1TransientsUnprotectedPipeline PDF

Practice Workbook
This workbook is designed for use in Live instructor-led training and for OnDemand selfstudy.
The explanations and demonstrations are provided by the instructor in the classroom, or in the OnDemand
eLectures of this course available on the Bentley LEARN Server (learn.bentley.com).
This practice workbook is formatted for on-screen viewing using a PDF reader.
It is also available as a PDF document in the dataset for this course.
Transients in an Unprotected Pipeline

In this workshop you will use HAMMER to perform a numerical simulation of hydraulic transients in a water
transmission main to determine the effect of a pump shutdown.
TRNC02860-1/0001
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Description and Objectives
Course Description
Analyze the system as it was designed (without any surge-protection equipment) to determine its vulnerability to transient events.
Present your results graphically to gain an understanding of the transient phenomenon and develop a set of possible remediation strategies.
Skills Taught
After completing this module, you will be able to:
• Understand HAMMER Workspace

• Understand and use prototypes in model layout to save time
• Use the Wave Speed Calculator to determine the wave speed for a pipe or set of pipes
• Modify the transient calculation options
• Create a profile
• Model a power failure using the transient properties for a pump
• Review and animate your results using the Transient Results Viewer
• Format the appearance of graphs generated by the Transient Results Viewer
Module Prerequisites
Fundamental knowledge of hydraulic transients
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Water System Description
A water-pumping station (PMP1) draws water from a nearby reservoir (1257 ft normal water level) and conveys 16.5 cfs along a dedicated
transmission pipeline to a reservoir (1496 ft normal water level) for a total static lift of 1496 – 1257 = 239 ft. The elevation of the constant-
speed pump is 1191 ft and its speed is 1760 rpm. The other data for the transmission main nodes and links will be discussed in the following
pages as you add or modify each hydraulic element in the system.
Creating the Model

In this section you will create a hydraulic model and enter its properties.
1. Start HAMMER.
2. Select Create New Hydraulic Model on the Welcome dialog, or select File > New.
3. Select File > Save As to select a directory and save your file TransientsInPipeline.(HAMMER file names are not case sensitive.)
4. Select File > Hydraulic Model Properties.
5. Enter the following:
Title: Transients in an Unprotected Pipeline
Engineer: Enter your name
Company: Enter your company name
Date: Select today’s date
6. Click OK.
The Workspace and Dockable Windows
The steps that follow will help guide you through the process of working with manager windows and prototypes.
Managers
Most of the features in HAMMER are available through a system of dynamic windows called Managers. When HAMMER first starts; the
default workspace displays the Element Symbology and Background Layers managers.
The Four Possible States for each Manager:

• Floating - A floating manager sits above the HAMMER workspace like a dialog box. You can drag a floating manager anywhere and
continue to work.
• Docked Static - A docked static manager attaches to any of the four sides of the HAMMER window. If you click and hold a floating
manager, and move it, you will see a docking dialog that looks as shown to the left, as well as individual docking buttons along all four
sides of the HAMMER window. When you drag the manager over one of the four sides of the docking dialog it will dock the manager
to that side of the window and if you drag the manager to one of the individual docking buttons along the window edges the manager
will dock to that side. The manager will stay in that location unless you close it or make it dynamic. A vertical pushpin in the manager's
title bar indicates its static state; click the pushpin to change the manager's state to dynamic. When the push pin is pointing downward
(vertical push pin), the manager is docked static.
• Docked Dynamic - A docked dynamic manager also docks to any of the four sides of the HAMMER window, but remains hidden except
for a single tab. Show a docked dynamic manager by moving the mouse over the tab, or by clicking the tab. When the manager is
showing (not hidden), a horizontal pushpin in its title bar indicates its docked dynamic state.
• Closed - When a manager is closed, you cannot view it. Close a manager by clicking the X in the right corner of the manager's title bar.
Open a manager by selecting the manager from the View menu (for example, View > Element Symbology), or by selecting the button
for that manager on the appropriate toolbar.
Capabilities of a Docked Static Manager:

• To close a docked manager, left click the X in the upper right corner of the title bar.
• To change a docked manager to a floating manager double click the title bar, or click and hold the mouse and drag the manager to the
desired location.
• To change a static docked manager to a dynamically docked manager click the push pin in its title bar.
• To switch between multiple docked managers in the same location left click that particular manager's tab.
Opening and docking a manager
1. Select View > Graphs.

