1-Using A Relational Database HG

Advanced
relational databases
Dr. Raúl MAZO

Maître de conférences / PhD -‐ Associate Professor
Learning plan
1. Learn how to manipulate a relational database
a. Show, create, drop, insert, update
b. Select
2. Mastering the security and integrity of a database
a. Security schemas
b. Integrity (assertions & constraints)
3. Procedural and persistent programming (SQL/PSM)
a. Stored procedures
b. Structures of control
c. Cursors & handlers
d. Functions
e. Triggers
f. Events
4. Transaction processing and Database recovery
5. Learn how to optimise SQL queries
a. How to choose the most appropriate type of attributes
b. The attributes you most use in your queries should be indexed with
I. Hash tables
II. Trees
c. Rewrite queries to prioritize the joints: JOINT > IN > EXISTS > COUNT
d. Put the constraints in the good place
e. Remove unnecessary constraints, selects and sorts
2
1 Learn how to
manipulate a
relational
3
database
1.1
Show, create,
drop, insert,
update
4
Overview
• A relational database is a logical collection of
objects (tables, indexes, views, triggers, stored
procedures, etc.). These objects can be stored in
different locations on the disk space.
• In MySQL, an object (table, index, etc.) does not
belong to a user. So, if two users manage two
different companies, two databases have to be
created.
5
Using a Database
To get started with you own database, first check which databases
currently exist on the server.
mysql> show databases;

+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.03 sec)
6
Using a database
• To delete and create a database:
mysql> DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS employees;
mysql> create database employees;
• To check the existing databases:

mysql> show databases;
• To select the DB to use:

mysql> use employees;
7
Creating a Table
• Once you have selected a database, you can
view all database tables:
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.02 sec)
• An empty set indicates that there are no

tables yet.
8
Let’s create the EMPLOYEE table
mysql> CREATE TABLE employee (
-> empid INT AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> firstname VARCHAR(30),
-> lastname VARCHAR(20),
-> deptcode CHAR(6),
-> salary NUMERIC(9, 2),
-> PRIMARY KEY(empid)
-> );
The syntax to create any table is

CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE nom_relation [IF NOT EXISTS]
(
nom_attribut TYPE_ATTRIBUT [OPTIONS]
…
);
Showing tables
To verify that the table has been created:
mysql> show tables;
+---------------------+
| Tables_in_employees |
+---------------------+
| employee |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
10
Describing Tables
To see the structure of a table, use the DESCRIBE command (or desc):
mysql> describe employee;

+-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| empid | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| firstname | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
| lastname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| deptcode | char(6) | YES | | NULL | |
| salary | decimal(9,2) | YES | | NULL | |
+-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
11
Deleting a table
To delete an entire table, use the DROP TABLE
command:
mysql> drop table employee;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02
sec)
12
Let’s create again the EMPLOYEE table
and let’s create the DEPARTMENT +-----------+
table
| Employee |
+-----------+
CREATE TABLE employee (
| empid |
empid INT AUTO_INCREMENT,
| firstname |
firstname VARCHAR(30),
| lastname |
lastname VARCHAR(20),
| deptcode |
deptcode CHAR(6),
| salary |
salary NUMERIC(9, 2),
+-----------+
PRIMARY KEY(empid));
+------------+
CREATE TABLE department ( | Department |
code CHAR(6), +------------+
| code |
name VARCHAR(30), | name |
managerid INT, | managerid# |
subdeptof CHAR(6), | subdeptof# |
PRIMARY KEY(code), +------------+
FOREIGN KEY(managerid) REFERENCES employee(empid),
FOREIGN KEY(subdeptof) REFERENCES department(code)
);
Let’s create again the EMPLOYEE table
and let’s create the DEPARTMENT table
CREATE TABLE employee (
empid INT AUTO_INCREMENT, But ... in a department
firstname VARCHAR(30), there are several
lastname VARCHAR(20), employers and, usually,
deptcode CHAR(6), each employee belongs to
salary NUMERIC(9, 2), a department!
PRIMARY KEY(empid));
CREATE TABLE department (

code CHAR(6),
name VARCHAR(30),
managerid INT,
subdeptof CHAR(6),
PRIMARY KEY(code),
FOREIGN KEY(managerid) REFERENCES employee(empid),
FOREIGN KEY(subdeptof) REFERENCES department(code)
);
+-----------+
| Employee |
ALTER TABLE employee +-----------+
| empid |
ADD | firstname |
FOREIGN KEY (deptcode) | lastname |
| deptcode# |
REFERENCES department(code); | salary |
+-----------+
Is he mad? He has just created a loop!
He could have done it from the beginning,

couldn't he?
How is he going to do to insert lines?

