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NFV For Dummises
NFV For Dummises
by Balamurali Thekkedath
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Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies®, Hewlett Packard Enterprise Special Edition
Published by
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Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
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Publisher’s Acknowledgments
Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:
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Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
About This Book......................................................................... 1
Foolish Assumptions.................................................................. 2
Icons Used in This Book............................................................. 2
Beyond the Book......................................................................... 3
Where to Go from Here.............................................................. 3
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iv Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
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Introduction
C ommunications service providers (CSPs) are e volving
their infrastructures at a rate rarely seen since the
industry’s transformation from analog to digital — and much
faster than the shift from time‐division multiplexing (TDM) to
Internet Protocol (IP).
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2 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
Foolish Assumptions
It has been said that most assumptions have outlived their
uselessness, but I assume a few things nonetheless:
This icon points out information that may well be worth com-
mitting to your nonvolatile memory, your gray matter, or your
noggin — along with anniversaries and birthdays!
You won’t find a map of the human genome in this book, but
if you seek to attain the seventh level of NERD‐vana, perk up!
This icon explains the jargon beneath the jargon!
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Introduction 3
Thank you for reading. Hope you enjoy the book. Please take
care of your writers! Seriously, this icon points out helpful
suggestions and useful nuggets of information.
“That depends a good deal on where you want to get to,” said
the Cat — err, the Dummies Man.
If you don’t know where you’re going, any chapter will get you
there — but Chapter 1 might be a good place to start!
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4 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
I promise you won’t get lost falling down the rabbit hole!
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Chapter 1
Telecommunications
Industry Challenges
and Opportunities
In This Chapter
▶▶Recognizing current challenges and opportunities
▶▶Looking back at NFV’s beginnings
Industry Challenges
and Opportunities
We are living in an increasingly hyperconnected world —
and it’s not just humans that are connected anymore —
the Internet of Things (IoT) is creating new connectivity
requirements and scenarios for our world! The CSPs who
are responsible for providing this connectivity are facing
an exponential rise in traffic and the number of subscribers
on their networks. Today, CSPs are facing challenges on mul-
tiple fronts:
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6 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 1: Industry Challenges and Opportunities 7
switches, and storage. NFV ensures that CSPs will automati-
cally benefit from any major advances and disruptive innova-
tions that appear in IT.
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8 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 2
What Is NFV?
In This Chapter
▶▶Understanding NFV
▶▶Building a framework for NFV
▶▶Recognizing NFV business goals and challenges
NFV Defined
Today’s telecom networks are primarily built using specialized,
often proprietary, equipment. (In the telecom industry,
proprietary often means a technology or solution that is owned
by a single company.) Some examples of typical telecom
equipment are routers, switches, base stations, firewalls,
voice gateways, and IMS and Mobile Packet Core. These types
of equipment are typically monolithic in design; that is, they
consist of hardware, software, and associated management
systems.
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10 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 2: What Is NFV? 11
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12 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 2: What Is NFV? 13
✓✓New opportunities and more innovation: Innovative
new business opportunities are possible with virtualiza-
tion technologies and a platform that can host appli-
cations developed in a collaborative ecosystem. NFV
encourages innovation by enabling CSPs to adopt a fast
fail approach to introduction of new services. Since
the cost and effort in introducing and rolling out new
services is much lower, new services that were consid-
ered too risky to try out can now be experimented with
in a controlled manner.
✓✓Faster time‐to‐market: Rapidly introduce new services
by reducing the time it takes to deploy and validate new
software applications (from months to minutes).
✓✓Improved business processes: Virtualization enables
applications to be decoupled from their underlying infra-
structure. This creates opportunities for automation and
business process management (BPM) re‐engineering
initiatives.
✓✓Optimized OPEX: Dedicated telco hardware requires
specialized skills to support and maintain. Virtualization
on industry‐standard platforms that are more readily
supported by IT personnel helps to reduce operating
expenses. The higher level of automation enabled by NFV
also reduces the amount of manual effort required in con-
figuration and service creation and consequently reduces
the operating expenses.
✓✓Lower CAPEX: Moving from dedicated telco appliances
sized for peak demand to virtualization on industry‐
standard IT infrastructure enables better capacity utiliza-
tion and on‐demand scalability, which helps to eliminate
or delay further investments in expensive, specialized
infrastructure.
