Chemistry Project Determination of The Contents of Cold Drinks 1 1 1 3 PDF

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Chemistry Project
CHEMISTRY PROJECT
on
On
"Determination of contents of Cold Drinks"
Determination Of The
Contents Of Cold Drinks
PROJECT Report
Project PREPARED
ByBY:
:-
Gaurav
Aakash
Aakash sangal
sangal
XII
XII
XII--AA
Session
Session:-
2260 : 2008-2009
2011-12
Session:-2011-12
2-13
Board’s
S.D. VidyaRoll
S. D.Vidya Mandir
Mandir Number : 6229000
Board roll
roll no.
no. :-:-
Mother Divine Sr. Sec. Public School
Submitted
Submittedto to Mrs. Manju
Mrs. Manju Khurana
khurana
(signature)
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AIM
Aim
COMPARITIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE
COMPARITIVE
ANALYSIS OFSTUDY AND QUALITATIVE
DIFFERENT BRANDS OF
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT
COLD DRINKS BRANDS
AVAILABLE OF
IN MARKET.
COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE IN MARKET.
Certificate
CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that, the original and genuine
investigation
This is herebywork has been
to certify that,carried out to investigate
the original and genuine
about the subject
investigation workmatter and the
has been related
carried outdata collection
to investigate
and investigation
about has been
the subject completed
matter and the solely, sincerely
related data
and satisfactorily
collection by Aakash of CLASS
and investigation has beenXII A,completed
S.D. Vidya
Mandir School (Panipat),
solely, sincerely regarding his
and satisfactorily by project
GAURAV
Aakash titled
Sangalof,
“Determination
CLASS XII A,of the Contents
Mother
Sanatan of Cold
Divine
Dharam Sr.Drinks”.
Sec.Mandir
Vidya Public
School (Panipat)
(Rohini), regarding his project titled
Teacher’s Signature
“Determination of the Contents of Cold Drinks”.
"Determination of Contents of Cold drinks"
Teacher’s Signature
Teacher's Signature
(Mrs. Manju Khurana)
Acknowledgement
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It would be my utmost pleasure to express my
It wouldthanks
sincere be my to
utmost pleasure toteacher
my chemistry expressMrs.
my sincere
Manju
thanks toinMy
khurana Chemistry
providing Teachers
a helping Mrs.inAditi,
hand Manju Mrs.
this project.
Richa and Mrs. Shobhna in providing a helping
hand in this project. Their valuable guidance, support
Her
and valuable guidance,
supervision support this
all through & supervision all
project titled
through this project
“Determination areContents
of the responsible for attaining
of Cold Drinks”,its
are responsible
present form. I for attaining
would its present
also like to thankform.
my parents
as they encouraged me to put forward my project.
Gaurav
Aakash
XII
XII-A
PURPOSE
Purpose
PURPOSE
In recent days, soft drink brands were put into
various questions
In recent days, regarding
soft drinktheir purity.
brands wereNews
put into
variousthatquestions
flashed regarding
they contain harmfultheir purity.which
pesticide, News
flashed
arouse that interest
many they contain harmful
in knowing pesticide, which
its contents
arouse many interest in knowing its contents because
because I have been drinking them for years. I
I have been drinking them for years. I wanted to
wanted to confirm
confirm that whether
that whether theimposed
the charge charge on these
imposed on these
brands are true orbrands
not. are true or not.
Anotherfact
Another factwhich
whichinspired
inspiredme
metotodo
dothis
thisproject
projectisis
thatI am
that I am in touch
in touch withwith qualitative
qualitative analysis
analysis whose
whose
knowledge with other factors helped me to do so.
knowledge with other factors helped me to do so.
CONTENTS
Contents
I. Introduction
I.
II.Introduction
Theory
II. Theory
III. Apparatus
III. Apparatus
IV. Chemicals Required
IV. Chemicals Required
V. Detection
V. Detection of ofpH
pH
VI.
VI. Test
Testfor
forCarbon
CarbonDioxide
Dioxide
VII.Test
VII. Testforfor Glucose
Glucose
VIII.
VIII. Test
Test forfor Phosphate
Phosphate
IX. Test
IX. Testfor
forAlcohol
Alcohol
X. Test for Sucrose
X. Test for Sucrose
XI. Result
XI.
XII.Result
Conclusion
XII. Conclusion
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the
industrialization
industrializationininIndia
Indiamarked
markedits its
beginning
beginning withwith
launching
launchingofofLimca
Limcaand andGoldspot
Goldspotbyby parley group
parley groupof of
companies.
companies.Since,
Since,thethe
beginning
beginningof cold
of colddrinks waswas
drinks
highly
highlyprofitable andand
profitable luring, manymany
luring, multinational
multinational
companies
companieslaunched
launchedtheirtheirbrands
brandsininIndia likelike
India Pepsi
Pepsi
and
andCoke.
Coke.
Now days, it is observed in general that majority of
Now days,
people viewedit Sprite,
is observed in general
Miranda, and Limca that to
majority
give of
peopleofviewed
feeling Sprite,
lightness, whileMiranda,
Pepsi andand LimcaUptotogive
Thumps
feeling pulse
activate of lightness,
and brain.while Pepsi and Thumps Up to
activate pulse and brain.
Theory
THEORY
ColdCold
drinks of different
drinks brands brands
of different are composed of alcohol,
