NAME? after Christian & Carrier 1977)
 ri = 0.004 m

Oedometer settlement:

Dz D + zavg sz roed rc
(m) (m) (kPa) (m) (m)
1 2.10 3.95 56.1 0.004 0.004
2 2.50 6.25 28.5 0.002 0.002
3 2.20 8.60 14.9 0.001 0.001
4 0.0 0.000 0.000
5 0.0 0.000 0.000
0.007

rc = 0.007 m

Consolidation settlement:

To Do… Consolidation yet to add

rc = 0.000 m

Final settlement:

rt = 0.011 m

Very rough - under development below this line

Settlement Very preliminary - under development - very rough

n= 0.3
Ed = 48 MN/m²
sn = 0.0 kPa Sand
Hi = 9.00 m
Bi = 2.00 m q' = 100 kPa Rubbish
Li = 4.00 m s'p = 0 kPa Rubbish
ks = 50000 MN/m³ Rubbish
Ed = 48000 kPa B= 2m Rubbish
H/B = 4.50 NC = 1 Rubbish
L/B = 2.00 Rubbish
F1 = 0.36 af = 2E-05 Rubbish
F2 = 0.05 ICC = 1.23E-05 Rubbish
Ip0.5 = 0.41 q'-s'p = 100 kPa Rubbish
Ip0 = 0.36 si = 0.002 m Rubbish
Ip = 0.43 Rubbish
ri = 0.000 m Rubbish
Rubbish
Ha = 4.50 m Rubbish
savg = 20.0 kPa N= 16 Rubbish
mv = 0.15 m²/MN q' = 100 kPa Rubbish
a= 4.00 s'p = 0 kPa Rubbish
b= 2.00 ks = 50000 MN/m³ Rubbish
B= 2m Rubbish
NC = 1 Rubbish
mv = 1.50E-04 m²/kN Rubbish
roed = 0.014 m ICC = 3.53E-02 Rubbish
D/Öab = 1.59 q'-s'p = 100 kPa Rubbish
a/b = 2.00 si = 5.727 m Rubbish
Factor = 0.98
roed,corr = 0.013

rf = 0.013 m
Sand

q' = 100 kPa

s'p = 0 kPa
ks = 50000 MN/m³
B= 2m
Typical soil parameters:

Size:

Size min. Size max.

(mm) (mm)
Very coarse soils Boulders Boulders 200 ∞
Cobbles Cobbles 60 200
G Gravel Coarse 20 60
G Gravel Medimum 6 20
G Gravel Fine 2 6
Coarse soils S Sand Coarse 0.6 2
S Sand Medimum 0.2 0.6
S Sand Fine 0.06 0.2
M Silt Coarse 0.02 0.06
M Silt Medimum 0.006 0.02
Fine soils M Silt Fine 0.002 0.006
C Clay 0 0.002

Size = 0.2 mm S Sand

d10 = 0.200 mm Cu >5 Well graded

d30 = 0.250 mm Cu <3 Uniform
d60 = 1.000 mm Ck 0.5-2.0 Well graded
Ck <0.1 Gap graded?

Coefficient of uniformity: Cu = 5.00

Coefficient of gradation: Ck = 0.31

Atterberg limits:

Liquid limit: wL = 17%

Plastic limit: wP = 21%
Water content: w 25% IL State
<0 Semi-plastic solid or solid
Plasticity index: IP = -4% 0-1 Plastic
Liquidity index: IL = -100.0% Semi-plastic >1 Liquid

wL wL
Plasticity Low High
Low 35%
Intermediate 35% 50%
High 50% 70%
 Very high 70% 90%
Extremely high 90%

L I H V E
0% 35% 50% 70% 90%

A Line U Line Limits:

IP = 0.73(wL - 20) IP = 0.9(wL - 8) 20% 0%
wL IP wL IP 20% 80%
20% 0% 8% 0% 35% 0%
35% 11% 35% 24% 35% 80%
50% 22% 50% 38% 50% 0%
70% 37% 70% 56% 50% 80%
90% 51% 90% 74% 70% 0%
25% 4% 12% 4% 70% 80%
30% 7% 16% 7% 90% 0%
90% 80%