2. When the Graphs manager opens, click the title bar of the manager and hold the left mouse button as you drag the manager to the
bottom left of the screen and place it under the Background Layers manager.
3. Select Analysis > Scenarios.

4. When the Scenarios manager opens, drag the manager in the same manner as with the Graphs manager and place it under the drawing
pane.
Note: The drawing pane is the white space where the model will be.
5. Select View > Properties.
6. When the Properties manager opens, drag it and place it to the right of the drawing pane.
Your workspace should look like the following:
7. To go back to the default workspace select View > Zoom and View Settings > Reset Workspace.
8. Click Yes to reset to the default layout.
Prototypes
Before we begin laying out the model, we want to assess the data for our elements to see if there are common properties among them. If there
are, we will create Prototypes for each element in order to decrease the amount of data entry that we will need to do in the long run.
Our pipes will have many common values for their properties--such as Diameter, Material, Hazen-Williams C, etc. Therefore, it makes sense
for us to use a prototype in this situation. We can create a prototype for the pipes that will have these common properties when we draw them.
1. Select View > Prototypes.
2. Select Pipe.
3. Click the New button in the top left corner of the dialog to create a new prototype.
4. Right click on Pipe Prototype – 1 and select Rename.
5. Rename the prototype to DI 24 in pipe.
6. Double click on DI 24 in pipe to bring up the Properties manager.

7. Set the following parameters for your prototype:
Diameter (in): 23.622
Material: Ductile Iron
Hazen-Williams C: 130
Has User Defined Length?: True
Network Layout
We are now ready to begin laying out the model that was shown at the beginning of the workshop.
1. Click the Reservoir button from the Layout tab.

2. Move the cursor over the drawing pane, and left click to insert a reservoir.
Note: HAMMER automatically names this reservoir R-1.

3. After you have added the reservoir, click the Select button or hit the ESC key on your keyboard to deselect the Reservoir tool.
Warning: Be careful not to select the element with the Reservoir tool activated as this will create a new element on top of the old one if you have the
Sticky Tool Palette option set in the Global Options. You need to click the Select button or hit ESC before selecting an element.
Hint: To disable the Sticky Tool Palette, do the following:

• Select Tools > More > Options.
• In the Options dialog, click on the Global tab.
• Uncheck the checkbox in front of the Sticky Tool Palette field at the bottom of the dialog.
• Click OK.
4. Double click on the reservoir to bring up the Properties manager.
Note: You can click in the view customization dropdown box at the top of the Properties manager which currently has <Show All>
listed. To only show the properties needed for a Transient analysis, you can change the view to Transient (Predefined).
5. Rename the reservoir to Res1 in the Label field.
Next we need to add a junction, a pump, and another junction to the right of Res1.
6. Click on the Pipe button from the Layout tab.
Note: Your cursor should change to a crosshair with a junction next to it.
7. Click on Res1 and move your mouse to the right.
8. Left click to place a junction.
9. Move your mouse to the right, right click, and on the submenu that comes up select Pump.
10. Left click to place the pump in the drawing.
11. Continue this process to lay out the network as shown below:
12. Once the network is drawn out, right click on an empty area of the drawing pane and select Done to finish adding the pipes and then click
the Select button.
13. Click on each element and change the Label of each in the Properties manager to match the screenshot above.
14. Move around the labels to you can view them easier.
Note: You can place the network by selecting each different element layout tool and place them in the drawing. Then once those
elements are drawn out, you can select the Pipe tool to connect all of them together.
Data Entry
Data can be entered directly on each element’s properties window, or, in a tabular form using FlexTables. We will input data for the two
reservoirs and pump directly from the properties window and we will use FlexTables for entering pipe and junction data.
1. Select the individual nodes from the drawing pane (reservoirs and pump) to set their Elevations as shown in the tables below
Label Elevation (ft) Notes

PMP1 1,191.00 Pump
Label Elevation (ft) Elevation (Inlet/Outlet Invert) (ft) Notes