are composed of alcohol,
carbohydrates,
carbohydrates,carbon
carbondioxide, phosphate
dioxide, phosphateionsions
etc.etc.
These soft drinks
These soft
givedrinks
feelinggive
of warmth,
feeling oflightness
warmth,and have aand
lightness tangy taste
have whichtaste
a tangy is liked
by everyone. Carbon
which is liked dioxide isCarbon
by everyone. responsible
dioxideforisthe formationforofthe
responsible froth
formation
on shaking ofbottle.
the froth on shaking the bottle.
TheThe carbon
carbon dioxidegas
dioxide gasisisdissolved
dissolvedininwater
water to
to form
form carbonic
carbonicacid
acid
which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the
which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the
naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of
naturally
energyoccurring
to our body.organic
Generalcompounds and are majorissource of
formula of carbohydrates
energy to2O)
CX (H ourY. body. General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y.
OnOn
thethe basis
basis ofoftheir
theirmolecule
moleculesize
sizecarbohydrates
carbohydrates are
areclassified as:-as:-
classified
Monosaccharide,Disaccharides
Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and and Polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides. GlucoseGlucose is is
aa
monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in
monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .It occurs in Free State in
the ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also
the present
ripen grapes in bones
in human blood and
to thealso in many
extent sweet
of about fruits.
0.1%. It is isalso
Sucrose one
present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%.
of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widelySucrose is one of
the distributed
most usefulindisaccharides in our
nature in juices, seedsdaily
and life.
alsoItinisflowers
widely of distributed
many
in nature
plants.inThejuices,
mainseeds andofalso
source in flowers
sucrose of many
is sugar cane plants. The main
juice which
contain
source 15-20 %is sucrose
of sucrose and sugar
sugar cane juice beet
which which has about
contain 15-2010-17
% sucrose%
andsucrose.
sugar beet Thewhich
molecular formula
has about 10-17 of %sucrose
sucrose.is The
C12Hmolecular
22O11. It is
produced
formula by a mixture
of sucrose of glucose Itand
is C12H22O11. fructose. Itbyis anon-reducing
is produced mixture of
in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic
glucose and fructose. It is non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is
in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH
reducing. ColdpH
value. The drinks
valuesare
alsoa bit acidic
depend in nature
upon andcontents
the acidic their acidity
such ascan
be measured
citric acid by
andfinding theiracid.
phosphoric pH value. The pH values also depend
upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.
Apparatus
APPARATUS
?Test Tube
Test
?Test Test
Tube
?Test Tube
Tube
?Test Tube
Holder
Tube
?Test
TestTest
Tube
?Test Tube
?Test Tube
Stand
Tube
Tube Holder
Holder
Holder
Holder
?Stop Test
Watch
?Test Tube
?Test Tube
Tube
Test Tube Stand
Stand
Stand
Stand
Stop
?Beaker
?Stop Watch
Watch
?Stop Watch
StopBeaker
?Burner Watch
?Beaker
?Beaker
Burner
Beaker
?pH Paper
?Burner
?Burner
?pH pH
?Tripod
?pH Paper
Stand
Paper
Burner Paper
?ChinaTripod
Dish
?Tripod
?Tripod Stand
Stand
Stand
pH Paper
?Wire China
Gauge
?China
?ChinaDishDish
Dish
Tripod
?WaterWire
?Wire Bath
?Wire Gauge
Stand
Gauge
Gauge
Water
China
?Water
?WaterBathBath
Bath
Dish
Wire Gauge
Water Bath
Chemicals
CHEMICALS
REQUIRED
Required
 Iodine Solution
 Potassium Iodine
Iodine Solution
 Sodium Hydroxide
?Potassium Iodine
 Fehling’s
?SodiumIodine
A & BSolution
Solution
Hydroxide
 Lime Potassium
?Fehling’s
Water Iodine
A & B Solution
?Lime Sodium
WaterHNO
 Concentrated Hydroxide
3
Fehling’sHNO3
?Concentrated A & B Solution
 Benedict
?BenedictSolution
Lime Water
Solution
Concentrated
 Ammonium
?Ammonium Molybdate
MolybdateHNO3
Benedict Solution
Ammonium Molybdate
Detection of
DETECTION OFpH
PH
EXPERIMENT
Experiment
Small
Small samples
samplesof of cold
cold drinks
drinksofof different
differentbrands
brandswere
weretaken
takeninina atest
testtube
and
tubeput
andonput
theon
pHthepaper. The change
pH paper. in the color
The change in theofcolor
pH paper
of pHwaspapernoticed
and was compared with the standard pH scale.
was noticed and was compared with the standard pH scale.
OBSERVATION
Observations
NAME OF THE COLOUR
SR. NO. pH VALUE
DRINK CHANGE
1 COCA COLA
Coca Cola PINK
Pink 2.5-3
2 SPRITE
Sprite RED
Red 3
3 LIMCA
Limca PINKISH
Pinkish 4
4 FANTA
Fanta LIGHT
Light ORANGE
Orange 3-4
INFERENCE
Inference
Soft drinks
drinks are
are generally
generallyacidic
acidicbecause
becauseofofthethepresence
presenceofofcitric
citricacid and
acid
phosphoric acid. pH
and phosphoric values
acid. of cold of
pH values drink
coldofdrink
different brands are
of different different
brands aredue
to the variation in amount of acidic contents.
different due to the variation in amount of acidic contents.
Test
TEST FORforCARBON
DIOXIDE
EXPERIMENT
As
As soon the bottles
soon as the bottleswere
wereopened,