NFV challenges
Although NFV offers many benefits for service providers, it
will impact future organizations and create challenges for
operations and operations support systems (OSS). Unless
addressed appropriately, these challenges can impact a
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14 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
Infrastructure challenges
The infrastructure challenges with NFV transformation come
from the introduction of new types of components in the
network, originating from the IT world and based on industry‐
standard platforms. These components need to provide
telco‐grade availability and high performance, and meet the
stringent SLAs that are typical in the CSP world.
Operations challenges
A significant operational challenge of the NFV transformation
is how to maintain the customer and services views that are
tied to the underlying infrastructure. This requires integration
within existing OSS/business support systems (BSS) environ-
ments and end‐to‐end automation to enable agility and faster
service velocity.
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Chapter 2: What Is NFV? 15
NFV creates an elastic relationship between services and
resources that makes SLAs and problem resolution more
difficult.
Service challenges
The transformation to NFV (and SDN) will eventually create
a CSP infrastructure that is programmable in real‐time and
highly automated. In order to take full advantage of the
investments in the infrastructure, CSPs will have to revamp
the way they offer services to their customers. The existing
models of a fixed number of service offerings that are ordered
from a catalog and need time to be deployed will have to
be transformed into a model that allows customers to have
self‐care portals from which they will be able to personalize
their service offers. This transformation to a personalized,
on‐demand service delivery will require changes in the way
services are created and billed. The “catalog” of services that
can be offered to a customer will need to be dynamic and
policy based. The challenges in the service domain will mainly
be in the area of managing a dynamic service offering and
its integration to the underlying infrastructure and real‐time
analytics.
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16 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 3
NFV Components: Network
Functions Virtualization
Infrastructure
In This Chapter
▶▶Recognizing the physical components of NFVI
▶▶Building a virtual infrastructure
I n this chapter, you learn the basics of the NFVI. The NFVI
is the infrastructure on which the VNFs are hosted and
executed. This infrastructure consists of hardware (compute,
storage, and networking) and software resources (like the
virtualization layer or the hypervisor that creates virtual
compute, storage, and networking resources).
Hardware Resources
Hardware that comprise the NFVI include compute, storage,
and network resources (see Figure 3‐1). These are the shared
resources that a VNF uses (through a virtualization layer) for its
processing, storage, and connectivity needs. Commercially avail-
able servers form most of the computing hardware. Storage can
either be direct‐attached storage in the servers or shared network‐
attached storage (NAS) and storage area networks (SANs).
Network resources include switching functions, such as routers
and wired (or wireless) links. Together, they can form an
NFVI point-of‐presence (NFVI PoP). An NFVI PoP is defined as
a location where a VNF can be deployed. An NFVI PoP n etwork
interconnects the compute and storage resources within a
NFVI PoP.
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18 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 3: NFV Components: NFVI 19
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20 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 4
NFV Components:
VNF and EMS
In This Chapter
▶▶Virtualizing physical network devices and functions
▶▶Managing network elements
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22 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 4: NFV Components: VNF and EMS 23
Running a VNF across multiple VMs may be desirable for fault
tolerance, load balancing, and scalability.
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24 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 5
NFV Components:
Management and
Orchestration (MANO)
In This Chapter
▶▶Managing resources and data with the Virtualized Infrastructure
Manager
▶▶Performing lifecycle management
▶▶Managing end‐to‐end network services with the NFV Orchestrator
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26 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
✓✓Resource management
•• Software inventory, including hypervisors, virtual
compute, storage, and network resources
•• Resource allocation
•• Infrastructure management, including dynamic
resource assignment, power management, and
resource reclamation
✓✓Operations management
•• Visibility and management of the NFVI
•• Root cause analysis of NFVI performance issues
•• Data collection for fault, performance, capacity, and
optimization
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Chapter 5: NFV Components: Management and Orchestration 27
Resource management and allocation in a virtualized environ-
ment is a complex task. Given the nature of the architecture,
all resources are shared between multiple tenants or appli-
cations, and the VIM needs to take care of the competing
requests and constraints in real‐time.
VNF Manager
The Virtual Network Function Manager (VNFM) is the
entity that manages the virtualized network functions (see
Figure 5‐2). Traditionally, the management component
of a network function focuses on Fault Management,
Configuration Management, Accounting Management,
Performance Management, and Security Management (FCAPS).