Before:
mysql> desc employee;
+-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
+-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| deptcode | char(6) | YES | | NULL | |
+-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
After the alter table … add…:

mysql> desc employee;
+-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
+-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| deptcode | char(6) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
+-----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
You have to start with the DEPARTMENT table
+------------+
| Department |
+------------+
INSERT INTO department VALUES | code |
('ADMIN', 'Administration', NULL, NULL); | name |
| managerid# |
| subdeptof# |
INSERT INTO department VALUES +------------+
('COMPTA', 'Comptabilite', NULL, 'ADMIN');
INSERT INTO department VALUES

('CONSUL', 'Consulting', NULL, 'ADMIN');
INSERT INTO department VALUES

('SINF', 'Systemes Information', NULL, 'CONSUL');
But… managerid# NULL?
He is really crazy!!
+-----------+
Then, let’s continue
+------------+
| Employee |
| Department |
+-----------+
+------------+
with the EMPLOYEE | empid |
| firstname |
| code
| name
|
|
table
| lastname |
| managerid# |
| deptcode# |
| subdeptof# |
| salary |
+------------+
+-----------+
INSERT INTO employee

(firstname, lastname, deptcode, salary)
VALUES
('Raul', 'Mazo', 'ADMIN', 70000),
('Alberto', 'Contador', 'COMPTA', 40000),
('Pierre', 'Logiciel', 'SINF', 50000),
('Marie', 'Avis', 'CONSUL', 60000),
('Paul', 'Conseil', 'CONSUL', 30000),
('Toto', 'LeDirecteur', NULL, 65000);
+-----------+
| Employee |
+-----------+
| empid | Phew !!!
| firstname |
Now, I can finish to record my
| lastname |
| deptcode# | data in the DEPARTMENT table !!
| salary |
+-----------+
+------------+
| Department |
+------------+
| code |
| name |
| managerid# |
| subdeptof# |
+------------+
UPDATE department SET managerid = 1 WHERE code = 'ADMIN';

UPDATE department SET managerid = 2 WHERE code = 'COMPTA';
UPDATE department SET managerid = 3 WHERE code = 'SINF';
UPDATE department SET managerid = 4 WHERE code = 'CONSUL';
Practice: Insert the following set of data
and use select * to get this result:
+-------+-----------+-------------+----------+----------+
| empid | firstname | lastname | deptcode | salary |
+-------+-----------+-------------+----------+----------+
| 1 | Raul | Mazo | ADMIN | 70000.00 |
| 2 | Alberto | Contador | COMPTA | 40000.00 |
| 3 | Pierre | Logiciel | SINF | 50000.00 |
| 4 | Marie | Avis | CONSUL | 60000.00 |
| 5 | Paul | Conseil | CONSUL | 30000.00 |
| 6 | Toto | LeDirecteur | NULL | 65000.00 |
+-------+-----------+-------------+----------+----------+
+--------+----------------------+-----------+-----------+
| code | name | managerid | subdeptof |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+-----------+
| ADMIN | Administration | 1 | NULL |
| COMPTA | Comptabilite | 2 | ADMIN |
| CONSUL | Consulting | 4 | ADMIN |
| SINF | Systemes Information | 3 | CONSUL |
+--------+----------------------+-----------+-----------+20
Loading sample data
• You could create a text file 'employees.txt'
containing one record per line.
• Values must be separated by tabs, and
organized in the order in which the columns
were listed in the CREATE TABLE statement.
• Then, load the data via the LOAD DATA
command.
21
Now is your turn!
QCM 1.1
TP 1.1
22
1.2
Select
statement
23
Format of an SQL Select
General syntax: Simplified syntax :
SELECT [ DISTINCT ] attributs SELECT what_to_select

[ INTO OUTFILE fichier ] FROM which_table
[ FROM relation ] WHERE conditions_to_satisfy;
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY attributs [ ASC | DESC ] ]
[ HAVING condition ]
[ ORDER BY attributs ]
[ LIMIT [a,] b ];
E.g.:
SELECT * FROM department;
SELECT firstname, lastname
FROM employee
WHERE deptcode='consul';
24
Basic queries
Once you are logged in, you can try some simple queries. For
example:
mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;
+-----------+--------------+
| VERSION() | CURRENT_DATE |
+-----------+--------------+
| 5.6.25 | 2016-01-13 |
+-----------+--------------+
The following queries are equivalent:
mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;

mysql> select version(), current_date;
mysql> SeLeCt vErSiOn(), current_DATE;
25
Basic queries
Here is another query. It demonstrates that you can use MySQL
as a simple calculator:
mysql> SELECT SIN(PI()/4), (4+1)*5;

