Experiment No.

10
Objective:
To demonstrate and working of the Convergent-divergent nozzle apparatus unit.

Apparatus:
Convergent-divergent nozzle apparatus

Figure:

Theory:

A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow (especially
to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe.
A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or
modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow,
speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them. In
nozzle, velocity of fluid increases on the expense of its pressure energy.
Types
Jet

A gas jet, fluid jet, or hydro jet is a nozzle intended to eject gas or fluid in a coherent stream into
a surrounding medium. Gas jets are commonly found in gas stoves, ovens, or barbecues. Gas jets
were commonly used for light before the development of electric light. Other types of fluid jets
are found in carburetors, where smooth calibrated orifices are used to regulate the flow
of fuel into an engine, and in jacuzzis or spas.
Another specialized jet is the laminar jet. This is a water jet that contains devices to smooth out
the pressure and flow, and gives laminar flow, as its name suggests. This gives better results
for fountains. The foam jet is another type of jet which uses foam instead of a gas or fluid. Nozzles
used for feeding hot blast into a blast furnace or forge are called tuyeres.
Jet nozzles are also use in large rooms where the distribution of air via ceiling diffusers is not
possible or not practical. Diffuser that uses jet nozzles called jet diffuser where it will be arranged
in the side wall areas in order to distribute air. When the temperature difference between the
supply air and the room air changes, the supply air stream is deflected upwards to supply warm
air or downwards to supply cold air.
High velocity

Figure 1- High velocity nozzle

Frequently, the goal of a nozzle is to increase the kinetic energy of the flowing medium at the
expense of its pressure and internal energy.
Nozzles can be described as convergent (narrowing down from a wide diameter to a smaller
diameter in the direction of the flow) or divergent (expanding from a smaller diameter to a larger
one). A de Laval nozzle has a convergent section followed by a divergent section and is often
called a convergent-divergent nozzle
Convergent nozzles accelerate subsonic fluids. If the nozzle pressure ratio is high enough, then
the flow will reach sonic velocity at the narrowest point (i.e. the nozzle throat). In this situation,
the nozzle is said to be choked.
Increasing the nozzle pressure ratio further will not increase the throat Mach number above one.
Downstream (i.e. external to the nozzle) the flow is free to expand to supersonic velocities;
however Mach 1 can be a very high speed for a hot gas because the speed of sound varies as the
square root of absolute temperature. This fact is used extensively in rocketry
where hypersonic flows are required and where propellant mixtures are deliberately chosen to
further increase the sonic speed.
Divergent nozzles slow down the fluids if the flow is subsonic, but they accelerate sonic or
supersonic fluids.
Convergent-divergent nozzles can therefore accelerate fluids that have choked in the convergent
section to supersonic speeds. This process is more efficient than allowing a convergent nozzle to
expand supersonically externally. The shape of the divergent section also ensures that the
direction of the escaping gases is directly backwards, as any sideways component would not
contribute to thrust.
Propelling

A jet exhaust produces a net thrust from the energy obtained from combusting fuel which is
added to the inducted air. This hot air passes through a high speed nozzle, a propelling nozzle,
which enormously increases its kinetic energy.
Increasing exhaust velocity increases thrust for a given mass flow, but matching the exhaust
velocity to the air speed provides the best energy efficiency. However, momentum
considerations prevent jet aircraft from maintaining velocity while exceeding their exhaust jet
speed. The engines of supersonic jet aircraft, such as those of fighters and SST aircraft
(e.g. Concorde) almost always achieve the high exhaust speeds necessary for supersonic flight by
using a CD nozzle despite weight and cost penalties; conversely, subsonic jet engines employ
relatively low, subsonic, exhaust velocities and therefore employ simple convergent nozzle, or
even bypass nozzles at even lower speeds.
Rocket motors maximise thrust and exhaust velocity by using convergent-divergent nozzles with
very large area ratios and therefore extremely high pressure ratios. Mass flow is at a premium
because all the propulsive mass is carried with vehicle, and very high exhaust speeds are
desirable.
Magnetic

Magnetic nozzles have also been proposed for some types of propulsion, such as VASIMR, in which
the flow of plasma is directed by magnetic fields instead of walls made of solid matter.
Spray

Many nozzles produce a very fine spray of liquids.

 Atomizer nozzles are used for spray painting, perfumes, carburetors for internal combustion
engines, spray on deodorants, antiperspirants and many other similar uses.
 Air-Aspirating Nozzle uses an opening in the cone shaped nozzle to inject air into a stream of
water based foam (CAFS/AFFF/FFFP) to make the concentrate "foam up". Most commonly
found on foam extinguishers.
 Swirl nozzles inject the liquid in tangentially, and it spirals into the center and then exits
through the central hole. Due to the vortexing this causes the spray to come out in a cone
shape.
Vacuum

Vacuum cleaner nozzles come in several different shapes. Vacuum Nozzles are used in vacuum
cleaners.
Shaping

Some nozzles are shaped to produce a stream that is of a particular shape. For example, extrusion
molding is a way of producing lengths of metals or plastics or other materials with a particular
cross-section. This nozzle is typically referred to as a die.
 Experiment No. 11
Objective:
To determine the critical pressure ratio (convergent-divergent pressure
ratio) and demonstration of chocking effect

