VI.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES CONFERENCE

ENTECH ‘19
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Özgür Öztürk DAKAM YAYINLARI
December 2019, İstanbul.
www.dakam.org
Firuzağa Mah. Boğazkesen Cad., No:76/8, 34425, Beyoğlu, İstanbul
ENTECH ‘19 / VI. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES CONFERENCE

Cover Design: D/GD (DAKAM Graphic Design)

Print: Metin Copy Plus, Mollafenari Mah., Türkocağı Cad. 3/1, Mahmutpaşa/
Istanbul, Turkey
ISBN: 978-625-7034-01-2
2
 VI. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES CONFERENCE

ENTECH ‘19
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Özgür Öztürk DAKAM YAYINLARI

3
 ENTECH ‘19

CONTENTS
9 A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN GROUND COUPLED HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
RABAH GOMRI
11 A THERMODYNAMIQUE STUDY OF A NON- EQUILIBRIUM MODEL IN A SIMPLE
ADSORPTION COOLING SYSTEM
CHEKIROU WASSILA, HASSIBA BEKKOUCHE
13 AN OPTIMAL HYBRID PV/WIND AND BIOMASS
BELHOUR SOUAD
15 ANALYSIS OF SOLAR HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS USED FOR HEATING BUILDINGS
RABAH GOMRI
17 ANALYSIS ON THE THIN LIQUID FILM TICKNESS FOR INDIVIDUAL DUMITRESCU-
TAYLOR BUBBLE IN VERTICAL DUCT AT LOW EÖTVÖS NUMBER
SAMIA BENATTALH, AMMAR BOUHALLASSA, MOHAMED SOUHAR
19 APPLICATION OF A WASTE FROM THE WOOD INDUSTRY FOR THE SORPTION OF
CADMIUM IONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
BENDJELLOUL MERIEM, TOUHAMI MOUFIDA
21 CARBON PREPARATION FROM WASTE SLUDGE FOR CHROMIUM (VI) RECOVERY FROM
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
HAKIM AGUEDAL, ABDELKADER IDDOU
23 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAIRS ADSORBENT/ADSORBATE USED IN SOLAR COOLING
ADSORPTION SYSTEMS
CHEKIROU WASSILA, BOUKHEIT NAHMAN, KARAALI AHCENE
25 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ADSORPTION OF COPPER ON AL13 AND ON THE
BENTONITE
MARSA ZOUBIDA, BOUCHELTA CHAFIA, MAGRI PIERRE,
MOHAMED SALAH MEDJRAM, RAMDANE NASSIMA
27 CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE, MOLECULAR CONFORMATION (DFT) AND SPECTROSCOPY
OF TWO HALOGENODURENE PRODUCTS (BROMODURENE AND IODODURENE).
ALI BOUDJADA, NOUDJOUD HAMDOUNI
29 EFFECT OF AL13 POLYCATION GRAFTING ON THE POROUS STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
OF POTATOS WASTES ACTIVATED CARBON
MARSA ZOUBIDA, BOUCHELTA CHAFIA, MAGRI PIERRE,
MOHAMED SALAH MEDJRAM, RAMDANE NASSIMA