Res1 1,257.00 1,237.00 Source Reservoir
Res2 1,496.00 1,476.00 Receiving Reservoir
Below are screenshots of the data entry for PMP1, and Res2.
2. Select View > FlexTables.
3. Double click Junction Table under Tables Predefined to open the Junction FlexTable.
4. You may need to add the “Notes” field to the FlexTables if it is not already there by selecting the Edit button. You will then choose the
Notes field from the Available Columns side and click the Add button and then click OK to apply the changes.
5. If you have trouble entering decimals for any values (for example, if the value is automatically rounded), then right click on the column
heading and select Units and Formatting to change the Display Precision. Changes made in a FlexTable are automatically reflected in
the drawing pane.
6. Right click on the Label column and select Sort > Sort Ascending
7. Set the values for each junction according to those shown in the Junction Data Table below.
Label Elevation (ft) Notes

J1 1,339.00 Feeder main
PJ1 1,191.00 Suction
PJ2 1,191.00 Pump Discharge
Note: Elevations are extremely important in hydraulic transient modeling. This is because friction slopes determine how fast water
columns will slow down (or speed up) as their momentum changes during a transient event. Therefore, defining the profile of a
pipeline is a key requirement prior to undertaking any hydraulic transient analysis with HAMMER.
The screen shot below shows the data entry for all junctions:
8. Set the values for each pipe according to those shown in the Pipe Data Table below.
Pipe Data Table

Label Start Node Stop Node Has User Defined Length (User Defined) Diameter (in) Material Hazen-Williams
Length? (ft) C
PS1 Res1 PJ1 True 164 23.622 Ductile Iron 130
PMP1S PJ1 PMP1 True 131 23.622 Ductile Iron 130
PMP1D PMP1 PJ2 True 55 23.622 Ductile Iron 130
P1 PJ2 J1 True 66 23.622 Ductile Iron 130
P2 J1 J2 True 1,247.00 23.622 Ductile Iron 130
P3 J2 J3 True 984 23.622 Ductile Iron 130
Pipe Data Table
Label Start Node Stop Node Has User Defined Length (User Defined) Diameter (in) Material Hazen-Williams
Length? (ft) C
P5 J4 J5 True 1,312.00 23.622 Ductile Iron 130
P7 J6 Res2 True 574 23.622 Ductile Iron 130
Note: True = checked box.

The Wave Speed can be left blank for now and we will calculate it afterwards. If your Start Node and Stop Node are not correct, you can
click in the Node Reversal field in the pipe properties for that pipe to reverse the Start Node and Stop Node.
The screenshot below shows the data entry for all pipes
Wave Speed Calculator
Next, we will need to calculate the wave speed for these pipes. To do that, Bentley HAMMER provides a tool called the Wave Speed
Calculator.
1. Select Analysis > Wave Speed Calculator.

On the Wave Speed Calculator dialog, you should see four sections: Liquid, Material, Miscellaneous, and Features. Also, note that
there is an ellipsis button to the right of the fields in the Liquid and Material sections.
2. To change the unit system to feet H2O as shown above right click directly on the unit and choose Units and Formatting. You can
manually change the Unit to feet H2O.
3. Click on the ellipsis button in the Bulk Modulus of Elasticity field.This will open up the Liquid Engineering Libraries.
4. Click the + sign in front of Liquid Libraries and the + sign in front of LiquidLibrary.xml to expand them. You should now see a list of different
liquids.
5. Click on Water at 4C(39F) to highlight it and click Select.
Note: Back on the Wave Speed Calculator dialog, the Bulk Modulus of Elasticity and Specific Gravity fields should now have values in them.
6. Click on the ellipsis button in the Young’s Modulus field. This will open up the Material Engineering Libraries.
7. Click the + sign in front of Material Libraries and the + sign in front of MaterialLibrary.xml. You should now see a list of different materials.
8. Scroll down the list and click on Ductile Iron and then click Select.
Note: Back on the Wave Speed Calculator dialog, the Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio fields should now be filled in.
9. Enter a Wall Thickness of 0.7 in.
Your Wave Speed Calculator should now look like this:
10. Click OK.

This will calculate the wave speed and apply it to all of the pipes in the model.
Note: After the calculation is complete, a Calculation Complete dialog will open.
11. Click OK to close it.

