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Aerosim 6dof PDF
Aerosim 6dof PDF
CHAPTER 6
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Aircraft configuration file: The path and name of the aircraft parameter mat-
file, provided as a string. For example, if the mat-file is someairplane.mat,
and it is in the current directory, then we would use ’someairplane.mat’.
Initial position: The 3×1 vector of initial aircraft location [Lat Lon Alt ]T , in
[rad rad m].
Initial attitude: The 4×1 vector of initial aircraft attitude provided as Euler-
Rodrigues quaternion’s [e0 ex ey ez ] .
Initial angular rates: The 3×1 vector of initial aircraft angular rates (in body
axes) [ p q r ] .
Initial fuel mass: The initial mass of the fuel quantity available on-board the
aircraft, in kg.
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Initial engine speed :The initial engine shaft rotation speed, in rad/s.
WMM coefficient file: The complete path to the magnetic model coefficient
file,
Simulation date: 3×1 vector of the calendar date in the format [Day Mon
Year].
Sample time: The sample time at which the aircraft model will run.
Controls: The 7×1 vector of aircraft controls [flap elevator aileron rudder
throttle mixture ignition ] in [rad rad rad rad frac ratio bool].
VelW: The 3×1 vector of aircraft velocity in wind axes [Va b a] in [m/s rad
rad].
Euler: The 3×1 vector of the attitude of the aircraft given in Euler angles
[f q y], in radians.
EngCoeff: The 5×1 vector of engine coefficients [MAP m air m fuel BSFC
P]T given in [kPa kg/s kg/s g/(W*hr) W].
The acceleration, velocity, the rates and the position are calculated
using the Equations of Motion sub block. The initial conditions i.e. the flap,
elevator, rudder, throttle, ignition, mixture are provided to the aerodynamics
and the propulsion block. The initial wind condition is given to the
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atmosphere block. The initial velocities, rates and lat, lon, alt position are
given in the Equation of Motion (EOM) block. Hence the complete aircraft
model block is shown in Figure 6.2.
Propeller : The second section of the aircraft con guration script speci es
the geometry and aerodynamic performance of the propeller.
Propeller hub location: The position of the propulsion force and moment
application point, given with respect to the body- frame origin. The location is
speci ed as a 1x3 row vector of x, y, and z coordinates.
the propeller advance ratio. This variable speci es the advance ratio vector
which corresponds to the look-up table.
Coef cient of thrust: The vector of coef cients of thrust for the advance
ratios given above (the vector should have the same size).
Coef cient of power: The vector of coef cients of power for the advance
ratios given above (the vector should have the same size).
Propeller radius: The radius of the propeller is used by the propulsion model
to compute the force and torque from the normalized coef cients.
Engine : The third section of the aircraft con guration scripts allows the user
to specify the engine characteristics. All engine data is given at sea-level. The
engine model will correct the data for altitude effects. For a normally-
aspirated general aviation piston engine, this includes the following
parameters:
RPM: The vector of engine speeds for which the engine data is given, in
rotations-per-minute. All engine parameters are speci ed as 2-D look-up
tables (functions of engine speed and intake manifold pressure).
Fuel ow: The sea-level fuel ow as a function of RPM and MAP. The
number of rows in the matrix should match the size of the RPM vector, the
number of columns should match the size of the MAP vector.
Power: The engine power at sea-level, as a function of RPM and MAP. The
number of rows in the matrix should match the size of the RPM vector, the
number of columns should match the size of the MAP vector.
Engine shaft inertia: The moment of inertia of the rotating parts of the
engine. This is added to the propeller inertia and used in the propulsion
equation of motion to compute the current engine speed. Generally, the
engine shaft inertia is signi cantly lower than that of the propeller, and it can
be neglected without any major effects over the aircraft dynamics.
The wind shear block computes the angular rate effects caused by
the variation in time/space of the background wind and turbulence velocities.
The wind shear effects considered are the angular velocities and accelerations
for pitch and yaw.