+-------------+---------+
| SIN(PI()/4) | (4+1)*5 |
+-------------+---------+
| 0.707107 | 25 |
+-------------+---------+
26
Basic Queries
Semicolons (multiple statements on a single line) VS. comas
(multiple columns in a single line):
mysql> SELECT NOW(); SELECT VERSION();

+---------------------+
| NOW() |
+---------------------+
| 2004 00:15:33 |
+---------------------+
+--------------+ mysql> SELECT SIN(PI()/4), (4+1)*5;

| VERSION() | +-------------+---------+
+--------------+ | SIN(PI()/4) | (4+1)*5 |
+-------------+---------+
| 3.22.20a-log | | 0.707107 | 25 |
+--------------+ +-------------+---------+
27
Multi-‐line commands
MySQL determines where your statement ends by
looking for the terminating semicolon, not by looking for
the end of the input line.
mysql> SELECT
-> USER()
-> ,
-> CURRENT_DATE;
+----------------+--------------+
| user() | current_date |
+----------------+--------------+
| root@localhost | 2016-01-13 |
+----------------+--------------+
28
Canceling a command
If you decide you don't want to execute a
command that you are in the process of
entering, cancel it by typing \c
mysql> SELECT
-> USER()
-> \c
mysql>
29
+-----------+
Examples 1 et 2 | Employee |

+-----------+
| empid |
| firstname |
1. Select the first name, last name and salary of all | lastname |
the persons enrolled in a department. | deptcode# |
| salary |
Select firstname, lastname, salary +-----------+
from employee e, department d
where e.deptcode=d.code; +------------+
| Department |
+------------+
2. Select the first name, last name and salary of all | code |
the persons in the 'consulting' department. | name |
| managerid# |
| subdeptof# |
Select firstname, lastname, salary +------------+
where e.deptcode=d.code and
d.name='consulting';
30
+-----------+
Example 3 | Employee |
+-----------+
| empid |
| firstname |
Select the first name, last name and salary of | lastname |
the employees who belong to the consulting | deptcode# |
department and they earn more than 50.000 a | salary |
year (then calculate the monthly salary). +-----------+
+------------+
Select firstname, lastname, salary
| Department |
from employee e, department d +------------+
where e.deptcode=d.code and | code |
d.name='consulting' and salary > 50000; | name |
| managerid# |
Select salary/12 'salaire mensuel' | subdeptof# |
where e.deptcode=d.code and
d.name='consulting' and salary > 50000;
Or salary div 12 if we just want the Integer part

31
+-----------+
+-----------+
| empid |
| firstname |
Calculate the total of wages paid to employees | lastname |
by department (ORDER BY code). | deptcode# |
| salary |
Select d.code, sum(salary) +-----------+
+------------+
where e.deptcode=d.code
| Department |
group by d.code; +------------+
| code |
You can use Order by … DESC or ASC after group by, | name |
for example: | managerid# |
| subdeptof# |
Select d.code, sum(salary) +------------+
where e.deptcode=d.code
group by d.code
order by d.code DESC;
32
+-----------+
+-----------+
| empid |
| firstname |
Build the list of salaries by department. | lastname |
| deptcode# |
SELECT deptcode, salary | salary |
FROM employee e, department d +-----------+
WHERE d.code=e.deptcode +------------+
GROUP BY deptcode; | Department |
+------------+
| code |
| name |
ERROR 1055 (42000): Expression #2 of SELECT | managerid# |
list is not in GROUP BY clause and contains | subdeptof# |
nonaggregated column 'employees.e.salary' +------------+
which is not functionally dependent on columns