4
 ENTECH ‘19

31 EFFECT OF HEAT RECOVERY RATIO ON ADSORPTION COOLING SYSTEM’S

PERFORMANCE
CHEKIROU WASSILA, BOUKHEIT NAHMAN, KARAALI AHCENE
33 ELABORATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITE THIN FILMS
BASED ON METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR: PVC/MNO2
MILOUD SEBAIS, BOUBEKEUR BOUDINE, BOULEKROUNE RIAD,
OUAHIBA HALIMI, SABAH MAMMERI
35 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WALL SHEAR STRESS ALONG DUMITRESCU-TAYLOR
BUBBLE IN COUNTER-CURRENT LAMINAR DOWNWARD FLOW IN VERTICAL PIPE.
SAMIA BENATTALH, MOHAMED SOUHAR
37 FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AL AND SB CO-DOPED ZNO THIN FILMS.
OUILI ZEINEDDINE, BOUBEKEUR BOUDINE, HAYETTE ALLIOUCHE.
MILOUD SEBAIS, OUAHIBA HALIMI
39 FABRICATION OF PURE AND RARE EARTH DOPED ZINC SULFIDE THIN FILMS
BOUBEKEUR BOUDINE, HAYETTE ALLIOUCHE, KHAOULA GHEZALI,
MILOUD SEBAIS, OUAHIBA HALIMI
41 HAZARDS AND CONSEQUENCES IDENTIFICATION IN NATURAL GAS TRANPORTATION
BY PIEPELINE
MOUNIRA ROUAINIA
43 HYDRODYNAMIC AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A LAMINAR FLOW IN A
SQUARE CAVITY WITH A PERIODIC CONDITION BY THE MRT METHOD
HIRECHE ZOUHIRA, AMEZIANI DJAMEL EDDINE, LYES NASSERI
45 HYDRODYNAMIC INVESTIGATION OF SLUG FLOW IN MICRO-CHANNEL
LYNDA BOUBENDIR, LOUNES TADRIST, SALAH CHIKH
47 HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF BARIUM-DOPED MNO2 NANOPARTICLES:
STRUCTURAL AND PHOTOCATALYTIC INVESTIGATIONS
SABAH MAMMERI, BOUBEKEUR BOUDINE, MILOUD SEBAIS, OUAHIBA HALIMI
49 INDUSTRIAL ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS PREDICTION BASED ON STATIC AND
DYNAMIC ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
MOUNIRA ROUAINIA
51 KINETIC STUDY OF THE REMOVAL OF AN INDUSTRIAL DYE (SBL) BY CHARCOAL FROM
ORGANIC WASTE
IDDOU ABDELKADER, FATIMA SEBIANE, HAKIM AGUEDAL, ILYES TOUIL,
SAMIA BENHAMMADI

5
 ENTECH ‘19

53 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT MODELLING OF SURFACE PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINE
TUNAHAN SAPMAZ, YASEMIN ÖNER
55 MODULAR SIMULATION OF A FLUIDIZED BED MEMBRANE REACTOR FOR ENERGY
APPLICATIONS
MOHAMMAD KHODABANDEHLOO, RAHMAT SOTUDEH-GHAREBAGH
57 NEW APPROACH TO PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL DESIGN BASED ON CIRCULAR
METAMATERIALS (SRRS) FOR OPTIMIZATION OF ABSORPTION QUALITIES
MOHAMMED BERKA, ZOUBIR MAHDJOUB
59 NOVEL STRATEGY FOR PREPARATION OF NANOCOMPOSITES ELECTRODES BASED ON
GRAPHENE
TARIK BORDJIBA, ZINEB NABTI, SAMIA BOUAKKAZ, ALI BENAYAHOUM,
AHCENE LEMZADMI
61 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS WITH LATTICE
BOLTZMANN METHOD
ZOUHIRA HIRECHE, ALI CHERIF, DJAMEL-EDDINE AMEZIANI,
LYES NASSERI
63 NUMERICAL STUDY OF INTERNAL VENTILATION IN CLOSED CAVITY
LYES NASSERI, ZOUHIRA HIRECHE, ALI CHERIF, DJAMEL-EDDINE AMEZIANI
65 OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM USING FIBER BRAGG GRATING
BOUREGAA MOUWEFFEQ, HICHEM CHIKH-BLED, MOHAMMED DEBBAL,
MOHAMMED CHAMSE EDDINE OUADAH, MOHAMMED EL KEBIR CHIKH-BLED
67 OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN HYBRID
BELHOUR SOUAD
69 PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF WIND TURBINE BLADES REINFORCED BY ADHESIVELY
BONDED REPAIRS
FAYCAL MILI, TOUFIK ACHOUR
71 RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL OF DUHOK: A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR MICRO-
HYBRID POWER STATIONS
SERHAN HAKGUDENER, SINISA PRVANOV
73 SINGLE CRYSTAL ELABORATION OF CU2ZNSNSE4 COMPOUND FOR SOLAR CELLS
APPLICATION
SAFIA KEROUR, ABDESLAM BOULOUFA