12. Look at the properties of the pipes, for example here is PS1:
Note: The Wave Speed field for all pipes should now have a value of 4,108.03 ft/s.
13. Click File > Save to save your model.
Configuring the HAMMER Project
Before running the HAMMER model you have created, you need to set certain run-time parameters such as the fluid properties, piping system
properties, run duration, and output requirements.
First, we will need to set the calculation options.
Calculation Options
1. Select Analysis > Options to bring up the Calculation Options manager.
2. Double click on the Base Calculation Options under the Transient Solver folder to bring up its properties in the Properties manager.
3. Set the following in the Summary section:
Run Duration Type: Time
Run Duration (Time) (sec): 140 sec
Generate Animation Data: True
Run Extended CAV: True
4. In the Reporting section, set the following:

Show Pocket Opening/Closing: True
Generate Detailed Reports?: True
5. Click the Report Points field and choose Selected Points from the dropdown menu.
6. In the Report Points Collection field, click on the ellipsis button and select the following points to report and output the transient history (or
temporal variation of flow, head, and air or vapor volumes) at the pump and nearby nodes:
PMP1D:PMP1
P1:J1
P2:J1
Note: You can add other points of interest, such as P7:Res2, if you desire).
7. Select each point of interest in the left window pane and click the Add button from the middle of the dialog to move the selected point to
the right pane.
Your final selection should look like this:
8. Click OK.
9. Click in the Report Times field and select Periodically.
10. Set the Report Period to 10.
Note: This only affects the frequency of output data for plotting and animation. HAMMER will calculate each time step and show the
complete and correct maximum and minimum transient envelopes whatever the Report Period.
Your Properties manager should now look like this:
11. Close the Calculation Options dialog.
Profiles
Next, we will need to specify the path of the profile along which we want to see the graphical plot and animation of the HGL during the
transient run.
1. Select View > Profiles.

2. Click the New button in the upper left corner to create a new profile.
3. On the Profile Setup dialog that comes up, click on Select From Drawing.
4. In the drawing, click on PMP1 and Res2 to highlight and select them (along with their connected elements).
5. After you have selected the listed elements, click the Done button on the Select toolbar.
Note: The pipes that you have selected and all pipes and nodes in between will now be listed in the left side of the Profile Setup dialog.
6. Click the Open Profile button to view your profile.

7. Click OK on the Profile Series Options dialog that opens up.
You should now see the profile shown below.
Note: The plot of the HGL (in Blue) will not show values, as we have not calculated the initial conditions.
8. Click the X in the top right corner to close the Profile dialog.
9. Back on the Profiles manager, right click Profile – 1 and select Rename.
10. Rename the profile to Main.
Next, we need to set this profile as a Transient Report Path for HAMMER.
11. Right click on Main and make sure that there is a checkmark in front of Transient Report Path as in the screenshot below.
12. If there is not a checkmark, then simply click on the Transient Report Path option from the right click menu.
Note: If you look closely at the icon in front of Main in the Profiles manager, you will notice a picture of a hammer in the top right
corner of the icon. This signifies that this profile is a HAMMER report path.
13. Close the Profiles manager.

14. Save using File > Save.
Analysis without Surge Protection Equipment
In this part you will perform a hydraulic transient analysis of the system after a sudden power failure without surge protection (other than the
pump’s check valve).
1. Double click on the pump node PMP1 to bring up its Properties manager.
2. In the Transient (Operational) section, click in the Pump Type (Transient) field and select Shut Down After Time Delay from the
dropdown menu.
Note: You should now be presented with more options under that Pump Type (Transient) field.
3. Set the following pump parameters:
Diameter (Pump Valve) (in): 24
Note: This is the inside diameter of the pump’s intake flange.

Time (Delay until Shut Down) (sec): 5
Note: For convenience, it is assumed that the power failure occurs after 5 seconds so that point histories will show the initial steady
state during this period.
Pump Valve Type: Check Valve
Note: The power failure is assumed to be instantaneous and the check valve is allowed to close without any delay (zero) to protect the
pump from damage.
4. Click in the Pump Definition field (under the Physical section).

