MATH D TTH (12:00-1:30PM)

Define:

Probability Sampling:

1. Simple Random- is a subset of a statistical population in which each member of the subset has an
equal probability of being chosen. A simple random sample is meant to be an unbiased representation
of a group.

Example: An organization has 700 employees. We want to extract a sample of 150 from them.

 Step 1: Make a list of all the employees working in the organization. (as mentioned above there are
700 employees in the organization, the list must contain 700 names).

 Step 2: Assign a sequential number to each employee (1,2,3…n). This is your sampling frame (the list
from which you draw your simple random sample).

 Step 3: Figure out what your sample size is going to be. (In this case, the sample size is 100).

 Step 4: Use a random number generator to select the sample, using your sampling frame (population
size) from Step 2 and your sample size from Step 3. For example, if your sample size is 150 and your
population is 700, generate 150 random numbers between 1 and 700.

2. Systematic Sampling- is a statistical method involving the selection of elements from an ordered
sampling frame. The most common form of systematic sampling is an equiprobability method. In this
approach, progression through the list is treated circularly, with a return to the top once the end of
the list is passed.

Example: In a population of 20,000 people, a statistician selects every 200th person for sampling.
The sampling intervals can also be systematic, such as choosing a new sample to draw from every 12
hours.

3. Stratified Sampling- refers to a type of sampling method. With stratified sampling, the researcher
divides the population into separate groups, called strata. Then, a probability sample (often a simple
random sample) is drawn from each group.

Example: Proportionate Stratified Random Sample

In proportional stratified random sampling, the size of each stratum is proportionate to the
population size of the strata when examined across the entire population. This means that each
stratum has the same sampling fraction.

For example, let’s say you have four strata with population sizes of 200, 400, 600, and 800. If you
choose a sampling fraction of ½, this means you must randomly sample 100, 200, 300, and 400 subjects
from each stratum respectively. The same sampling fraction is used for each stratum regardless of the
differences in population size of the strata.
Disproportionate Stratified Random Sample
In disproportionate stratified random sampling, the different strata do not have the same sampling
fractions as each other. For instance, if your four strata contain 200, 400, 600, and 800 people, you
may choose to have different sampling fractions for each stratum. Perhaps the first stratum with 200
MATH D TTH (12:00-1:30PM)

people has a sampling fraction of ½, resulting in 100 people selected for the sample, while the last
stratum with 800 people has a sampling fraction of ¼, resulting in 200 people selected for the sample.

4. Clustered Sampling - refers to a type of sampling method . With cluster sampling, the researcher
divides the population into separate groups, called clusters. Then, a simple random sample of clusters
is selected from the population. The researcher conducts his analysis on data from the sampled
clusters.

Example: Single Stage Cluster Sampling: sampling will be done just once. An example of Single Stage
Cluster Sampling –An NGO wants to create a sample of girls across 5 neighboring towns to provide
education. Using single-stage cluster sampling, the NGO can randomly select towns (clusters) to form
a sample and extend help to the girls deprived of education in those towns.

Non- Probability Sampling:

1. Judgement Sampling: is a type of random sample that is selected based on the opinion of an
expert. Results obtained from a judgment sample are subject to some degree of bias, due to
the frame and population not being identical.

Example: Consider a scenario where a panel decides to understand what are the factors which
lead a person to select ethical hacking as a profession. Ethical hacking is a skill which has been
recently attracting youth. More and more people are selecting it as a profession. The researchers
who understand what ethical hacking is will be able to decide who should form the sample to learn
about it as a profession. That is when judgmental sampling is implemented. Researchers can easily
filter out those participants who can be eligible to be a part of the research sample.

2. Chunk Sampling: means that fraction of population being investigated neither by probability
nor by judgment but on the basis of the convenience. A sample is drawn from readily available
list on the convenience of the researcher.

Example: The chunk locations of the two most recent accesses are sampled according to
predetermined criteria in order to create a storage device access profile, which governs queue
depth and I/O size parameters used to communicate with storage devices.

3. Quota Sampling- is a non-probability sampling method in which researchers can form a

sample involving individuals that represent a population and are chosen according to traits or
qualities. Researchers can decide the trait as per which the sample subset selection will be
conducted so that the sample can be effective in collecting data that can be generalized to the
entire population. The final subset will be decided only according to the interviewer or
researcher’s knowledge of the population.

Example: The researcher can create multiple strata on the basis of three variables by
considering the proportion of each variable that exists within the population. According to the
mode of research, online or offline, the researcher can
conduct surveys, polls or questionnaires to collect data for their study.