in GROUP BY clause; this is incompatible with
sql_mode=only_full_group_by
33
+-----------+
+-----------+
| empid |
| firstname |
| deptcode# |
SELECT deptcode, salary | salary |
FROM employee e, department d +-----------+
WHERE d.code=e.deptcode +------------+
GROUP BY deptcode; | Department |
+------------+
According to the documentation, this configuration is | code |
| name |
being enabled by default from MySQL 5.7.5 because
| managerid# |
GROUP BY processing has become more sophisticated | subdeptof# |
to include detection of functional dependencies +------------+
(salary is not functionally dependent on deptcode). It
also brings MySQL closer to the best practices for SQL
language with the bonus of removing the “magic”
element when grouping. Having that, grouping fields
are no longer arbitrary selected. 34
Example 5
If you are upgrading your database server and want to avoid any possible breaks you can
disable by disabling ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY from your sql_mode.
Changing in runtime
SET @@GLOBAL.sql_mode =
'STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZER
O,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION';
A restart is not necessary, but a reconnection is.
Change permanently
If you want to disable it permanently, add/edit the following in your my.cnf file:
sql_mode =
"STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZER
O,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION"
For this change a service restart is required
sudo /usr/local/mysql/support-‐files/mysql.server restart 35

+-----------+
+-----------+
| empid |
| firstname |
| deptcode# |
Connect again to MySQL, charge the database | salary |
and execute the request again: +-----------+
+------------+
SELECT deptcode, salary | Department |
FROM employee e, department d +------------+
WHERE d.code=e.deptcode | code |
| name |
GROUP BY deptcode; | managerid# |
+----------+----------+ | subdeptof# |
| deptcode | salary | +------------+
+----------+----------+
| ADMIN | 70000.00 |
| COMPTA | 40000.00 |
| CONSUL | 60000.00 |
| SINF | 50000.00 |
+----------+----------+ 36
+-----------+
Exemple 6 | Employee |
+-----------+
| empid |
List the employees without any department. | firstname |
| lastname |
In order to do that, you need to: | deptcode# |
1. List all employees who have been registered | salary |
at least once in a department (inner query). +-----------+
2. Then, select the employees who are not in +------------+
the list provided by the inner query. | Department |
+------------+
select * from employee | code |
| name |
where empid not in | managerid# |
(select e.empid | subdeptof# |
where e.deptcode=d.code);
But there are other requests somewhat more difficult to express in SQL,
for example when it comes to finding the elements that have ALWAYS ...
37
+-----------+
Exemple 7 | Employee |
+-----------+
| empid |
Queries to find elements that have (always or taken | firstname |
every) … | lastname |
You have to implement a division (relational algebra)! | deptcode# |
| salary |
The division can express universal quantification (∀). +-----------+
Example of a query for which the division is useful: +------------+
"List the employees who are hired in all departments" |+------------+
Department |
| code |
select * from employee | name |
| managerid# |
where empid not exists | subdeptof# |
(select e.empid +------------+
where e.deptcode=d.code);
Here (next slide) is a more complex example in a database in which it is
possible to add constraints to the division : 38
Division query
Student (Id, Name)
Course (CrsCode, Dept)
Transcript (StudId, CrsCode, Grade)
Query: Find the names of students who have taken every
course offered by the CS department.
Student Course Transcript

1234 Adam
2345 Bill CS101 CS 1234 CS101 2.5
3456 Cathy 2345 CS234 3.5
4567 Didi CS234 CS 1234 CS234 4.0
5678 Eva
Result Adam
39
Division query in SQL
Student (Id, Name)
Course (CrsCode, CrsName, Dept)
Transcript (StudId, CrsCode, Semester, Grade)
Query: Find the names of students who have

taken every course offered by the CS department.
SELECT Name
FROM Student
WHERE ? Student has taken ALL
the CS courses
40
Division Query in SQL
Student (Id, Name)

SELECT Name
FROM Student
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM Transcript, Course
WHERE Transcript.StudId = Student.Id
AND Transcript.CrsCode = Course.CrsCode
AND Course.Dept = ‘CS’)
This will return names of students who have taken at least 1 CS course
41
Student (Id, Name)

SELECT Name
FROM Student Student has taken ALL
WHERE ? the CS courses
42
Student (Id, Name)

SELECT Name
FROM Student
WHERE ( Equivalent to saying “there
? are no CS courses the
student has not taken”
)
43
Student (Id, Name)

SELECT Name
FROM Student
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
A CS course the
? student has not taken
)
44
Student (Id, Name)

SELECT Name
FROM Student
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT * FROM Course
WHERE Dept = ‘CS’ Student has not taken
AND ? the CS course
)
(Student, course) combination does not exist in Transcript
45
Student (Id, Name)
Query: Find the names of students who have taken

every course offered by the CS department.
SELECT Name
FROM Student
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
WHERE Dept = ‘CS’
AND NOT EXISTS (
SELECT * FROM Transcript
WHERE Transcript.StudId = Student.Id
AND Transcript.Crscode = Course.Crscode
) )
46
Another possible solution
Student (Id, Name)