80%

70%
Plasticity index

60%

A Line
50%
U Line
Column J
40% Column J
Column J
30% Column J
0.06
20% Column J

10%

0%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Liquid limit

Example:
wL IP Class
0.25 0.06 ML/CL

Estimation of strength and stiffness:

su = 170 e-4.6IL Schofield and Wroth 1968 IL = 0.25

 (IL in range 0-1) su = 54 kPa

su = (0.11 + 0.37IP)sv0Skempton and Bjerrum 1957 IP = 60

(IP in percent) sv0 = 20 kPa
su = 446 kPa

Critical state line 1 = IPGs/461 Skempton and Northey 1953 (Slope of CSL)
Compressibility index Cc = 1 ln10 = IPGs/200(IP in percent) (Slope of NCL)

Activity:
Activity = IP/Clay particles

Typical values:

Mineral Activity Soil Activity

Muscovite 0.25 Kaolin clay 0.4-0.5
Kaolinite 0.4 Glacial clay and loess 0.5-0.75
Illite 0.9 Most British clays 0.75-1.25
Montmorillonite >1.25 Organic estuarine clay >1.25

Volumetric:

Void ratio e = VV/VS = VV/(V-VV) = n/(1-n)

Porosity n = Vv/V =VV/(VS+VV) = e/(1+e)
Specific volume v = 1+e = V/VS
Degree of saturation Sr = VW/VV
Mass of solids Ms = GsVsrw
Volume of water VW = SreVS
Particle density rs = Gsrw
Water content w = Mw/Ms = Srerw/(Gsrw) = Sre/Gs
Dry density rd = Ms/V = Gsrw/(1+e)
Bulk density r = (Ms+Mw)/V = (Gsrw+Srerw)/(1+e)
r = rd(1+w)
Dry unit weight gd = Ws/V = Gsgw/(1+e)
Unit weight r = (Ws+Ww)/V = (Gsgw+Sregw)/(1+e)
g = gd(1+w)
Air voids volume VA = VV-VW = e(1-Sr)VS
Air voids ratio Av = VA/V = e(1-Sr)/(1+e) = n(1-Sr)

Relative density (Density index):

 ID (Low) ID (High)
% %
0 15 Very loose
15 35 Loose
35 65 Medium
65 85 Dense
85 100 Very dense

ID = 30
State: Loose

Gravel:
Low Avg. High
Bulk density Mg/m³ 2.00
kN/m³ 19.63
Dry density Mg/m³ 1.68
kN/m³ 16.49

ID ID N N ø ø
Low High Low High Low High
0.2 0 4 30
0.2 0.4 4 10 30 35
0.4 0.6 10 30 35 40
0.6 0.8 30 50 40 45
0.8 1.0 50 45

𝐼_𝐷=((𝑒_𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑒))/
((𝑒_𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝑒_𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) )

emax = 0.40 emax = 0.4

emin = 0.30 emin = 0.2
e= 0.35 ID = 0.5
ID = 0.50 e= 0.3

Sand:
Poisson's ratio:
Low Avg. High
Sand, dense, coarse 0.15 e = 0.4 to 0.7
Sand, dense, fine 0.25 e = 0.4 to 0.8

Silt:
Low Avg. High
 w 0.20 0.28 0.35
e 0.35 0.60 0.85
Bulk density 1.82 1.99 2.15 Mg/m³
17.85 19.47 21.08 kN/m³
Dry density 1.45 1.70 1.95 Mg/m³
14.22 16.67 19.12 kN/m³
Gs = 2.7
Saturated density 1.71 2.08 2.41 Mg/m³
16.76 20.35 23.63 kN/m³
Poisson's ratio: 0.3 0.325 0.35
cu kPa
ø °
c' kPa
ø' °

Loess:
Low Avg. High
w 12% 19% 25%
e 0.80 0.85 0.90
Bulk density 1.40 1.76 2.12 Mg/m³
13.73 17.26 20.79 kN/m³
Dry density 1.40 1.57 1.73 Mg/m³
13.73 15.35 16.97 kN/m³
Gs = 2.7
Saturated density 1.84 2.02 2.20 Mg/m³
18.09 19.85 21.61 kN/m³

cu 20 85 150 kPa
ø 20 °
c' kPa
ø' 7 21 34 °

Brickearth:
Low Avg. High
w 12% 19% 25%
e 0.60 0.71 0.82
Bulk density 1.70 1.90 2.10 Mg/m³
16.67 18.63 20.59 kN/m³
Dry density 1.52 1.63 1.73 Mg/m³
14.91 15.94 16.97 kN/m³
Gs = 2.7
Saturated density 1.90 2.04 2.18 Mg/m³
18.58 20.01 21.38 kN/m³

cu 10 115 220 kPa

ø °
 c' 10 40 70 kPa
ø' 19 27 34 °

Clay:

Poisson's ratio:
Low Avg. High
Clay, saturated 0.4 0.45 0.5
Clay, unsaturated 0.1 0.2 0.3
Sandy clay 0.2 0.25 0.3

Subgrade reaction (vertical):

Terzaghi:
ks1 (kN/m³)
Sand: Loose Medioum Dense
Dry or moist sand, limiting, high 6280 18850 94250
Dry or moist sand, limiting, low 18850 94250 314170
Dry or moist sand, proposed 12570 40840 157090
Submerged sand, proposed 7850 25130 94250
O/C Clay: Stiff Very stiff Hard
Low 15710 31420 62830
High 31420 62830 >63000
Proposed 23560 47130 94250

ks1 = 150000 kN/m³ ks1,L/ks = 0.700533

l= 3m ks1,L = 105080 kN/m³

B1 = 0.305 m EPLT,rigid = 26931.3 kPa

n= 0.5 EPLT,flex = 34290 kPa

B= 2m ks = 49800.97 kN/m³
ks/ks1 = 0.332

Bp = 0.305 m ks = 50526.82
Bp/B = 0.1524

Plate test:

B= 0.305 m
q= 150 kPa
 n= 0.5
r= 1 mm

Erigid = 47878 kPa

Eflex = 60960 kPa

Depth correction:
y= a + b*exp(-c*x)
B1 = 0.305 m a= 0.868
z= 1m b= 0.089
n= 0.5 c= 0.514
z/b = 3.28
Cz = 0.88

Ez,rigid = 42346 kPa

Ez,flex = 53917 kPa

SPT Test (Sand) - 1:

N= 16 Rod length = 6m
Er = 60% Liner correction = 0
ID = 40% Estimate Overconsolidated = 0
s'v = 25 kPa Limit CN < 1.5 = 1

d10 d50 d60

0.1 0.2 0.3

N60 = 16 CL = 1
l= 0.85 CN = 1.6 Warning - >1.5
CD = 1.00

(N1)60 = 20 ID = 0.58

ID,i CN (N1)60 ID,i+1

0.40 1.60 20 0.57735
0.58 1.60 20 0.57735
0.58 1.60 20 0.57735
0.58 1.60 20 0.57735
20.00 0.58

(N1)60 = 20.00 ID = 0.58 Age effect?

OCR?

F,M,C = 0 Medium Cu = 3 Tending to well graded

 Correlation ID -v- ø: 3 31.1 0.12
F F M M C C
U WG U WG U WG
28.3 31.1 31.1 34.5 34.5 37.9
0.135 0.12 0.12 0.1 0.1 0.08

ø' = 31 °

SPT Test (Sand) - 2:

N= 16 Rod length = 6m
Er = 60% Liner correction = 0
ID = 40% Estimate Overconsolidated = 0
s'v = 25 kPa Limit CN < 1.5 = 1
d50 = 0.2 mm estimated

N60 = 16 CL = 1
l= 0.85 CN = 1.6 Warning - >1.5
CD = 1.00

(N1)60 = 20.00 ID = 0.58

SPT and CPT correlation:

qc/N = 1.521.log(d50)+5.107 (Derived from Thorburn 1971)

(qc in kg/cm²)
d50 = 0.2 mm
qc/N = 4.04
 8% 0 12% 4%
20% 0 25% 4%
30% 7% 30% 7%
25% 4% 16% 7%
0.3 Dense well graded granular 1.5 Soft clay
Short tsf 95.76052
Long tsf 107.2518

Short tcf 314.1749

Long tcf 351.8759
A1
A2

Combination 1: A1+M1+R1
Combination 2: A2+M2+R1
 gG gQ gf' gc' gcu gqu gqu
Combination 1: A1+M1+R1 1.35 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Combination 2: A2+M2+R1 1.00 1.30 1.25 1.25 1.40 1.40 1.00