The Earth library folder includes blocks that model the Earth’s
shape, gravity, and magnetic eld as shown in Figure 6.6.
WGS-84: The block computes the local Earth radius and gravity at current
aircraft location using the WGS-84 Earth model coefficients.
EGM-96: The block computes the sea-level altitude with respect to theWGS-
84 ellipsoid, using the EGM-96 geoid undulation model. The EGM-96 block
computes the altitude difference between the theoretical ellipsoid shape and
the actual mean sea level (geoid undulation). This is caused by the non-
uniformity of Earth’s gravitational potential. The correction is performed
using a 2-dimensional Latitude-Longitude look-up table with a resolution of 1
degree in both directions. The geoid undulation is then added to a 0.53 m
WGS-84 correction and to the WGS-84 altitude computed by the aircraft
equations of motion, to obtain the altitude of the aircraft above sea-level.
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formulations for the equations of motion that are commonly used, and they
are provided in two separate sub-folders within the AeroSim library.
As seen from the Figure 6.10 and Figure 6.11 the response of the
airspeed and pitch angle has improved with the addition of the PID controller
in terms of settling time , overshoot and rise time.
transfer function for pitch angle for the experimental UAV has been found
to be:
1728s 46.81
e 330 s 116.9s 2 546.4 s
3
The response, for a unit step input, shows that the oscillations are
more and is not quite good for landing, since the settling time and rise time
are more. The actual settling time of 17 seconds is much too slow for an
autopilot to control an aircraft on landing. In order to decrease the rise time, a
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ea e e
ref S(amp)
Elevator A/ C
Servo
Rat e
Gyro
The glide path is defined as a line from some starting point to the
o
end of the runway. For this project, a glide path angle of -5.5 was used, so the
starting point was defined by the LLA position of the end of the runway and
the desired final approach distance. To simulate this dependence on the range
from the aircraft to the runway, the glide path command signal was defined to
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include the range. Figure 6.17 shows the glide path geometry where the
commanded height above ground is a function of the range.
Runway
Runway
H
If the UAV is below the center line of the glide slope, then d is
considered negative, as is, , when the velocity vector is below the horizon,
that is, the UAV descending.
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U
d U sin( 5.5) o ( 5.5)o (6.7)
57.3
U
d ( 5.5)o (6.8)
57.3s
Through the use of Equations (6.8) and (6.9), the flight path angle
can be related to the angular error of the UAV from the centerline of the glide
slope. The block diagram of the glide slope control system, including the
geometry is shown below in Figure 6.19.
o d
ref =0
Coupler comm UAV & d 57.3
Aut opilot R
o
3
The Range and the instantaneous height are extracted from the
runway image taken at real time. Since the sine of small value is
approximately a small value, so sin(Theta) = Theta. This glide path command
generates the necessary error signal if the UAV misses the actual glide path.
the instant of start of flare phase and instantaneous horizontal distance from
runway threshold. Let it be ‘x’. From Equation (6.10),
x
H H 0e (6.10)
Let the starting flare path geometry range would be 20 feet. Hence
the Tau value been estimated as 1 and the implementation is shown in
Figure 6.21.
180/pi
Scope5 Scope4
Constant1
To Workspace5
Scope3
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175
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Upon main gear touchdown, the elevator must allow the nose of the
airplane to rotate downward to contact the nose gear with the ground and the
brakes must be applied. Because exponentially decaying functions never
actually reach zero, the elevator command must be switched from the flare
path to neutral upon main gear touchdown.The brakes must be applied
smoothly after touchdown or the gear will fail. A rate limiter after a switch
can be used to accomplish this.
Figure 6.30 X-plane output - Airplane at the starting of the glide slope
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Figure 6.31 Airplane after glide slope and flare – X plane output - Front
view
Figure 6.32 Airplane landed properly after glide slope and flare –
X plane output - Front view
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Figure 6.33 X-plane output showing the actual and the estimated path of
the aircraft
6.12 CONCLUSION