opened,one
onebyby
oneone
thethe sample
sample waswas passed
through
passed lime water.
through The
lime lime The
water. water turned
lime milky.
water turned milky.
OBSERVATON
SR. NAME OF THE TIME TAKEN
CONCLUSION
NO. DRINK (SEC.)
1 COCA COLA
Coca cola 26.5 CO2 IS PRESENT
PRESENT
2 SPRITE
Sprite 21 CO2 IS PRESENT
PRESENT
3 LIMCA
Limca 35 CO2 IS PRESENT
PRESENT
4 FANTA
Fanta 36 CO2 IS PRESENT
PRESENT
INFERENCE
Inference
Inference
Allthe
All thesoft
softdrinks
drinkscontain
containdissolved
dissolved carbondioxide
carbon dioxide
in in water.
water. TheThe carbon
carbon
dioxide((CO
dioxide 2) dissolves
) )dissolves in in water
water totoform
form carbonicacid,
carbonic acid,which
whichisisresponsible
responsible
for its
for its tangy
tangy taste.
taste.
CHEMICALReaction
Chemical REACTIONInvolved
INVOLVED:-
Ca(OH)2(s) + CO2(g) ----------- CaCO3(s) + H2O(s)
TestFOR
TEST for Glucose
GLUCOSE
Experiment
EXPERIMENT
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following test:-
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following
test:-
1. BENEDICTS’S
1. REAGENT
Benedicts's Reagent testTEST:-
:-
Small samples
Small samples ofof cold
cold drinks
drinksofofdifferent
differentbrands
brandswere
weretaken
takeninina atest
testtube
tube
and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube
and a few drops of Benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube was heatedwas
heated
for fewfor few seconds.
seconds. Formation
Formation of reddish
of reddish colorcolor confirmed
confirmed the the presence
presence of
of glucose
glucose in cold
in cold drinks.
drinks.
OBSERVATON
Observations
SR. NAME OF THE
OBSERVATION CONCLUSION
NO. DRINK
GLUCOSE
REDDISH COLOUR Glucose IS
is present
1 COCA COLA
Coca Cola Reddish colour Ppt.
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
REDDISH COLOUR GLUCOSE IS
2 Sprite
SPRITE Reddish colour Ppt. Glucose is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
REDDISH COLOUR
Reddish colour Ppt. GLUCOSE IS
3 Limca
LIMCA Glucose is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
REDDISH COLOUR
Reddish colour GLUCOSE IS
Ppt. Glucose
4 FANTA
Fanta is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
INFERENCE
Inference
All
All the samples
samplesgave
gavepositive
positivetesttest
forfor glucose
glucose withwith Benedict’s
Benedict’s reagent.
reagent.
Hence
Henceallallthe
thedrinks
drinkscontain
containglucose.
glucose.
2.
2. FEHLING’S SOLUTION
Fehling's Solution TEST
Test
Small
Small samples
samples of
ofcold
colddrinks
drinksofofdifferent
differentbrands
brandswere
weretaken
takeninin
a test tube
a test and
tube
aand
fewa drops of Fehling’s
few drops A solution
of Fehling’s and and
A solution Fehling’s B solution
Fehling’s waswas
B solution added in
added
equal amount.
in equal TheThe
amount. testtest
tubetube
waswas
heated in ain
heated water bathbath
a water for 10
forminutes.
10 minutes.
Appearance of brown
Appearance brown precipitate
precipitate confirmed the presence
presence of glucose in cold drinks.
drinks.
OBSERVATON
SR. NAME OF THE
NO. DRINK
REDDISH BROWN GLUCOSE IS
1 COCA COLA
Coca Cola Reddish Brown Ppt. Glucose is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
2 Sprite
SPRITE Reddish Brown Ppt. Glucose is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
Limca REDDISH BROWN GLUCOSE IS
3 LIMCA Reddish Brown Ppt. Glucose is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
4 Fanta
FANTA Reddish Brown Ppt. Glucose is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
INFERENCE
Inference
All the
All thesamples
samplesgave
gavepositive
positive
testtest
for for glucose
glucose withwith Fehling’s
Fehling’s (A & (A & B)
B) solutions.
solutions.
Hence all Hence alldrinks
the cold the cold drinksglucose.
contain contain glucose.
TEST
TestFOR
for PHOSPHATE
Phosphate
EXPERIMENT
Experiment
Smallsamples
Small samplesofofeach
eachbrand
brandofofcold
colddrinks
drinkswere
weretaken
takenin
inseparate
separate test
test tubes
tubes
andAmmonium
and Ammonium Molybdate
Molybdate followed
followed by by concentrated
concentrated Nitric
Nitric Acid
Acid (HNO3) 3)
(HNOwas
was added
added to solution
to it. The it. The solution wasAppearance
was heated. heated. Appearance of canary-yellow
of canary-yellow precipitate
precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks.
confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks.
OBSERVATON
SR. NAME OF
NO. THE DRINK
CANARY-YELLOW PHOSPHATE IS
1 COCA COLA
Coca Cola Canary-Yellow Ppt. Phosphate is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
Sprite CANARY-YELLOW
Canary-Yellow Ppt. PHOSPHATE IS
2 SPRITE Phosphate is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
3 LIMCA
Limca Canary-Yellow Ppt. Phosphate is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
4 FANTA
Fanta Canary-Yellow Ppt. Phosphate is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
INFERENCE
Inference
All the soft
soft drinks
drinks samples
samples gave
gave positive
positive test
testfor
forphosphate
phosphate ions.
ions. Hence
Hence all
the coldcold
all the drinks contain
drinks phosphate.
contain phosphate.
CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