5. On the dropdown menu in the Pump Definition field, select Edit Pump Definitions. This will open up the Pump Definitions manager.
6. Click the New button in the top left corner.
7. Set the Name of the pump definition to PMP1 since we will be using this definition for pump PMP1.
8. In the right side of the Pump Definitions manager, click on the Head tab.
9. Change the Pump Definition Type to Design Point (1 Point).
Note: Right click the Flow column heading and select Units and Formatting to change Units to cfs and Display Precision to 2.
10. Enter the following points in the Design row:

Flow: 16.5 cfs
Head: 267 ft
11. Click on the Efficiency tab and set the following values:
Pump Efficiency: Constant Efficiency
Pump Efficiency: 85 %
12. Click on the Transient tab and set the following values:
Inertia (Pump and Motor): 408.95 lb-ft2
Note: This is the combined pump, shaft, and motor inertia. This can be obtained from the manufacturer or estimated from its power
rating.
Speed (Full): 1760.0 rpm
Specific Speed: SI=25, US=1280
Note: Based on the pump’s rotation speed (1760 rpm). See Appendix B for an explanation of how to determine a pump’s specific
speed.
Reverse Spin Allowed?: Uncheck the box
Note: Not allowing reverse spin assumes there is a check valve on the discharge side of the pump or that the pump has a non-reverse
ratchet mechanism.
13. Click Close to close the Pump Definitions manager.

14. Back in the PMP1 Properties manager, click in the Pump Definition field and select PMP1 from the dropdown menu.
15. Select File > Save to save your changes.
16. Select Analysis > Initial Conditions
Note: This will compute the initial steady state conditions that will be the basis of our transient run. After the steady state
computations are completed, a Calculation Summary dialog will open. If there were warnings or errors in our model, the
messages would appear in the bottom half of the Calculation Summary dialog.
You should not have any error messages.
17. Close the Calculation Summary dialog.

18. Select Analysis > Compute to run the model.
A HAMMER run status dialog opens and displays the progress of the elapsed run.
Note: If you suspect that a data entry error may have occurred, you can select Analysis > Validate before clicking Compute to perform
a short run that detects errors before a (much longer) full run.
When the calculations are completed, the Transient Calculation Summary dialog opens automatically.
19. Take a moment to review the Summary, Initial Conditions, and Extreme Pressure and Heads tabs.
20. If you have a printer installed on your computer, you may click the Report button if you wish to view this Summary in a detailed report
format.
21. Click Close when you are done.

The User Notifications dialog will come up. User notifications are messages about your model. These messages can warn you
about potential issues with your model. Informational messages are denoted by a blue icon. Warnings are denoted by an orange
icon and do not prevent the model from calculating successfully. Errors are denoted by a red icon, and the model will not
successfully calculate if errors are found.
Your user notifications dialog should only have blue informational messages and should look like this:
You will notice that there is vapor pocket formation (when a cavity opens) and vapor pocket collapse (when a cavity closes) at a
few nodes. There is also a message about the check valve at the pump closing when the flow wants to reverse direction.
22. Close this window.

23. Select View > Profiles.
24. Double click on Main to open the profile again.
You should see the following:
25. Close the Profile dialog and save your model.
Reviewing your Results
To review your results graphically, you will use the Transient Results Viewer. The Transient Results Viewer lets you view graphs and animate
the hydraulic transient heads and flows.
1. Select Analysis > Transient Results Viewer.
Note: By default, HAMMER does not generate output for every location or every time step since this may result in very large file sizes
(tens or hundreds of megabytes).
For the specific points or paths (e.g., profiles) you specified prior to the run, you can generate several types of graphs and animate them to
visualize the results.
The Profiles tab allows you to view profile results from transient simulations. You are given the following information:
• Profile - Select the Profile path you want to plot or animate. Only Profile paths marked as Transient Report Paths will be
available from this menu.
• Graph Type - Select the attribute(s) that will be displayed on the plot/animation.
• Profile button - Opens the Transient Profile Viewer dialog box.
Additionally, this tab reports the following Profile Point Statistics:

• Count - This field displays the number of points along the profile path.
• Length - This field displays the length of the profile path.
• From Point - This field displays the start point of the profile path.
• To Point - This field displays the end point of the profile path.
The Time Histories tab allows you to plot a graph of the transient results at report points and consists of the following controls:
• Working Scenario - Automatically displays the active scenario.
• Additional Scenarios - If you have already run other scenarios for this model, you can compare results across multiple
scenarios. Select which scenarios you want to compare.
• Time History - Select the Report Point.
• Graph Type - Select the attribute(s) that will be displayed on the plot.
• Plot button - Click this button to open the Transient Results Graph Viewer dialog box.
Additionally, this tab reports the following Time History Point Statistics:
• End Point - This field displays the report point of the Time History.
• Count - This field displays the number of time steps in the transient simulation.
The Extended Node Data Tab allows you to display additional data for pump speed and hydropneumatic tanks:
• Working Scenario - Automatically displays the active scenario.
• Additional Scenarios - If you have already run other scenarios for this model, you can compare results across multiple
scenarios. Select which scenarios you want to compare.
• Node - Select the Pump or Hydropneumatic Tank to analyze.
• Graph Type - Select the attribute(s) that will be displayed on the plot.
2. On the Profiles tab, set the Graph Type to Hydraulic Grade and Air/Vapor Volume.
3. Click Profile for the graph shown below.
The lines in this profile mean the following:

Top section (Air/Vapor Volume): Indicates whether or not there are vapor pockets forming anywhere along the profile, or if there
is air in the system (for air valves).
• Red line: Maximum air/vapor volume
Bottom section (Elevation): Pipe elevation and Hydraulic Grade Line envelops during transient
• Red line: Maximum transient head
• Green line: Physical pipe elevation
• Blue line: Minimum transient head
• Black line: Initial conditions head
The graph for the Main path shows that a significant vapor cavity forms at the local high point at the knee of the pipeline (i.e., the
location where the steep pipe section leaving the pumps turns about 90 degrees to the horizontal in the pump station).
4. Leave this graph open while you move onto the next section.
Visualizing Simulated Results
HAMMER provides many ways to visualize the simulated results using a variety of graphs and animation layouts. You must specify which
points and paths (profiles) are of interest, as well as the frequency to output prior to a run, or HAMMER will not generate this output to avoid
creating excessively large output files (.HOF). For small systems, you can specify each point and every time step, but this is not advisable for
large water networks.
For the same reason, HAMMER only generates the Animation Data (for on-screen animations) if you select this option in the Transient Solver
Calculation Options as we previously did in Configuring the HAMMER Project - Calculation Options – Step #3.
While you are still evaluating many different types or sizes of surge-protection equipment, you can often compare their effectiveness just by
plotting the maximum transient head envelopes for most of your HAMMER runs. At any time, or once you feel you are close to a definitive
surge-control solution, you can generate animation data by performing the following steps.
Generating animation data
1. Since we already have our graph open, we can jump right into the animation. If you closed the graph, simply start the HAMMER Transient
Results Viewer by selecting Analysis > Transient Results Viewer and on the Profiles tab click on Profile
2. In the graph dialog, you will see animation controls at the top of the dialog.
Note: The three buttons from left to right are: Go to Start, Pause/Stop, and Play. If the buttons are grayed out, it means that you did not set
“Generate Animation Data = True” in the Transient Calculation options.
3. Click the Play button to start the animation.
The lines in this profile mean the following:
Top section (Air/Vapor Volume): Indicates whether or not there are vapor pockets forming anywhere along the profile, or if there
is air in the system (for air valves).
• Red line: Maximum air/vapor volume
• Moving black line: calculated air/vapor volume for a given time step
Bottom section (Elevation): Pipe elevation and Hydraulic Grade Line during transient
• Red line: Maximum transient head
• Green line: Physical pipe elevation
• Blue line: Minimum transient head
• Static black line: Initial conditions head
• Moving black line: Calculated transient head for a given time step
4. At a certain time (19.685 s), the animation dialog should look similar to the following figure:
Viewing the animation a few times shows that a vapor pocket grows at node J1 (as the water column separates) and subsequently
collapses due to return flow from the receiving reservoir Res2. The resulting transient pressures are very sudden and they
propagate away from this impact zone, sending a shock wave throughout the pipeline
5. Close out of this graph when you are done viewing the animation.
Generate Report-Ready Graphs
Using the HAMMER Transient Results Viewer, you can plot a transient history at any point in the system to display the temporal variation of
selected parameters (such as pressures and flow). You can also plot a profile of selected variables along a particular path to display the
spatial extent of transient phenomena. Finally you can compare the results of two similar graphs generated with or without protection, for
example. Let us start with the simulated results without protection.
1. Select Analysis > Transient Results Viewer if you do not already have it open from before.
2. Select the Time Histories tab.
3. Select the following:
Time History: P1:J1
Graph Type: Hydraulic Grade and Flow
4. Click Plot to display this transient history. It should look similar to this:
This graph indicates the time-dependent changes in transient flow and head in pipe P1:J1 (The end of P1 which is closer to J1).
Notice that for the first five seconds of this simulation the head and flow are constant, then flow drops to zero as the pump shuts
down. Flow then oscillates as returning flow from the receiving Res2 travels back and forth in the pipeline. The big spikes in HGL
result from the pressure wave (created when vapor pocket collapsed) traveling in the pipeline
5. Click the Chart Options icon. Here is where you can change all the properties of the graph.
6. Click on Series at the top of the dialog.
Note: Notice that you have a drop down menu containing the variables the graph is displaying, and below that you have all the options to
change the way it looks.
7. Select Flow from the drop down menu.

