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Ergonomi PDF
Ergonomi PDF
DEFINITION OF ERGONOMICS
Yunani kuno, yaitu :
“ERGON” dan “NOMOS”
Occupational Health and Safety Occupational Health and Safety Department of Environmental Engineering
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DEFINITION OF ERGONOMICS Ergonomi
ILO : Ilmu yang menjelaskan/ mengaplikasikan informasi
“The application of the human biological sciences in conjuction
with the engineering sciences to achieve the optimum mutual mengenai perilaku manusia, kemampuan,
adjustment of man/ woman and his/ her work, the benefits keterbatasan dan karakteristik lain untuk mendesain
being measured interm of human efficiency and well‐being”
tools, machines, system, tasks, jobs, dan lingkungan
IEA (International Ergonomics Assosiation) untuk meningkatkan produktivitas, keamanan,
“The study of anatomical, physiological, and psycological kenyamanan dan efektivitas penggunaan manusia
aspect of human in working environment. It is concerned
with the efficiency, health, safety and comfort of the
people at work at home and at play.
This generally requires the study of system in which
humans, machines, and environment interact, with the aim
of fitting to the humans”
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The dreamer
The idealist Ergonomist“adapt to the user ” “find a cheap solution and let people adapt”
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Gejala RSI Lighting
• computer office
environments
should have
between 20-50 fc of
light
Pain / ache, Loss of ► Muscle weakness, fatigue
sensation (Numbness), ► Muscle spasm Employee responsibility
• learn and use adjustment features
especially at night ► Joint restriction / loss of for all equipment
Tingling and burning movement • change position/ posture at least
sensation ► Clumbsiness (loss of ability 1x/hr Seating
• arrange work area to reduce
Pembengkakan seperti to grasp items, • position hips slightly
reaching lighter than knees
kista sekitar tendon otot ketangkasan jari-jari • incorporate stretching into daily • place feet firmly on the
tangan berkurang) work routine without interupting floor
work flow
Seperti ditusuk-tusuk jarum • position lumbar support
• consult your eye doctor a minimum slightly below waist line
of once every year
Occupational Health and Safety
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Work Area Sitting Posture
• Harus cukup luas
• mengakomodir seluruh
ruang gerak
yang diperlukan dalam kerja
• Ruang untuk menempatkan
barang / benda yang
diperlukan
• Harus memperhatikan
Reach yang baik
Relaxed Uprigth
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Lighting and glare Temperatur / kelembaban
Iluminasi lingkungan dapat memudarkan bayangan pada VDT,
oleh karena itu :
Cahaya sekitar VDT harus dibawah standard office
30-50 fc Atur temperatur ruangan pd suhu yang
50-70 fc untuk membaca menyenangkan (dgn pendingin / ventilasi yg baik)
Disarankan Penggunaan adjustable lamp
Cegah penempatan VDT yang terlalu banyak dalam
Hindari Glare dg : 1 ruangan
pengunaan benda / cat dinding yang non reflektif, Kelembaban yang dianjurkan 30-60 %
harus dipertimbangkan posisi VDT thd pintu, jendela
Tempatkan VDT sedemikian rupa sehingga terhindar dari
refleksi lampu atas
Gunakan screen filters (ini hanya supplemen, bukan yg
utama)
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Keyboard Document Holder
Harus stabil dan dapat diatur-atur tingginya,
• keyboard yang tipis mencegah deviasi
pergelangan tangan. jaraknya, dan sudut pandangnya.
kuat menyengga dokumen yang digunakan,
• sebaiknya yang memiliki “tactile” dan atau Dapat digunakan dari dua sisi, sehingga dapat
“audible” feedback. dipindah kekiri dan kekana
• adanya “wrist support” Jarak dokumen ke mata harus sama dengan jarak
VDT dengan mata. Hal ini utk menjaga tetap fokus pad
• ketebalan “wrist support” tidak melebihi mata.
ketinggian tombol keyboard pada jajaran Ditempatkan setinggi mata.
pertama
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CHAIRS Kursi
Sandaran Kursi (backrest).
Kursi bukan hanya diperlukan “Fit” pada pekerja, tetapi
juga harus sesuai dengan pekerjaannya. Tinggi sandaran mempengaruhi
Beberapa hal penting dalam memilih kursi : kebebasan gerak bahu. Semakin tinggi
sandaran, semakin berkurang
Stabilitas (five-point base) kebebasan gerak bahu. Tinggi sandaran
Seat pan length cegah tekanan pada atas betis harus disesuaikan dengan keperluan /
kegunaan kursi, misal :
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“Armrest” Kursi Footrest
Biasanya dibuat rendah, panjangnya cukup untuk Bila kursi sudah di adjust, namun kaki masih belum
menopang menopang panjang lengan bawah. menapak sepenuhnya pada lantai, maka diperlukan
footrest
Tetap mempertahankan sudut antara lengan atas dan
bawah 90 derajat Footrest :
Tidak mengganggu legroom
Perhatikan:
Kemiringannya dapat diatur
Bila terlalu tinggi : terjadi elevasi bahu yang berakibat
kaku, nyeri di daerah bahu dan leher Dapat dipindah-pindah
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Kemiringan Meja TINGGI MEJA (WORKING HIGHTS)
Pengaturan kemiringan permukaan meja dapat membantu
memperbaiki posture kerja. Bila terlalu tinggi,
bahu terpaksa sering melakukan kompensasi dengan
Kemiringan meja tulis yang disukai adalah : 10–15 derajat akibat : tidak nyaman, kramp pada bagian leher dan
(Hira 1980), bahu.