Chemical Reaction Involved :-
NaHPO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 + 3H+ ---------- (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3
+ 21HN4NO3 + 12H2O
TEST
TestFOR ALCOHOL
for Alcohol
EXPERIMENT
Experiment
Small samples
Small samples ofof each
each brand
brand of
of cold
cold drinks
drinks were
were taken
taken in
in separate
separatetest
testtubes
and Iodine
tubes followed
and Iodine by Potassium
followed Iodide
by Potassium and and
Iodide Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium (NaOH)
Hydroxide
solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot
(NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were
water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow colored precipitate
heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow colored
confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks
precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks
OBSERVATON
SR. NAME OF
NO. THE DRINK
YELLOW
Yellow Precipitate ALCOHOL IS
1 Coca Cola
COCA COLA Alcohol is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
YELLOW ALCOHOL IS
2 SPRITE
Sprite Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
YELLOW ALCOHOL IS
3 LIMCA
Limca Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
YELLOW ALCOHOL IS
4 FANTA
Fanta Yellow Precipitate Alcohol is present
PRECIPITATE PRESENT
INFERENCE
Inference
All the
the cold drinks samples gave
gave positive
positive test
test for
for alcohol.
alcohol.Hence
Henceall
allthe
thecold
cold
drinks contain glucose.
drinks contain glucose.
CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

