Materials Research Express

PAPER
Recent citations
Investigation on the characteristics of bamboo/jute - Investigation of Caryota urens fibers on
reinforced hybrid epoxy polymer composites physical, chemical, mechanical and
tribological properties for brake pad
applications
G Sai Krishnan et al
To cite this article: Jafrey Daniel D et al 2019 Mater. Res. Express 6 105346
- Study on tribological properties of palm
kernel fiber for brake pad applications
G Sai Krishnan et al

- Material characterization and

View the article online for updates and enhancements. unconventional machining on synthesized
Niobium metal matrix
C Sivakandhan et al

This content was downloaded from IP address 200.128.35.133 on 12/01/2020 at 00:40

 Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 105346 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab3ae7

PAPER

Investigation on the characteristics of bamboo/jute reinforced

RECEIVED
18 July 2019
hybrid epoxy polymer composites
REVISED
1 August 2019
ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION
Jafrey Daniel D1 , G Sai Krishnan2 and P Velmurugan1
13 August 2019 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. Ramakrishnan College of Engineering, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
2
PUBLISHED Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
4 September 2019
E-mail: jafrey.daniel@gmail.com

Keywords: Jute fibres, tensile strength, impact strength, water absorption

Abstract
Natural fibres are the new class of material which are replacing the conventional synthetic fibres in
several applications in recent years. In the current study, the hybrid composites were developed with
jute and bamboo fibres. The composites were produced with different stacking sequences of jute/
bamboo fibres by hand lay-up method using Epoxy LY556 and Hardener HY951. The tensile, flexural,
impact, compression, water absorption and biodegradation properties were analysed for the
developed composites as per ASTM. The fractured surface of the tensile specimen was analysed using
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The outcome of the results showed that hybrid composites
consisting of bamboo fibre at the outer layer and jute fibre at the inner layer had enhanced properties.
SEM studies revealed that proper bonding between the matrix and epoxy resulted in obtaining
enhanced properties.

1. Introduction

In recent years, the research about the biodegradable materials is continuously improving among the
researchers, which can be used in various fields. Natural fibres are one of the biodegradable materials which have
attracted researchers due to less weight, low cost and environmental friendly [1, 2]. Natural fibre composites are
the one which has one or more reinforcements which are arranged at a particular sequence to prepare. Though
the natural fibre has several advantages, it has some drawbacks like lower strength and impact strength when
compared to synthetic fibers. These drawbacks can be rectified by combining several polymers which are termed
as hybridisation [3].
These hybrid composites may contain artificial/artificial fibres, natural/artificial fibres and natural/natural
fibres. They are finding applications in several engineering fields due to increased strength to weight ratio. They
can also provide a combination of properties of two fibres which cannot be achieved by a single fibre [4].
Panthapulakkal and Sain [5] investigated the thermal and mechanical characteristics of hemp/glass fiber–
polypropylene. It was concluded that the usage of hybrid composites increased the impact and flexural
properties. Latha et al [6] analyzed the stacking of bamboo, and glass fibres reinforced epoxy composites. The
results revealed that by adding glass to bamboo fibre the tensile and flexural strength of the resulting composites
gets increased. It was also concluded that there was a change in values of tensile and flexural strength when piles
of bamboo are arranged in a different orientation.
Shazad [7] carried out research work on fatigue and impact properties of the hybrid fibres (glass/hemp) and
concluded that the fatigue strength was increased. Venkateshwaran et al [8] studied the tensile, impact and water
absorption characteristics of banana/epoxy composites. From their results, it was concluded that there was an
increase in tensile, flexural, impact properties with a decrease in moisture absorption characteristics.
Reddy et al [9] carried their research works on the tensile strength of bamboo/glass fibres hybrid composites
and concluded that the tensile strength increased when glass fibre content got increased. Sapuan et al [10]
manufactured the composites made of palm/glass fibres into an unsaturated polyester matrix. From the results