6
 ENTECH ‘19

75 STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE AND DOPED ZNO THIN FILMS
HAYETTE ALLIOUCHE, BOUBEKEUR BOUDINE, MILOUD SEBAIS,
OUAHIBA HALIMI
77 STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CUINSE2 LAYER FOR SOLAR
CELLS APPLICATIONS
MERYEM LASLADJ, ABDESLAM BOULOUFA
79 STUDY BY DSC AND MICROHARDNESS MEASUREMENTS OF THE MICRO-
CONSTITUENTS EFFECT ON THE PRECIPITATION OF NANOMETRIC PHASES IN THE
AL-ZN-MG ALLOYS
BOUMAZA LEILA, ASSIA AZIZI, BELAMRI ZEHIRA, HADJADJ LAKHDAR
81 STUDY OF PRECIPITATION PROCESS IN TWO AL-MG-SI ALLOYS
AOUABDIA YOUCEF, BOUBERTHEKH ABDELHAMID, LEILA AMIOUR
83 STUDY ON THE STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF AN AL-ZN-MG-CU ALLOY BY
DILATOMETRIC ANALYSIS
BOUMAZA LEILA, ASSIA AZIZI, BELAMRI ZEHIRA, HADJADJ LAKHDAR
85 STUDY THE EFFECT OF THE HEATING AND / OR COOLING RATE ON THE PRECIPITATION
AND PROPERTIES OF AZ91 ALLOY OF THE MG-AL SYSTEM
AZIZI ASSIA, ASSIA AZIZI, BOUMAZA LEILA, FOUZIA BENMAHMOUD,
MEHDIA TOUBANE, ZEHIRA BELAMRI
87 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISTICS PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC / ORGANIC
NANOCOMPOSITES
OUAHIBA HALIMI, BOUBEKEUR BOUDINE, MILOUD SEBAIS
89 THE EFFECT OF ABSORBER LAYER THICKNESS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS
SECKIN AKIN

7
ENTECH ‘19

8
 ENTECH ‘19

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN GROUND COUPLED

HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
RABAH GOMRI

Geothermal energy systems are increasingly utilized recently due to the fact they
offer higher energy efficiency and lower environmental impact. The geothermal
heat exchanger is the tool with which the heat exchange is performed by injecting
heat to the ground in a cooling period or extracting it in a heating period. Since
many years, the installation of ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) in buildings has
increased because of their efficiency for heating and cooling, also through their
use, significant amounts of fossil fuels can be saved and hence a certain amount of
CO2 emissions can be avoided. In the present paper we show a comparative study
between two different types of geothermal ground coupled heat pumps, horizontal
and vertical ground heat exchangers, both systems are sized for the same heat
load. For the horizontal system we used an analytical solution, and for the vertical
system we built a 2-D transient model using the finite volume method which was
programmed in MATLAB; this model was validated by an analytical solution and a
good concordance was obtained; once the model is validated we move to make
a comparison between both systems in order to make it easy to conceive the
installation type.

9
ENTECH ‘19

10
 ENTECH ‘19

A THERMODYNAMIQUE STUDY OF A NON- EQUILIBRIUM

MODEL IN A SIMPLE ADSORPTION COOLING SYSTEM
CHEKIROU WASSILA
HASSIBA BEKKOUCHE

With the increasing economic development, adsorption refrigeration systems

are commercially developed due to the need of replacing the conventional systems
which use environmentally harmful refrigerants and consume high grade electrical
power. Through literature review, the performance of such systems is affected by
mass transfer kinetics which is neglected by many researchers. Three models are
used to describe refrigerant transfer between gaseous and solid phases, namely,
the equilibrium, the solid diffusion and the linear driving force models. The
equilibrium model which has been generally adopted in previous studies considers
no mass transfer limitations between solid and gas phases and assumes them in
thermodynamic equilibrium. In fact, the two phases could not reach equilibrium
instantly, but only after a certain time which depends on the adsorbate-adsorbent
pair utilized. For this reason, mass transfer kinetics between moving and stationary
phases in adsorption processes is incorporated and because of its simplicity
the linear driving force (LDF) model is adopted in this study. A non-equilibrium
thermodynamic model for the simulation of an adsorption cooling machine
cycle based on Activated-Carbon /Methanol working pair and Dubinine-Astakhov
equation is proposed in this paper. Specific cooling power (SCP), cooling power (QF)
and coefficient of performance (COP) were calculated by cycle simulation computer
program. The objective of the present work is to investigate and analyze the effects
of several main factors affecting the performance of cycles such as the working
conditions, especially the regenerating temperature, the condensation temperature,
evaporation temperature. Furthermore, the influence of the main parameters such
as cycle time on the system will be discussed in order to determine their optimum
values. The simulation calculation indicates that the COP and SCP values increase
when the heat source temperature increases and there is an optimum regenerating
temperature for the pair activated carbon AC-35/methanol at various condensation
and evaporation temperatures, the results show also that both COP and Qf increase
with increasing the evaporation temperature and decrease with the increase of the
condensation temperature.