Chemical Reaction involved :-
CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH ------ CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O
TestFOR
TEST forSUCROSE
sucrose
EXPERIMENT
Experiment
5 5mlml samples
samples of each
of each brand
brand of cold
of cold drinks
drinks werewere
takentaken in separate
in separate chinachina
dishesand
dishes andwere
were heated
heated very
very strongly
strongly until
until changes
changes occur.
occur. Black
Black colored
colored
residueleft
residue leftconfirmed
confirmedthe
thepresence
presenceof sucroseinincold
ofsucrose colddrinks.
drinks.
OBSERVATON
SR. NAME OF
NO. THE DRINK
SUCROSE
Sucrose IS
is Present
1 Coca
COCA Cola
COLA BLACK RESIDUE
Black Residue PRESENT
SUCROSE IS
2 Sprite
SPRITE BLACK RESIDUE
Black Residue Sucrose is Present
PRESENT
SUCROSE IS
3 Limca
LIMCA Black Residue
BLACK RESIDUE Sucrose is Present
PRESENT
SUCROSE IS
4 FANTA
Fanta BLACK RESIDUE
Black Residue Sucrose is Present
PRESENT
INFERENCE
Inference
Allthe
All thebrands
brandsof
ofcold
colddrinks
drinkscontain sucrose.But
contain sucrose. Butamount
amountofofsucrose
sucrosevaries
varies
inineach
each brand
brand of drink. Fanta
of drink. Fantacontains
containshighest
highestamount
amountofofsucrose.
sucrose.
Result
RESULT
After
Afterconducting
conductingseveral
severaltests,
tests,ititwas
wasconcluded
concludedthat
thatthe
thedifferent
differentbrands
brands of
ofcold
colddrinks
drinksnamely:
namely:
1. Coca
1. Cola
Coca Cola
2. Sprite
2. Sprite
3. Limca
3. Limca
4. Fanta
4. Fanta
All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All
All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide.
cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different
All cold Coca
brands drinksCola
are is
acidic in nature.
the most acidicOn
andcomparing the pH
Limca is least value
acidic of of
all the four
different brands
brands taken. Coca Cola is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of
all the four brands taken.
CARBON DIOXIDE
Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum
Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum
amount of
amount of dissolved
dissolved carbon
carbon dioxide
dioxide and
and Fanta
Fantahas
hasthe
theminimum
minimum amount
amount of
of dissolved
dissolved carbon
carbon dioxide.
dioxide.
Conclusion
CONCLUSION
DIS-ADVANTAGES OFCold
Disadvantages of COLDdrinks
DRINKS:-
1.1.Soft
Softdrinks areare
drinks littlelittle
moremoreharmful than sugar
harmful solution.
than sugar As theyAs
solution. contain
they
sugar in large
contain amount
sugar whichamount
in large cause problems in diabetes
which cause patients.
problems in diabetes
patients.
2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the body’s
2. Softability
natural drinkstocan cause hunger
suppress weight gain as they interfere with the body’s
feeling.
natural
3. Soft ability
drinks havetoability
suppress hunger feeling.
to dissolve the calcium so they are also
3. Soft for
harmful drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are also
our bones.
harmful
4. Soft drinksfor our bones.
contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH of 2.8. So they
4. Soft drinks contain
can dissolve a nail in about “phosphoric
4 days. acid” which has a pH of 2.8. So they
can dissolve a nail in about 4 days.
5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must use
5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must use
the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly consive material.
the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly consive material.
6.6.Soft
Softdrinks
drinkshave
havealso
alsoability
abilitytotoremove
removeblood
bloodsosothey
theyare
arevery
veryharmful
harmful
to our body.
to our body.
USES OF COLD DRINKS

Uses of Cold drinks :-
1. Cold
1. Cold drinks
drinks can can be used
be used as toilet
as toilet cleaners.
cleaners.
2. They
2. They can remove
can remove rust rust
spotsspots
fromfrom chrome
chrome car car humpers.
humpers.
3. They
3. They cleanclean corrosion
corrosion fromfrom
car car battery
battery terminals.
terminals.
4. Soft
4. Soft drinks
drinks are used
are used as anasexcellent
an excellent ‘detergent’
‘detergent’ to remove
to remove grease
grease from
from clothes.
clothes.
5. They can loose a rusted bolt.
5. They can loose a rusted bolt.
Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LABORATORY MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY
BY- VEENA SURI
DINESH COMPANION CHEMISTRY

BY- S.K. MALHOTRA
WEBSITES —
 http://www.cbseportal.com
http://www.google.com
http://www.Icbse.com
http://www.digilibrary.com
TEACHER’S REMARKS

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CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

USES OF COLD DRINKS

DINESH COMPANION CHEMISTRY

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