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Gangguan kesehatan yang dapat ditimbulkan oleh VDU Gangguan kesehatan yang dapat ditimbulkan oleh VDU
(visual display unit) (visual display unit)
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Problem Problem
Back Problems Forearam & Hand Problem
Penyebab : Penyebab :
contour Backrest dan lumbar support tidak baik. Lengan bawah, pergelangan tangan, telapak tangan
tidak segaris lurus.
Kemiringan backrest tidak sesuai
Ketebalan keyboar wrist deviation
Padding terlalu lunak tenggelam kerja otot Tinggi permukaan meja / keyboard terlalu tinggi
meningkat Bantalan pergelangan tangan yang tidak baik, sehingga
Posisi monitor terlalu rendah membungkuk timbul tekanan
Shoulder Problem
Neck Problem
Posisi tangan terlalu tinggi ketika menggunakan
Monitor terlalu tinggi menengadah / hiperekstensi keyboard
Posisi document holder terlalu tinggi / rendah, terlalu Posisi lengan bawah terlalu tinggi / rendah ketika
kesamping repetitive neck rotation menggunak armrest
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Problem
Eye problem
1. Eye strain
2. Irritated eye
3. Burning eye
4. Headache
5. Blurred vision
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Antropometri Antropometri
Bagian dari ergonomi yang secara khusus Antropometri dinamis
mempelajari ukuran tubuh yang meliputi dimensi Ukuran tubuh atau karakteristiknya untuk tubuh
linier, berat, isi meliputi juga daerah ukuran, yang melakukan aktivitas tertentu.
kekuatan, kecepatan dan aspek lain dari gerakan Contoh : menentukan berapa lebar gang untuk
tubuh lewat atau hilir mudik
Antropometri statis
Ukuran tubuh atau karakteristik tubuh dalam
keadaan diam (statis) untuk posisi yang telah
ditentukan atau standar.
contoh : ukuran tubuh untuk mendesain meja,
kursi, dll
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Antropometri Antropometri
Tiga prinsip perancangan : Nilai persentil :
Prinsip perancangan fasilitas berdasarkan individu maksimum (90%, 95%, 99%)
ekstrim (minimum atau maksimum)
Perancangan fasilitas yang dapat disesuaikan minimum (10%, 5%, 1%)
Perancangan fasilitas berdasarkan data rata-rata disesuaikan (5% s.d 95% atau 99%)
pemakainya
rata-rata (50%)
Data Antropometri dapat berbeda menurut :
jenis kelamin
kelompok etnis
lingkungan geografi
tingkat sosial suatu masyarakat (jenis pekerjaan)
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Hambatan Penerapan
Workplaces Ergonomi Industri di Indonesia
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“Gugur satu tumbuh seribu”
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Hambatan Penerapan
Ergonomi Industri di Indonesia
5. Industri di Indonesia – didominasi oleh ‘Tukang
Jahit’ bukan ‘Perancang Busana’ At the end of the storm
Kecil sekali anggaran untuk Litbang (Penelitian dan
Pengembangan) There is a golden sky
Terjadi alienasi antara Industri dan Pusat penelitian
Consultant vs Researcher
Instant vs Process
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Amerika vs Indonesia
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Hofstede’ dimension on culture
Power Distance Index (PDI) focuses on the
degree of equality, or inequality, between people in
the country's society.
Individualism (IDV) focuses on the degree the
society reinforces individual or collective
achievement and interpersonal relationships.
Masculinity (MAS) focuses on the degree the
society reinforces, or does not reinforce, the Dalam sebuah perusahaan multinasional, seorang
traditional masculine work role model of male bos Amerika sedang berbicara dengan
achievement, control, and power. bawahannya seorang Indonesia
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) focuses on
the level of tolerance for uncertainty and
ambiguity within the society ‐ i.e. unstructured
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Dia bos
seharusnya
tahu berapa
Hey, kamu mau nggak Berapa lama kamu bakal lama
kuberi project selesaikan?
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Si orang Indonesia bekerja
siang malam
menyelesaikan pekerjaan
Siap laksanakan Sir 5 minggu dalam waktu 2
minggu
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Low PDIOccupational Health and Safety Department
ITS
High PDI
of Environmental Engineering
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