8. With Flow selected in the drop down menu click on Color.
9. On the Color Editor change the color to any Green.
10. Click OK.
Note: You will see that the Flow display on the graph changed to a Green line.
11. Back on the Chart Options dialog click the advance right button until you see Themes.
12. Click on Themes.
13. Scroll through the list of available themes to see the available choices.
14. Select the Business theme and view what the graph would look like in the Preview pane.
15. As you can see, there are many settings you can change to make your graph appear the way you would like. Try changing other settings.
16. Close all of the open windows until you get back to the drawing pane.
17. Save your file.
18. Complete the tables at the end of the workshop using the Properties manager and answer the questions.
Results Tables
Alternatives
Without HT-1 Air Valve Surge Tank with Surge Tank no SRV
Protection Check Valve Check Valve
Pressure (Maximum Transient) @ PJ2 (feet H2O)
Pressure (Minimum Transient) @ PJ2 (feet H2O) To be completed in Workshop: Pipeline

Protection
Vapor Volume (Maximum Transient) @ P2 (ft3)
Head (Maximum Transient) @ P5 (ft)
Alternatives Junction Pressure (Maximum Transient) (ft H2O)
PJ2 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6
Steady State Pressure 326 216 213 240 254 120
Max. Allowable Pressure 460 460 460 460 460 460
Without Protection
Hydropneumatic Tank(HT-1)
Air Valve To be completed in Workshop: Pipeline Protection
Surge Tank with Check Valve
Surge Tank no Check Valve To be completed in Workshop: Pipeline Protection
SRV
Workshop Review
Now that you have completed this workshop, let’s measure what you have learned.
Questions
1. Where does the largest vapor pocket occur and what is its maximum volume? Explain the mechanism behind the development of this
vapor pocket.
2. Select the Time History for P1:J1. Select Air/Vapor Volume as Graph Type and Plot it. When does the vapor cavity at junction J1 start to
form and when does it close?
3. What happens to the flow at J1 at about 13.8 sec and what effect does this have on the vapor cavity? Hint: In the Transient Results Graph
you can click on the Data tab for easier viewing of graph values.
4. Considering your answers to the previous questions and the role of the vapor cavity in the transient event, what are some of the possible
strategies for reducing the upsurge?
5. Why is the pump (PMP1) not subjected to the transient upsurge?
Workshop Results
Alternatives
Without HT-1 Air Valve Surge Tank with Surge Tank no SRV
Protection Check Valve Check Valve
Pressure (Maximum Transient) @ PJ2 (feet H2O) 1087
Pressure (Minimum Transient) @ PJ2 (feet H2O) -33 To be completed in Workshop: Pipeline Protection
Vapor Volume (Maximum Transient) @ P2 (ft3) 16
Head (Maximum Transient) @ P5 (ft) 2,231
Alternatives Junction Pressure (Maximum Transient) (ft H2O)
PJ2 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6
Steady State Pressure 326 216 213 240 254 120
Max. Allowable Pressure 460 460 460 460 460 460
Without Protection 1087 844 925 947 922 791
Hydropneumatic Tank(HT-1)
Air Valve
Surge Tank with Check Valve To be completed in Workshop: Pipeline Protection
Surge Tank no Check Valve
SRV
Answers
1. Where does the largest vapor pocket occur and what is its maximum volume? Explain the mechanism behind the development of this
vapor pocket.
The largest vapor pocket occurs at J1 with a maximum volume of 16.4 ft3. Water is being pumped up a steep rise to a well-defined
vertical bend or “knee” at node J1, after which the pipe turns about 90 degrees to level out with a slight fall. After the pump trips
and the vapor pocket forms, water being pumped up the rise decelerates at a much faster rate than the water in the more level
pipeline after the knee. This causes the vapor pocket to expand at the knee (J1) as these columns of water separate.
2. Select the Time History for P1:J1. Select Air/Vapor Volume as Graph Type and Plot it. When does the vapor cavity at junction J1start to
form and when does it close?
The first vapor cavity opens at about 8.8 sec (when flow reaches zero) and closes just after about 13.9 sec., when a large pressure
rise occurs.
3. What happens to the flow at J1 at about 13.9 sec and what effect does this have on the vapor cavity?
Flow returns from Res2 and results in a negative flow, or flow reversal, at J1. This in turn causes the vapor pocket to collapse and
results in a high pressure upsurge.
4. Considering your answers to the previous questions and the role of the vapor cavity in the transient event, what are some of the possible
strategies for reducing the upsurge?
Mitigating the formation of the vapor cavity is at the heart of the solution. This could be achieved by installing a surge tank or gas
vessel to ensure that water is supplied to the area where the cavity would form “without surge protection”.
5. Why is the pump (PMP1) not subjected to the transient upsurge?