With the introduction of virtualization, additional aspects
of managing the lifecycle of the VNF become a key function
of the management component. The VNFM and the Element
Management System (EMS) are closely aligned in providing
overall management support for the VNF.
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28 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
NFV Orchestration
While the VNF Manager is responsible for the management
and operation of individual VNFs, the NFV Orchestrator is
responsible for managing network services that span multiple
VNFs (see Figure 5‐3). The NFVO is responsible for creating
end‐to‐end services across multiple VNFs. The NFVO is also
responsible for managing the lifecycle of Network Services (NS).
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Chapter 5: NFV Components: Management and Orchestration 29
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30 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 6
Complementing NFV with
OSS Transformation
In This Chapter
▶▶Increasing business agility with automation
▶▶Choosing an OSS transformation strategy
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32 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 6: Complementing NFV with OSS Transformation 33
s upport both physical (traditional) and virtual (NFV enabled)
infrastructure — with the agility characteristic of virtual and
cloud‐based deployment models.
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34 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 7
NF V Use Cases
In This Chapter
▶▶Looking at use cases proposed for NFV
▶▶Understanding the relationship between NFV and SDN
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36 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
NFVIaaS
Many CSPs today offer both cloud computing and network
services to their customers. The NFVI‐as‐a‐Service (NFVIaaS)
use case is a scenario in which a service provider can offer
its NFVI resources (such as physical compute, net‐work, and
storage) as a service on which other CSPs can run their VNFs.
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Chapter 7: NF V Use Cases 37
VNFaaS
VNF‐as‐a‐Service (VNFaaS) is a model in which CSPs can
provide network functions as a service to their enterprise
without having to ship them a physical appliance.
VNPaaS
NFV enables opportunities like Virtual Network Platform as a
Service (VNPaaS) for the CSP to make available to its enter-
prise customers a suite of infrastructure and applications as
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38 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
Virtualization of Mobile
Base Station
Large numbers of radio access network (RAN) nodes in
mobile networks account for a significant portion of a mobile
operator’s capital and operating expenses. RAN nodes, includ-
ing the base stations that connect directly to subscribers’
mobile devices, are typically built on proprietary hardware
and have long development, deployment, and operational
lifecycles. By virtualizing at least some part of the RAN nodes
onto industry standard IT servers, storage, and switches,
mobile operators can achieve a lower footprint and lower
energy costs. In addition, software‐based implementation can
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Chapter 7: NF V Use Cases 39
enable dynamic resource allocation, better load balancing,
and easier configuration and management. Another advan-
tage is the ability to foster a competitive environment where
smaller, innovative application providers can be onboarded
onto an open platform provided by the NFV architecture.
Virtualization of Content
Delivery Networks
The ever‐increasing demand for rich multimedia content,
such as on‐demand video, streaming (high‐definition) audio
and video, and Internet Protocol television (IPTV), creates
major bandwidth and storage challenges for communica-
tions service providers. Integrating content delivery network
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40 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
Fixed‐Access NFV
Broadband digital subscriber line (DSL) access is widely
deployed today for residential and small‐to‐medium business
(SMB) Internet service. However, hybrid fiber‐DSL and very‐
high‐bit‐rate DSL 2 (VDSL2) access technologies are quickly
replacing these deployments. Fixed access NFV addresses the
high costs and bottlenecks often associated with broadband
network access.
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Chapter 7: NF V Use Cases 41
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42 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 8
HPE’s Approach to NFV
In This Chapter
▶▶Exploring the HPE OpenNFV reference architecture
▶▶Looking at HPE’s new vision for OSS
▶▶Working with HPE OpenNFV partners
▶▶Testing solutions in the HPE OpenNFV labs
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44 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 8: HPE’s Approach to NFV 45
HPE’s initiative to create an open platform and open ecosystem
around NFV is called OpenNFV. The OpenNFV program pro-
vides CSPs the foundation to build a programmable infrastruc-
ture and run automated operations. It also provides an easy
way for the CSPs’ suppliers — network equipment providers
(NEPs), independent software vendors (ISVs), and system
integrators — to pre‐test and integrate multi‐vendor solutions.