SELECT Name
FROM Student
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
WHERE Dept = ‘CS’
AND CrsCode NOT IN (
SELECT CrsCode FROM Transcript
WHERE Transcript.StudId = Student.Id)
)
47
Available functions
• See the MySQL manual for a detailed list of all functions available in your
MySQL server version.
• You can add these functions to your queries in a SELECT, WHERE, GROUP
BY or HAVING.
You can use:
• Parenthesis ( )
• Arithmetic operators (+, -‐, *, /, %)
• The logical operators that return 0 (false) or 1 (true) (AND, OR, NOT,
BETWEEN, IN)
• Relational operators (<, <=, =, >, >=, <>)
• Operators and functions can be mixed to give very complex expressions
Exercise 8: Retrieve the first and last names of employees in department
'CONSUL' whose salary is between €30,000 and €40,000.
SELECT Fname, Lname
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE (Salary BETWEEN 30000 AND 40000) AND deptcode = 'CONSUL';
48
String comparison functions
• The keyword LIKE is used to compare two strings (case
insensitive).
• Character '%' is special and means: 0 or several characters.
• Character '_' is special and means: only 1 seul character,
whatever it is.
• If you want to use these characters mentionned above but

without their specific function, insert a backslash '\‘
before the character.
For example, to list the departments whose code begins with
the string '_CO', use :
SELECT *
FROM department
WHERE code LIKE '\_CO%'
49
Mathematical functions
Fonction Description
ABS(x) Absolute value of X
SIGN(x) X sign, returns -1, 0 or 1
FLOOR(x) Rounds down to nearest integer
CEILING(x) Roundes up to the nearest integer
ROUND(x) Rounds to the nearest integer
EXP(x), LOG(x), SIN(x), Very basic mathematical functions…!
COS(x), TAN(x), PI()
POW(x,y) Returns the value of X to the power of Y
RAND(), RAND(x) Returns random numbers between 0 and 1.0.
If x is specified, between 0 et X
TRUNCATE(x,y) Truncates the number X to an
optional and decimal places
To go forward…
Think and implement an
example for each function!
50
String functions
TRIM(x) Removes spaces at the beginning and end of a string
LOWER(x) Converts to lowercase
UPPER(x) Converts to uppercase
LONGUEUR(x) Returns the size of the chain
LOCATE(x,y) Returns the position of the last occurrence of x in y.
Returns 0 if x is not found in y
CONCAT(x,y,…) Concatenates the arguments
SUBSTRING(s,i,n) Returns the last n characters of s starting from the
position i
SOUNDEX(x) Returns a phonetic representation of x
To go forward…
51
Date and time functions
NOW() Returns the current date and time.
TO_DAYS(x) Return the date converted to days since 1st
January 1970
DAYOFWEEK(x) Returns the day of the week of the X date.
Index starting by 1 (1=Sunday, 2=Monday…)
DAYOFMONTH(x) Returns the day of month (from 1 to 31)
DAYOFYEAR(x) Returns the day of year (from 1 to 366)
SECOND(x), MINUTE(x), Returns seconds, minutes, hours, month, year
HOUR(x), MONTH(x), and week date.
YEAR(x), WEEK(x)
To go forward…
52
Functions to use in the GROUP BY
COUNT([DISTINCT]x,y,…) Count of tuples of the result by projecting on
the specified attribute(s) (or all with '*'). The
DISTINCT option eliminates duplication.
MIN(x), MAX(x), AVG(x), Respectively calculates the minimum,
SUM(x) maximum, average and sum of X attribute
values.
To go forward…
53
Regular Expression Matching
• The other type of pattern matching provided
by MySQL uses extended regular expressions.
• When you test for a match for this type of

pattern, use the REGEXP and NOT REGEXP
operators (or RLIKE and NOT RLIKE, which are
synonyms).
54
Regular Expressions
Some characteristics of extended regular expressions:
. matches any single character.
A character class [...] matches any character within the brackets.