Apparatus:
Nozzle performance apparatus

Figure:

Figure 2- Nozzle performance apparatus

Procedure:

1. Install nozzle E into the flexion pipe.

2. Fit the baffle plate on the cover and retract it with the knurled screw.
3. Connect the device with the power supply.
4. Connect the device with the supply of compressed air.
5. Turn on the electrical main switch (2).
6. Calibrate the dynamometer to zero by actuating the “RST” button.
7. Open the pneumatic valve on the connection.
8. Set the inlet pressure to 6.6 bar rel., for example.
9. Open the outlet-pressure valve fully.
10. Note down the following values: pin, Tin, Pout, Tout, Q, F
11. Using the needle valve, increase the outlet pressure Pout in steps of 0.5 bar, noting
down these values each time.
𝑃
12. Determine the pressure ratio 𝑜𝑢𝑡⁄𝑃
𝑖𝑛
13. The critical pressure ratio is the value above which the mass flow remains constant.
Observations and calculations:
Point out the critical pressure ratio

𝑄(𝑔) Presssure
Sr. No 𝑃𝑖𝑛 (bar) 𝑇𝑖𝑛 (Co) 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 (Co) 𝐹(N) 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 (bar)
𝑠 Ratio
1
2
3
4
5
6
Table 1- Experimental data for Critical pressure ratio of nozzle

Specimen Calculations:
Comments:
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Quiz:
1. Why do we need the Nozzle

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2. Write down the Applications of Nozzle

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3. What is the critical Pressure Ratio

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 Experiment No. 12
Objective:
To determine the thrust and efficiency of nozzle

Apparatus:
Nozzle performance apparatus

Figure:

Figure 3- Nozzle performance Apparatus

Theory:

Thrust is the force which moves an aircraft through the air. Thrust is generated by the propulsion
system of the airplane.

How is thrust generated

Thrust is a mechanical force which is generated through the reaction of accelerating a mass of
gas, as explained by Newton's third law of motion. A gas or working fluid is accelerated to the
rear and the engine and aircraft are accelerated in the opposite direction. To accelerate the gas,
we need some kind of propulsion system. We will discuss the details of various propulsion
systems on some other pages. For right now, let us just think of the propulsion system as some
machine which accelerates a gas.

From Newton's second law of motion, we can define a force F to be the change in momentum of
an object with a change in time. Momentum is the object's mass m times the velocity V.

If we keep the mass constant and just change the velocity with time we obtain the simple force
equation - force equals mass time acceleration a
 F=m*a

This is the dimension of a force. There is an additional effect which we must account for if the
exit pressure p is different from the free stream pressure. The fluid pressure is related to the
momentum of the gas molecules and acts perpendicular to any boundary which we impose. If
there is a net change of pressure in the flow there is an additional change in momentum. Across
the exit area we may encounter an additional force term equal to the exit area Ae times the exit
pressure minus the free stream pressure. .

We see that there are two possible ways to produce high thrust. One way is to make the engine
flow rate (m dot) as high as possible. As long as the exit velocity is greater than the free stream,
entrance velocity, a high engine flow will produce high thrust. This is the design theory
behind propeller aircraft and high-bypass turbofan engines. A large amount of air is processed
each second, but the velocity is not changed very much. The other way to produce high thrust is
to make the exit velocity very much greater than the incoming velocity. This is the design theory
behind pure turbojets, turbojets with afterburners, and rockets. A moderate amount of flow is
accelerated to a high velocity in these engines. If the exit velocity becomes very high, there are
other physical processes which become important and affect the efficiency of the engine.

Procedure:
1. Install nozzle E into the flexion pipe.
2. Fit the baffle plate on the cover and retract it with the knurled screw.
3. Connect the device with the power supply.
4. Connect the device with the supply of compressed air.
5. Turn on the electrical main switch.
6. Calibrate the dynamometer to zero by actuating the “RST” button.
7. Open the pneumatic valve on the connection.
8. Set the inlet pressure to 6.6 bar rel, for example.
9. Open the outlet-pressure valve fully.
10. Using the needle valve, increase the outlet pressure Pout in steps of 0.5 bar, noting down
these values each time.
11. Note down the following values: pin, Tin, Pout, Tout, Q, F
12. Using the needle valve, increase the outlet pressure pout in steps of 0.5 bars,
12. Prepare diagrams for Q = f(P2) and F = f(P2).
13. Read the force (F = 1.3N) at which the mass flow just attains a constant value
14. (Pout = 4.0).
15. This point represents the critical pressure ratio. The outlet pressure and speed
can be determined in terms of F here. The force acting on the nozzle is only
composed of the pulse component. The pressure behind the nozzle must not
be different to the ambient pressure.
Observations and calculations:

𝑃𝑖𝑛 (bar) 𝑇𝑖𝑛 (Co) 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 (Co) 𝐹(N) 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 (bar) 𝑄(𝑔) 𝑃𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 NozzleThrust Efficiency
𝑠

Table 2- Experimental data for Nozzle thrust and nozzle efficiency

Specimen Calculations:
Comments:
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Quiz:
1. What is Nozzle thrust

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2. Define Subsonic, Sonic, Supersonic and hypersonic flow

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3. What is Thermodynamic Process of Nozzle

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4. Why do we need Convergent-divergent nozzle instead of Convergent only

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