© 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd

Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 105346 Jafrey Daniel D et al

it was concluded that by adding both fibres to unsaturated polymer matrix there was an enhancement in the
mechanical properties.
Among the natural fibres, bamboo fibres have superior properties, and it is naturally occurring composite
material which can be used for developing polymer composite. Bamboo fibre has structural variation, extraction
of fibres from the plants and chemical modification which makes it utilised in several applications. From the
previous literature, it can be seen that bamboo fibre can be used in many forms like strips or fibres [6]. Jute fibres
are one of the natural fibres which are used in a variety of applications. It is derived from the plant of genus
Corchorus, and it is also called as golden fibre. It is one of the cheapest fibre, and it is the second most cultivated
fibre in the world. It is grown in countries like India, China and Thailand. It is environmental friendly and also a
good insulator of electricity. It finds its applications in automotive goods, packaging and civil structures [11].
From the extensive literature survey, it can be noted that there are many works related to the mechanical
properties of natural fibre composites, but only a few works were related to natural fibre reinforced with
different stacking sequences. To end this, the effect of different stacking sequences was explored in this paper.
The studies of the woven mat in stacking sequences in reported less in past literature in the past which is the
motivation for carrying this work. In the present research work, the jute/bamboo fibres were arranged in
different stacking sequence to produce composites by hand layup method. The composites were tested for their
tensile strength, impact strength, compression strength, shore D hardness, water absorption and biodegradation
tests. The fractured surface of tensile specimens was analysed by SEM.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Resin and hardener

Araldite LY556 (Manufacturer: Huntsman) was used as an epoxy resin which has a density of 1.2 g cc−1 and the
hardener used in the study is HY951 (Manufacturer: Atul Ltd) which has a density of 0.98 g cc−1. Epoxy and
hardener were mixed in the ratio of 10:1.

2.2. Jute fibre

It takes nearly four to five months to grow up to the height of 12–15 feet. It was cut and kept in water for the
process of retting. When the retting process was completed, the jute fibres are clustered into bundles which are
hit with a hammer to separate it from jute core. After separation of jute fibre, it was washed with water and
squeezed for removal of water. Again it was washed with freshwater, and it was allowed to dry. After drying it is
tied in small bundles and it was sent to industry for making mats or any required material. In the case of the mats
it is done by woven roving process. The diameter of the jute fibre thread was ranging from 150 to 175 microns
while the distance between the jute fibre threads in the mats was 300 to 340 microns. The data’s were obtained
from the supplier.

2.3. Bamboo fibre

Bamboo which is also termed as Bambusa found in regions of South America. It is found in different forms like
water bamboo husk, strip form and the form of fibres. The raw bamboos are gathered and cut into strips. They
are steamed and crushed. Biological enzymes are added for degumming; then bamboo fibres are carded and
spun into yarn. It is sent to industries for making mats. The diameter of the bamboo fibre thread was ranging
from 60 to 90 microns while the distance between the bamboo fibre threads in the mats was 120 to 150 microns.
The jute and bamboo materials are taken in the form of bi woven mat and they are shown in figures 1(a) and (b).

2.4. Composite manufacturing

In the current study, hand layup was used for the manufacturing of hybrid composites. The mould releasing
agent was applied over the surface which ensures that there could be easy removal of the hybrid composite after
processing. The mixture of resin and hardener was mixed and applied over the surface of the fibre, and another
fibre was kept over it. The surface which was coated with resin and hardener was rolled with a roller which
ensures that there is a uniform coating of the resin mixture. The process was repeated until the stacking sequence
is completed. The stacking sequence and their designation are shown in table 1. The stacking procedure followed
in the study was very much similar to Vijay et al [12] work except the sequence order and the mould size was
300 mm×300 mm. Once the stacking of fibres was completed it was compressed using a press for 24 h at room
temperature at constant pressure.

2.5. Testing methods

The universal testing machine (UTM) (Supplier: Kalpak Instruments) of 1 kN capacity was used for carrying out
the evaluation of ultimate tensile strength of the composites according to ASTM D638-14 with the loading rate

2
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 105346 Jafrey Daniel D et al

Figure 1. (a) Jute Mat. (b) Bamboo Mat.

Table 1. Composites stacking sequence with the

designation.