For example, [abc] matches a, b, or c. To name a range of
characters, use a dash. [a-‐z] matches any lowercase letter,
whereas [0-‐9] matches any digit.
* matches zero or more instances of the thing preceding it. For
example, x* matches any number of x characters, [0-‐9]* matches
any number of digits, and .* matches any number of anything.
To anchor a pattern so that it must match the beginning or end of
the value being tested, use ^ at the beginning or $ at the end of
the pattern.
55
+-----------+
| Employee |
Example 9 +-----------+
| empid |
| firstname |
| lastname |
To find names (firstnames) beginning with R, use ^ | deptcode# |
| salary |
+-----------+
mysql> SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE firstname REGEXP '^r';
+------------+
| Department |
+-------+-----------+----------+----------+----------+ +------------+
| empid | firstname | lastname | deptcode | salary | | code |
+-------+-----------+----------+----------+----------+ | name |
| 1 | Raul | Mazo | ADMIN | 70000.00 | | managerid# |
+-------+-----------+----------+----------+----------+ | subdeptof# |
+------------+
56
+-----------+
+-----------+
| empid |
Build the list of person(s) earning the highest wages. | firstname |
| lastname |
You can think it would be: | deptcode# |
select empid, max(salary) from employee; | salary |
+-----------+
But if you insert another tuple with the max wage (obtained), you
see that it does not work: +------------+
INSERT INTO employee (firstname,lastname, | Department |
deptcode, salary) VALUES ('Ivan', 'Perez', +------------+
'ADMIN', 70000); | code |
| name |
So, use this syntax: | managerid# |
select empid, firstname, salary from employee | subdeptof# |
where salary=(select max(salary) from +------------+
employee);
You can also use LIMIT:

select empid, firstname, salary from employee
oderr by salary desc limit 1;
57
+-----------+
+-----------+
| empid |
Find the names of employees who earn more than (all) | firstname |
| lastname |
their managers ? | deptcode# |
Here are two possibilities. They seem similar but beware! One of it | salary |
(which one?) works only for specific cases. Why? +-----------+
Select e.firstname, e.lastname

FROM employee e, employee m, department d
WHERE e.deptcode=d.code AND
d.managerid=m.empid AND e.salary > +------------+
m.salary; | Department |
+------------+
SELECT e.firstname, e.lastname | code |
FROM employee e WHERE e.salary > ALL | name |
| managerid# |
(SELECT m.salary FROM employee m, | subdeptof# |
department d WHERE e.deptcode=d.code AND +------------+
d.managerid=m.empid);
58
+-----------+
+-----------+
| empid |
| firstname |
How to find the names of employees who are | lastname |
not associated with any department? | deptcode# |
| salary |
There are several possibilities, for example: +-----------+
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE +------------+

deptcode IS NULL; | Department |
+------------+
| code |
select * from employee e where not | name |
exists (select 1 from department d | managerid# |
where e.deptcode=d.code); | subdeptof# |
+------------+
select * from employee e where 0 =
(select count(*) from department
d where e.deptcode=d.code);
Classify these queries from the most to the least efficient. Why this choice?
59
Now is your turn!
QCM 1.2
TP 1.2
60

1-Using A Relational Database HG

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1-Using A Relational Database HG

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Dr. Raúl MAZO

mysql> show databases;

• To check the existing databases:

• To select the DB to use:

• An empty set indicates that there are no

The syntax to create any table is

mysql> describe employee;

CREATE TABLE department (

Is he mad? He has just created a loop!

He could have done it from the beginning,

How is he going to do to insert lines?

After the alter table … add…:

INSERT INTO department VALUES

INSERT INTO department VALUES

INSERT INTO employee

UPDATE department SET managerid = 1 WHERE code = 'ADMIN';

SELECT [ DISTINCT ] attributs SELECT what_to_select

The following queries are equivalent:

mysql> SELECT VERSION(), CURRENT_DATE;

mysql> SELECT SIN(PI()/4), (4+1)*5;

mysql> SELECT NOW(); SELECT VERSION();

+--------------+ mysql> SELECT SIN(PI()/4), (4+1)*5;

Examples 1 et 2 | Employee |

Or salary div 12 if we just want the Integer part

which is not functionally dependent on columns

Changing in runtime

sudo /usr/local/mysql/support-­‐files/mysql.server restart 35

Student Course Transcript

Query: Find the names of students who have

Query: Find the names of students who have

Query: Find the names of students who have

Query: Find the names of students who have

Query: Find the names of students who have

Query: Find the names of students who have

Query: Find the names of students who have taken

Query: Find the names of students who have

• If you want to use these characters mentionned above but

• When you test for a match for this type of

. matches any single character.

A character class [...] matches any character within the brackets.

You can also use LIMIT:

Select e.firstname, e.lastname

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE +------------+

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sudo /usr/local/mysql/support-‐files/mysql.server restart 35