The primary goal of the OpenNFV program is to accelerate the
design, proof‐of‐concept, trial, and deployment of new cloud‐
enabled network services and innovations built on carrier‐
grade systems, while lowering capital expenditures, operating
expenditures, and risk.
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46 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
HPE OSS Fulfillment and Assurance Solutions incl. HPE Service Director
OSS
MANO layer
HPE HPE NFV Director
layer
VNF
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Chapter 8: HPE’s Approach to NFV 47
The reference architecture is scalable, ranging from a base
design to extreme performance configurations that can
accommodate even the largest CSP network traffic volumes.
HPE provides the building blocks or selected subsystems and
components according to CSP requirements. And because the
reference architecture is open, there is always a choice to use
HPE‐provided components or the ones that are preselected
by the CSP. HPE’s MANO framework, which includes the NFV
Director and E2E Service management capability provided by
the HPE Service Director, is designed to integrate operations
of NFV‐enabled and legacy telecom infrastructure, and can
integrate “old” with “new”, and HPE subsystems and compo-
nents with others. This gives CSPs the freedom to build an
NFV solution to meet their needs — without vendor lock‐in.
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48 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 8: HPE’s Approach to NFV 49
With the new OSS architecture, CSPs have a single‐pane‐of‐
glass view of operations across their entire infrastructure —
traditional or NFV‐enabled. The resulting visibility will enable
Operations teams to proactively detect customer‐affecting
problems and speed up the investigation and resolution
of complex issues. HPE’s approach to OSS tranformation
enables CSPs to embark on this transformation at a pace of
their choosing. The HPE Service Director, with its capabil-
ity to bridge current and new operations, enables a smooth
transition.
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50 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
✓✓Voice/video
✓✓Mobile private networks
✓✓IP routing and transport
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Chapter 8: HPE’s Approach to NFV 51
✓✓Telco cloud
✓✓NFV orchestration
✓✓Virtual evolved packet core (vEPC)
✓✓Multi‐service proxy (MSP)
✓✓Virtualized customer premise equipment (vCPE)
✓✓Virtualized IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
Transformation Services
NFV deployments are a step in the CSP journey to a cloud‐
based infrastructure (Telco Cloud). As with any transforma-
tion, there are multiple paths to reach the final desired state
and there are multiple aspects to be evaluated.
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52 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 8: HPE’s Approach to NFV 53
(continued)
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54 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
(continued)
this evolution. One of the key things to move. It’s interesting to talk about
that’s important here is the focus all these new technologies, but
on the business. The technology really, the most important thing is to
is an enabler, but you have to say, understand is that moving to these
“Okay, what do I need to do?” And technologies means to move to a
now, moving forward, speed is the different culture, a more devops ori-
most important thing. And to under- ented, horizontal culture, and that’s
stand, “How do I move faster?”, not easy because the CSPs have
maybe I need to virtualize, maybe spent the past 20 years being very
I could do something else. “How do successful in very organized, struc-
I move faster from service require- tured environments, and they’re good
ment, to service creation, to service for what they were doing, but they’re
monetization?” not good for speed. And today the
winning plan for everything is speed.
And finally, a key element that’s
really important is culture. We have
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Chapter 9
Things to Consider
When Transforming to
an NFV‐Enabled CSP
Infrastructure
In This Chapter
▶▶Looking at financial and business considerations
▶▶Identifying technology and architecture considerations
▶▶Considering operations and processes
▶▶Weighing organizational considerations
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56 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Chapter 9: Things to Consider When Transforming to an NFV 57
Organization
Last but not the least is the organizational consideration
when moving to an NFV‐based architecture. NFV drives the
CSP infrastructure to be more open, more virtualized, and
more IT‐centric. This has profound impact on the competence
required for the personnel who operate and manage this
infrastructure.
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58 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Glossary
3GPP: See 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
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60 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Glossary 61
DNS: See Domain Name System (DNS).
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62 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Glossary 63
NAT: See network address translation (NAT).
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64 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Glossary 65
Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW): The gateway that
terminates the SGi interface (the reference point between the
PGW and the packet data network) toward the packet data
network.
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66 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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Glossary 67
Shared Information/Data (SID) Model: A unified reference
data model providing a single set of terms for business
objects in telecommunications.
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68 Network Functions Virtualization For Dummies
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