S.NO Designation Stacking Sequence

1 A1 Jute-Bamboo-Jute
2 A2 Bamboo-Jute-Bamboo
3 A3 Jute-Jute-Jute
4 A4 Bamboo-Bamboo-Bamboo

of 1 mm min−1. The flexural test for the processed hybrid composites were carried out with reference to ASTM
D790-10 with a loading rate of 2 mm min−1. The flexural test was carried out with a crosshead speed of
2 mm min−1. Impact test for the processed hybrid composites was done out according to ASTM D256-10.
Impact test was carried out using a computerised impact testing machine (Supplier: Shantha Engineering) with
hammer velocity of 6 J. The hammer angle was set at 150 degrees. The compression properties of the
manufactured composites were carried out according to ASTM D695-15. The dimensions of the compression
test specimen were 55 mm×55 mm. It was carried out in a UTM at room temperature, and the tests were
carried out until the sample gets fractured. The water absorption characteristics of the manufactured composites
were analysed according to ASTM D570-98. The test specimen dimension was 50×50×10 mm3. The
samples were placed in normal water under room temperature. The samples were taken out at regular intervals
of 24 h, weighed and kept in the water again. It was carried out until the point of saturation is reached. The

3
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 105346 Jafrey Daniel D et al

Figure 2. Ultimate tensile strength of hybrid composites in stated proportions.

following equation was used to calculate the percentage of water content.

Weight (%)
Final weight of the manufactured composites - Initial weight of the manufactured composites
= ´ 100
Initial Weight of the manufactured composites
(1)

Biodegradation can be defined as the suspension of the fabricated composites using bacteria or any form of
biological means. The sample size selected for the tests were 50×50×10 mm3. The samples were kept in for
50 days [3], and the changes in the specimen were noted down. Each test was carried out three times for each
composite to check the consistency in the results. SEM analysis was carried out for mechanical tested composites
to find the characteristics like bonding of fibre with matrix, cracks, voids.

3. Results and discussions

The processed hybrid composites of jute/bamboo fibres were characterized for tensile, shore D hardness,
impact, flexural, compression and water absorption characteristics. The inferences from the different tests are
discussed in the below sections.

3.1. Tensile properties of manufactured hybrid composites

The tensile strength of the composites depends on the factors like types of bonding between the matrix and fibre
and mechanical interlocking [3]. During the tensile strength testing, the failure of material depends upon the
initiation of the crack and how crack propagates in it. Figure 2 shows the ultimate tensile strength of the
composites produced. The composite A2 has a maximum tensile strength among the other manufactured
composites. Among the manufactured composites A2 has a superior ultimate tensile strength of 25.39 MPa
followed by 24.22 MPa, 23.76 MPa and 21.22 MPa for A4, A3 and A1 composites respectively. The cellulose
content of any natural fibre plays a dominant role in determining the tensile strength. When the cellulose
content is high, the strength is increased due to the higher degree of polymerisation with the matrix, and it has
resistance to tension. In the present work, bamboo fibres have a higher cellulose content which thus exhibits
increased tensile strength. The other plausible reason for the higher tensile strength is the proper bonding
between the matrix and the fibre. The reduction in the values of tensile strength is due to the improper bonding
between the matrix and the fibre. The results mentioned above also matched with the study of kenaf/coir matrix
in which the higher cellulose content kenaf fibres were placed in the outer region of the composites which in turn
increased tensile strength [13].

3.2. Impact properties of manufactured hybrid composites

Impact strength testing is carried out for finding the energy absorbing capacity of the manufactured composites
at room temperature. During the test, the manufactured composites were struck by a pendulum from a certain

4
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 105346 Jafrey Daniel D et al

Figure 3. Impact property of composites in stated proportions.

height, and the energy absorbed during the breaking of the specimen is noted. When the crack propagates, it
moves from matrix and fibre in a prescribed direction; it also moves to the next fibre layer in the prescribed
direction [11]. Figure 3 shows the impact strength of the composites.
In the current investigation, the pure jute fibre and bamboo fibre showed poor impact properties while the
jute fibre stacked with bamboo fibres shows a better impact strength than all other manufactured composites.
The energy absorbed by the composite A2 was higher, followed by A3, A4 and A1 composites. The structure and
strength of individual fibre decide the impact strength of the fibre. From the results mentioned above, it can be
concluded that the impact strength of composite depends upon the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and
fibre. The higher energy absorption capacity of A2 hybrid composites is due to the presence of enhanced impact
resistive properties like good elongation with a reduced diameter of jute fibres which leads to better bonding
between the matrix and the fibre. Similar kinds of the result were also reported by Sanjay et al [14]. Also the
different high strength fibres in the stacking sequence prevents early failure which is also another reason. The
properties of the natural fibres depend upon the conditions during the processing and the place from where the
fibre is extracted.