11
ENTECH ‘19

12
 ENTECH ‘19

AN OPTIMAL HYBRID PV/WIND AND BIOMASS

BELHOUR SOUAD

Renewable hybrid energy systems have great potential to provide high quality
and more reliable power. This offers the advantage that the strengths of each
type of sources can be used to complement one another. In this article, with the
estimation of the energetic potential of renewable energy resources that can be
extracted from a given site; and then proposes the determination of their repartition
in order to optimize the exploitation of these available resources while meeting
specific energy demands. The general problem can be formulated as a problem
of optimal allocation of limited resources constrained to meet specific demands.
We specifically consider situations where the installed energetic capacity of each
resource is continuous. The Simplex linear programming method is adopted to solve
this problem. We consider the combination of three renewable energy resources,
namely photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, and biodigesters with limited capacities
to meet an energetic demand in a specific site with a lowest cost.

13
ENTECH ‘19

14
 ENTECH ‘19

ANALYSIS OF SOLAR HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS USED FOR

HEATING BUILDINGS
RABAH GOMRI

Nowadays, provide clean energy in sufficient quantity and at a handsome price

constitutes a major requirement for the development of any nation. Indeed, the
increase in demand in energy and the accelerated deterioration of the environment
related to the residues of the energy resources used pose serious problems on a
global scale. The socio-economic impact of these problems can only be intensified in
the short and medium term. In this study, the simulation and the analysis of a solar
flat plate collectors combined with a compression heat pump is carried out. The
system suggested must ensure the heating of a building without the recourse to an
auxiliary energy source in complement of this heating system. The system is used to
heat a building using heating floor. The performances of this system were compared
to the performances of the traditional solar heating system using solar collectors
and an auxiliary heating load to compensate the deficit. In this case a traditional
solar heating system having the same characteristics with regard to the solar
collecting area and the volume of storage tank is used. It can be concluded that the
space heating system using a solar energy combined with heat pump improve the
thermal performance of the heat pump and the global system. The performances
of the heating system combining heat pump and solar collectors are higher than
that of solar heating system with solar collectors and storage tank. The heat pump
assisted by solar energy can contribute to the conservation of conventional energy
and can be competitive with the traditional systems of heating.

15
ENTECH ‘19

16
 ENTECH ‘19

ANALYSIS ON THE THIN LIQUID FILM TICKNESS FOR

INDIVIDUAL DUMITRESCU-TAYLOR BUBBLE IN VERTICAL
DUCT AT LOW EÖTVÖS NUMBER
SAMIA BENATTALH
AMMAR BOUHALLASSA
MOHAMED SOUHAR

Dumitrescu-Taylor bubble is widely encountered in many industrials processes

as in nuclear reactors, chemical devices, etc... Generally, this bubble is presented
in vertical duct as a long cylinder surrounded by a thin liquid film. One of the most
important parameters of this bubble is the liquid film thickness which is a key in the
knowledge of the hydrodynamic characteristics of flow bubble. The purpose of this
paper is to compare the numerical and two experimental techniques (optical and
conductimetric methods) results obtained on the liquid film thickness surrounded
the individual Dumitrescu-Taylor bubble in vertical duct at low Eötvös number ( ).
Simulation results confirm the correction made to the results of conductimetric
method. The evolution of the liquid film thickness around a Dumitrescu-Taylor
bubble shows the existence of three various lengths characterizing a flow occurring
along a bubble and the fully developed flow distance which is about of 10 to 12D
below the nose of the bubble.