The time history at the pump shows that the check valve closes before these pressure waves reach the pump (zero flow),
effectively isolating it from the system and protecting it against damage.

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Practice Workbook

Transients in an Unprotected Pipeline

DO NOT DISTRIBUTE - Printing for student use is permitted

• Understand HAMMER Workspace

Creating the Model

The Four Possible States for each Manager:

Capabilities of a Docked Static Manager:

1. Select View > Graphs.

3. Select Analysis > Scenarios.

8. Click Yes to reset to the default layout.

1. Select View > Prototypes.

6. Double click on DI 24 in pipe to bring up the Properties manager.

1. Click the Reservoir button from the Layout tab.

Note: HAMMER automatically names this reservoir R-1.

Hint: To disable the Sticky Tool Palette, do the following:

6. Click on the Pipe button from the Layout tab.

Label Elevation (ft) Notes

Label Elevation (ft) Elevation (Inlet/Outlet Invert) (ft) Notes

Label Elevation (ft) Notes

Pipe Data Table

Note: True = checked box.

1. Select Analysis > Wave Speed Calculator.

5. Click on Water at 4C(39F) to highlight it and click Select.

10. Click OK.

11. Click OK to close it.

First, we will need to set the calculation options.

1. Select Analysis > Options to bring up the Calculation Options manager.

4. In the Reporting section, set the following:

Your final selection should look like this:

11. Close the Calculation Options dialog.

1. Select View > Profiles.

6. Click the Open Profile button to view your profile.

13. Close the Profiles manager.

Note: This is the inside diameter of the pump’s intake flange.

4. Click in the Pump Definition field (under the Physical section).

10. Enter the following points in the Design row:

13. Click Close to close the Pump Definitions manager.

You should not have any error messages.

17. Close the Calculation Summary dialog.

21. Click Close when you are done.

22. Close this window.

25. Close the Profile dialog and save your model.

1. Select Analysis > Transient Results Viewer.

Additionally, this tab reports the following Profile Point Statistics:

The lines in this profile mean the following:

Generating animation data

7. Select Flow from the drop down menu.

Pressure (Maximum Transient) @ PJ2 (feet H2O)

Pressure (Minimum Transient) @ PJ2 (feet H2O) To be completed in Workshop: Pipeline

Head (Maximum Transient) @ P5 (ft)

Alternatives Junction Pressure (Maximum Transient) (ft H2O)

Steady State Pressure 326 216 213 240 254 120

Max. Allowable Pressure 460 460 460 460 460 460

Air Valve To be completed in Workshop: Pipeline Protection

Surge Tank with Check Valve

Surge Tank no Check Valve To be completed in Workshop: Pipeline Protection

5. Why is the pump (PMP1) not subjected to the transient upsurge?

Pressure (Maximum Transient) @ PJ2 (feet H2O) 1087

Vapor Volume (Maximum Transient) @ P2 (ft3) 16

Head (Maximum Transient) @ P5 (ft) 2,231

Alternatives Junction Pressure (Maximum Transient) (ft H2O)

Steady State Pressure 326 216 213 240 254 120

Max. Allowable Pressure 460 460 460 460 460 460