3.3. Flexural properties of manufactured hybrid composites

Flexural strength can be defined as the resistance of composites to the deformation of the composites due to
bending. Figure 4 shows the values of the ultimate flexural strength of the composites. The ultimate flexural
strength values of the A2 composite is 77.12 MPa followed by 64.57 MPa, 56.15 MPa and 44.15 MPa for A4, A2
and A4 composite respectively. The increase in ultimate flexural strength in A2 and A4 composite is due to the
adhesive nature of the fibres and matrix which plays a decisive role in determining the flexural strength. The
other plausible reason for the upsurge in ultimate flexural strength is due to the combined effect of fibre stiffness,
smoothness of fibre and the good adhesion bonding between matrix and fibre. Ramnath et al [15] also reported
that the proper adhesion between the matrix and fibre resulted in an increase in the values of flexural strength.

3.4. Compressive properties of manufactured hybrid composites

Figure 5 shows the ultimate compressive strength of the composites. Among the manufactured composites
stacking sequence, A2 has higher compressive strength when compared to A1, A4 and A2 composites. A2 has
higher compressive strength because the adhesion between the matrix and fibre is more, which offers resistance
for stress to transfer to the matrix. In the case of A2 composites, the enhanced adhesion creates interlocks with
the matrix which improved the compressive strength which also matches with the result suggested by Sudha &
Thilagavathi [16]. From the literature, it can be seen that the improper contact between the matrix and the fibre
results in improper stress transfer resulting in a decrease in compression strength values [17]. The improper
adhesion between the matrix and the fibre resulted in poor compressive strength properties. John and Naidu
[18] reported that if the contact between two fibres is not proper, the stress transfer capacity will be less which
leads to a reduction in compressive properties.

5
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 105346 Jafrey Daniel D et al

Figure 4. Ultimate flexural strength of the composite in stated proportions.

Figure 5. Ultimate compressive strength of composites in stated proportions.

3.5. Water absorption of manufactured hybrid composites

Water absorption tests were carried out for analysing the water absorbed by the specimen at specified conditions.
The moisture absorption characteristics of any composite depend upon the volume factor of fibre, viscosity and
voids present in it. The moisture content in a composite is a measure of weight gain of the composite material at
a regular period. The percentage of moisture content can be calculated by the ratio of the increase in weight to
the weight of dry specimen [19]. When lignocellulosic fibres are considered, the presence of hemicellulose was a
dominating factor in water absorption. In general, the rate at which the water is absorbed by the fibres depends
upon the soaking time of the composite in the water medium. All four stacking sequences were subjected to
water absorption tests. They were taken out for every 24 h and weighed in an electronic weighing machine and
kept in the water again. The process was continued up to 15 days Bharath et al [20]. Figure 6 shows the thickness
swelling (%) versus a number of days the composites were swelled. The water absorption characteristics get
increased as the number of days increased. There was an increase in water absorption characteristics for 14 days,
and it was stable after that. This point is called the point of saturation. From, figure 6 it could be inferred that A1
composites show more moisture absorption characteristics among all manufactured composites. The water
absorption was more due to the presence of voids and pores. The presence of voids and pores were also the
primary reason for the reduction in properties. The manufactured composite A2 has less moisture absorption

6
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 105346 Jafrey Daniel D et al

Figure 6. Water absorption characteristics of composites in stated proportions.

Figure 7. Biodegradation tests of manufactured composites.

characteristics because there was a strong bonding between matrix and fibre which was also confirmed by
considering the results of tensile strength. Tita et al [21] also concluded that the moisture absorption capacity
gets decreased when there was good bonding between matrix and fibre. Venkateshwaran et al [22] concluded
that the composites which have fewer absorption characteristics have more tensile strength which matches with
our present study.