17
ENTECH ‘19

18
 ENTECH ‘19

APPLICATION OF A WASTE FROM THE WOOD INDUSTRY

FOR THE SORPTION OF CADMIUM IONS IN AQUEOUS
SOLUTIONS
BENDJELLOUL MERIEM
TOUHAMI MOUFIDA

Chemical contamination of water by awide range of toxic derivatives, particularly

heavy metals, has become one of the most serious environmental problems.
Numerous methods have been applied for the removal of Cd (II) from contaminated
water. Although adsorption process proved to be more efficient, research to
develop alternative adsorbents with high adsorption capacities is still underway.
For this purpose, the aim of this study was set to assess the effectiveness of a
functionalized lignocellulosic waste with fonctional groups organic for the sorption
of cadmium ions in aqueous solution. The removal study of Cd (II) by cellulosic
material was carried out by kinetics, sorption isotherms, effect of temperature
and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated. The last part of this work was
dedicated to assess the regenerability of the adsorbent material after three reuse
cycles. The results indicate that adsorbent matrix possesses a high effectiveness in
removing Cd (II) with a sorption capacity of 222.22 mgg-1, yet a better value that
those of many low-cost adsorbents so far reported in the literature. Desorption of
cadmium ions was achieved by using a brine aqueous solution and regeneration
tests have shown that the adsorbent maintains its sorption capacity after three
adsorption/desorption cycles.The results found in the course of this study suggest
that ion exchange is the most appropriate mechanism involved in the removal of
cadmium ions.

19
ENTECH ‘19

20
 ENTECH ‘19

CARBON PREPARATION FROM WASTE SLUDGE FOR

CHROMIUM (VI) RECOVERY FROM INDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER
HAKIM AGUEDAL
ABDELKADER IDDOU

Several industries, such as tanneries, metallurgy, surface treatment, etc.,

produce significant amounts liquid waste rich on Chromium (VI). In this study it
was discussed to remove this element in from aqueous solution. A biological
sludge as by-product of wastewater treatment plant was used to prepare a Carbon.
The adsorption experiments were carried out in batch and the effect of various
parameters was investigated. The maximum adsorption was observed for at pH 1.
The adsorption capacity appears to be optimized for the finest particles, moderate
agitation and high temperatures. The kinetic study shows that equilibrium is reached
after 90 min. The kinetic model of pseudo-second order is the most appropriate to
describe the adsorption process. The adsorption isotherms are in good agreement
with the Langmuir model. Moreover, the thermodynamic analysis revealed that
the present process is a spontaneous phenomenon (?G ° <0), favorable (?S °> 0),
endothermic (?H °> 0) and that it occurs by physisorption.

21
ENTECH ‘19

22
 ENTECH ‘19

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAIRS ADSORBENT/

ADSORBATE USED IN SOLAR COOLING ADSORPTION
SYSTEMS
CHEKIROU WASSILA
BOUKHEIT NAHMAN
KARAALI AHCENE

Many adsorbent-adsorbate pairs can be considered as working materials

in solar adsorption refrigeration systems, and a careful selection of this pairs is
essential, because, the thermal performance coefficient of these systems depends
on it, however, its selection depends on certain desirable physical and chemical ch
aracteristics. This paper presents a detailed thermodynamic and parametric analysis
of simple intermittent cycle of an adsorption refrigerator. The basic fundamentals of
adsorption process and the criteria for choice of the adsorbent-adsorbate pairs are
discussed. The Dubinin-Astakhov (D-A) equation is used to describe the isotherm
of adsorption for a different activated carbon /methanol pairs. Variable physical
properties with temperature such as specific heat and isosteric heat of adsorption
are considered. A determination of two critical points of desorption and adsorption
is necessary for complete description of the cycle at different operating conditions
such as adsorption temperature, evaporating temperature and condensing
temperature. Factors mostly influencing the performance of the system and the
cold quantity produced at evaporator level are discussed. The best pair used in this
kind of machines is also investigated.