3.6. Biodegradation tests of manufactured hybrid composites

The biodegradation characteristics of the manufactured composites are shown in figure 7. From figure 7, it can
be inferred that there was an increase in weight up to 37 days and it starts losing its weight after that. Stacking
sequence sample A2 has less biodegradation characteristics as in the case of water absorption characteristics. The
proper bonding between the matrix & fibre and absence of voids are the vital reason for the increase in
biodegradation characteristics. Sample A1 is more biodegradable due to the improper bonding of matrix and
fibres which resulted in pores at the manufactured composites. The presence of pores in the manufactured
composites resulted in more biodegradation of composites. Similar kinds of results were also reported by Sanjay
et al [14] in biodegradation characteristics.

3.7. SEM studies

The SEM images of the fractured interfaces of tensile test are shown in figures 8(a) and (b). Figure 8(a) depicts the
SEM image of Bamboo/Jute/Bamboo composites which has the best characteristics among all other
manufactured composites. From figure 8(a) it is observed that there is a proper bonding between the matrix and
fibre which increased the properties. The presence of voids and pores cannot be seen which the reason for the
decrease in water absorption. Figure 8(b) shows the SEM image of Jute/Bamboo/Jute. From figure 8(b) it can be
seen that there was an improper bonding between the fibre and the matrix. The matrix crack followed by fibre
debonding can be seen which lowered the properties. Thus there was a proper correlation between the SEM

7
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 105346 Jafrey Daniel D et al

Figure 8. (a) SEM image of fractured interfaces of tensile tested A2 composite. (b) SEM Image of fractured interfaces of tensile tested
A1 composite.

images and experimental results obtained. It is also concluded from the literatures that the proper bonding
between the fibre and matrix enhanced several properties [23, 24].

4. Conclusions

The hybrid composites containing bamboo/jute fibres reinforced in the epoxy matrix was manufactured by
hand lay-up process. Based on the results obtained the following conclusions were drawn. Hybrid composites
containing bamboo fibres/jute fibres/bamboo fibres showed better ultimate tensile strength when compared to
other manufactured composites. The enhanced tensile strength was due to the presence of higher lignin bamboo
fibre at the outer layer. The hybrid composites of bamboo fibres/jute fibres/bamboo fibres showed enhanced
flexural strength, impact strength and compression strength due to good bonding between matrix and fibre. The
poor bonding between the matrix and fibre resulted in poor stress transfer which degraded the properties.
Hybrid composites containing bamboo fibres/jute fibres/bamboo fibres showed less water absorption and
biodegradation when compared to other manufactured composites due to the better adhesion between the
matrix and the fibre. The absence of pores and voids were also a vital reason for the decrease in water absorption
characteristics. SEM studies showed that the fibre debonding was less in bamboo fibres/jute fibres/bamboo
fibres which resulted in better properties when compared to remaining composites. This work can be further
extended by carrying abrasive wear studies and sound absorption characteristics to study the influence of hybrid
stacking sequence.

ORCID iDs

Jafrey Daniel D https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5319-8610

G Sai Krishnan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7828-8399

References
[1] Sanjay M R, Siengchin S, Parameswaranpillai J, Jawaid M, Pruncu C I and Khan A 2019 A comprehensive review of techniques for
natural fibers as reinforcement in composites: preparation, processing and characterization Carbohydrate Polym. 207 108–21
[2] Sanjay M and Yogesha B 2017 Studies on natural/glass fiber reinforced polymer hybrid composites: an evolution Materials Today:
Proceedings 4 2739–47
[3] James J D, Manoharan S, Saikrishnan G and Arjun S 2019 Influence of bagasse/sisal fibre stacking sequence on the mechanical
characteristics of hybrid-epoxy composites J. Nat. Fibers 1–11
[4] Shivamurthy B, Thimmappa B H S and Monteiro J 2018 Sliding wear, mechanical, flammability, and water intake properties of banana
short fiber/Al(OH)3/epoxy composites J. Nat. Fibers 1–9

8
Mater. Res. Express 6 (2019) 105346 Jafrey Daniel D et al

[5] Panthapulakkal S and Sain M 2006 Injection-molded short hemp fiber/glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene hybrid composites—
mechanical, water absorption and thermal properties J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 103 2432–41
[6] Latha P S, Rao M V, Kumar V K, Raghavendra G, Ojha S and Inala R 2015 Evaluation of mechanical and tribological properties of
bamboo–glass hybrid fiber reinforced polymer composite J. Ind. Text. 46 3–18
[7] Shahzad A 2011 Impact and fatigue properties of hemp–glass fiber hybrid biocomposites J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 30 1389–98
[8] Venkateshwaran N, Elayaperumal A, Alavudeen A and Thiruchitrambalam M 2011 Mechanical and water absorption behaviour of
banana/sisal reinforced hybrid composites Mater. Des. 32 4017–21
[9] Reddy E V S, Rajulu A V, Reddy K H and Reddy G R 2010 Chemical resistance and tensile properties of glass and bamboo fibers
reinforced polyester hybrid composites J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 29 2119–23
[10] Sapuan S M et al 2013 Mechanical properties of hybrid glass/sugar palm fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites Chin. J.
Polym. Sci. 31 1394–403
[11] Jothibasu S, Mohanamurugan S, Vijay R, Lenin Singaravelu D, Vinod A and Sanjay M 2018 Investigation on the mechanical behavior of
areca sheath fibers/jute fibers/glass fabrics reinforced hybrid composite for light weight applications J. Ind. Text. 152808371880420
[12] Vijay R and Singaravelu D L 2016 Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of cyperus pangorei fibers and jute fiber-
based natural fiber composites Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact. 21 617–27
[13] Islam M S, Hasbullah N A B, Hasan M, Talib Z A, Jawaid M and Haafiz M M 2015 Physical, mechanical and biodegradable properties of
kenaf/coir hybrid fiber reinforced polymer nanocomposites Materials Today Communications 4 69–76
[14] Sanjay M R, Arpitha G R, Senthamaraikannan P, Kathiresan M, Saibalaji M A and Yogesha B 2018 The hybrid effect of Jute/Kenaf/E-
glass woven fabric epoxy composites for medium load applications: impact, inter-laminar strength, and failure surface characterization
J. Nat. Fibers 16 600–12
[15] Ramnath B V, Manickavasagam V, Elanchezhian C, Krishna C V, Karthik S and Saravanan K 2014 Determination of mechanical
properties of intra-layer abaca–Jute–glass fiber reinforced composite Mater. Des. 60 643–52
[16] Sudha S and Thilagavathi G 2017 Analysis of electrical, thermal and compressive properties of alkali-treated Jute fabric reinforced
composites J. Ind. Text. 47 1407–23
[17] Fidelis M E A, Pereira T V C, Gomes O D F M, Silva F D A and Filho R D T 2013 The effect of fiber morphology on the tensile strength of
natural fibers Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2 149–57
[18] John K and Naidu S V 2004 Sisal fiber/glass fiber hybrid composites: the impact and compressive properties J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 23
1253–8
[19] Bharath K, Pasha M and Nizamuddin B 2014 ‘Characterization of natural fiber (sheep wool)-reinforced polymer-matrix composites at
different operating conditions J. Ind. Text. 45 730–51
[20] Bharath K., Sanjay M., Jawaid M., Harisha S. Basavarajappa and Siengchin S. 2018 Effect of stacking sequence on properties of coconut
leaf sheath/jute/E-glass reinforced phenol formaldehyde hybrid composites J. Ind. Text. 49 3–32
[21] Tita S, Medeiros R, Tarpani J, Frollini E and Tita V 2018 Chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse and sisal fibers using
hydroxymethylated lignin: Influence on impact strength and water absorption of phenolic composites J. Compos. Mater. 52 2743–53
[22] Venkateshwaran N, Elayaperumal A and Jagatheeshwaran M S 2011 Effect of fiber length and fiber content on mechanical properties of
banana fiber/epoxy composite J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 30 1621–7
[23] Chaudhary V, Bajpai P K and Maheshwari S 2017 Studies on mechanical and morphological characterization of developed Jute/
Hemp/Flax reinforced hybrid composites for structural applications J. Nat. Fibers 15 80–97
[24] Vijay R and Singaravelu D L 2018 Influence of stacking sequence on mechanical characteristics of Cyperus pangorei fibres based natural
fibre composites Materials Today: Proceedings 5 8504–13