23
ENTECH ‘19

24
 ENTECH ‘19

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ADSORPTION OF COPPER

ON AL13 AND ON THE BENTONITE
MARSA ZOUBIDA
BOUCHELTA CHAFIA, MAGRI PIERRE
MOHAMED SALAH MEDJRAM
RAMDANE NASSIMA

The adsorption processes often constitute a complementary technique to the

sector of conventional drinking water in order to eliminate the heavy metals [1].
Taking into account the disadvantages met at the time of the placement of the
activated carbon, it appeared interesting to us to study the adsorption of the heavy
metals on bentonite and on Al13. After the knowledge of the characteristics of this
clay largely produced in Algeria, and of the Al13 produces at the laboratory, our
tests were related to copper solutions, of whose absorbance was determined by
UV [3-4]. We were then brought to evaluate the influence of reactional parameters
[1-4] such as adsorbent masses and adsorbed mass, and the pH on the output of
copper elimination in distilled water solution. It appeared that an optimal amount
of bentonite and Al13 could be given for a given content of copper. In the same way,
the pH seemed to conditionate strongly the effectiveness of the copper adsorption
by the surface of bentonite and Al13.

25
ENTECH ‘19

26
 ENTECH ‘19

CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE, MOLECULAR

CONFORMATION (DFT) AND SPECTROSCOPY OF TWO
HALOGENODURENE PRODUCTS (BROMODURENE AND
IODODURENE).
ALI BOUDJADA
NOUDJOUD HAMDOUNI

In this work it will be presented an experimental crystallographic study from

X-ray diffraction at room temperature to determine the crystalline structure of
bromodurene or 1-bromo-2, 3, 5, 6-tetramethylbenzene commonly referred to
(BD) and iododurene or 1-iodo-2, 3, 5, 6-tetramethylbenzene (ID). We will then
have information about the different types of interactions depending on the type
of atoms involved and the influence of the environment on the configuration of
the methyl. Experience shows that the compounds (C10H13Br) and iododurene
(C10H13I) crystallize in the same P212121 space group with four molecules per
mesh. In parallel with this work, we used two correlation functions B3LYP and
MPW1PW91 in the GAUSSIAN03 program chain and bases to verify the molecular
conformations of C10 H13X (X = Cl, Br, I) or monohalogenoduren (MHD) types.
Constantly developing, these compounds have been the subject of numerous
theoretical and experimental studies. The theoretical calculation results from
quantum chemistry (spectroscopy and molecular conformations) will be compared
to the experimental results.

27
ENTECH ‘19

28
 ENTECH ‘19

EFFECT OF AL13 POLYCATION GRAFTING ON THE

POROUS STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT OF POTATOS
WASTES ACTIVATED CARBON
Marsa Zoubida
Bouchelta Chafia
Magri Pierre
Mohamed Salah Medjram
Ramdane Nassima

Abstract Modified potatos wastes with Al13 polycation were used as a

feedstock’s for activated carbon production by physical activation. The synthesized
materials were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, Scanning electron
microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared analyses. Effect of Al13 grafting on
textural and chemical surface properties of activated carbons- Al13 produced
was studied. The increasing Al13 content has significant effects on the porous
structure of the prepared activated carbon; it causes more structural uniformity
and increases the surface area and the pore volume (the best surface area of 419
m2/g, micropore area of 400 m2/g and microporous volume of 0.171 cm3/g).
The methyl orange adsorption performance of the obtained adsorbent was also
investigated to determine the role of Al13, especially its special structure and high
positive charge (+7). Adsorption performance of the grafted activated carbon was
significantly improved. Increasing charges at the carbons materials surface by Al13
grafting enhanced the methyl orange adsorption kinetics. The adsorption data was
correlated to Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models. The results showed that
the adsorption data fitted better to the Langmuir isotherm model. The prepared
activated carbon- Al13 has been found to be an efficient material for anionic dye
removal from wastewater.

29
ENTECH ‘19

30
 ENTECH ‘19

EFFECT OF HEAT RECOVERY RATIO ON ADSORPTION

COOLING SYSTEM’S PERFORMANCE
CHEKIROU WASSILA
BOUKHEIT NAHMAN
KARAALI AHCENE

The most effective refrigerant, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), used in traditional

vapor compression refrigeration systems are not environment friendly because they
contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer and have a role in the greenhouse
effect. Although other alternatives such as HCFCs and HFCs have less ozone layer
depletion effect, they do have the potential of global warming. These environmental
protection reasons intensify the research efforts on the development of both ozone
layer and global warming safe refrigeration technology. The environmental friendly
adsorption cooling system is an attractive alternative to the conventional vapor-
compression cooling system. However, the wide- spread application of adsorption
systems is limited by its rather low coefficient of performance, low specific cooling
power and long cycle time. In order to improve the performances of the adsorption
cooling system, some advanced cycles have been proposed and investigated, such
as the continuous cycle, the forced convection cycle and the thermal wave cycle.
The continuous cycle which incorporated heat recovery cycles is verified to be one
of simple and effective method to improve the thermal performance of adsorption
cooling systems. The function of the heat recovery cycle is to recover the thermal
energy from the temperature difference between the two adsorbent beds. A
numerical model describing an adsorption refrigeration system and incorporating
a heat recovery cycle is proposed in this paper. The results of a base case as a
reference, demonstrated that the COP of the double bed adsorption refrigeration
cycle increase with respect to the single bed configuration. Several main factors
affecting the performance of cycle, the heat recovery ratio, the regenerative heat
and the temperature at the end of heat recovery are discussed according to the
results of computer simulations.

31
ENTECH ‘19

32
 ENTECH ‘19

ELABORATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYBRID

NANOCOMPOSITE THIN FILMS BASED ON METAL OXIDE
SEMICONDUCTOR: PVC/MNO2
MILOUD SEBAIS
BOUBEKEUR BOUDINE
BOULEKROUNE RIAD
OUAHIBA HALIMI
SABAH MAMMERI

The objective of this study is the fabrication and characterization of thin films of
hybrid nanocomposites based on the poly vinyl chloride (PVC) as the polymer matrix
and the metal oxide semiconductor MnO2 as the filler. The used concentrations of
MnO2 were 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by weight. The nanometric powder of MnO2
was synthesized by the hydrothermal method and the nanocomposite PVC/MnO2
thin films were deposited on glass substrates by the dip-coating technique. The
elaborated samples were characterized by various complementary techniques such
as X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman and UV-Visible
spectroscopies as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM) to highlight their structural
and optical characteristics. The XRD investigation revealed that the synthesized
nanoparticles of MnO2 have a tetragonal structure corresponding to the ?-MnO2
phase and showed their incorporation into the PVC matrix which was confirmed by
the FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The particle sizes were estimated in the range
4.89-14.24 nm. The AFM displayed a porous morphology for the surface of the films,
with pores of varying size depending on the MnO2 concentration. The recorded
UV-Visible spectra showed that the films are transparent in the visible domain and
presented a steep absorption edge at 300 nm. The estimated optical band gap
energy 3.64 eV for the PVC/MnO2 nanocomposite thin films is lower than that of
pure PVC. The insertion of nanoparticles of metal oxides into transparent polymer
matrices has made it possible to obtain nanocomposites having an appropriate
optical band gap and specific optical properties that can be used in the manufacture
of new optical devices.

33
ENTECH ‘19

34
 ENTECH ‘19

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WALL SHEAR STRESS ALONG

DUMITRESCU-TAYLOR BUBBLE IN COUNTER-CURRENT
LAMINAR DOWNWARD FLOW IN VERTICAL PIPE.
SAMIA BENATTALH
MOHAMED SOUHAR

Experimental results were presented of the wall shear stress recorded around
an individual Dumitrescu-Taylor bubble in counter-current laminar downward flow
in vertical pipe of 1.02 mm ID. The results can be used for testing the calculation
models and numerical results often obtained under idealized conditions. Wall
shear stress measurements were performed using electrochemical technique.
The Results from signals recording for different lengths of the bubble show that
there is a similarity in wall shear stress distribution confirming the results work of
Nakoryakov. This distribution is tagged by different levels each corresponding to a
precise flow regime: potential low, transitional, laminar, turbulent and reverse flow
behind the bottom of the bubble. The change of direction of flow, the length of the
parietal vortice and the distance of stabilization of the flow, below the end of the
bubble has been characterized.

35
ENTECH ‘19

36
 ENTECH ‘19

FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AL AND SB

CO-DOPED ZNO THIN FILMS.
OUILI ZEINEDDINE
BOUBEKEUR BOUDINE
HAYETTE ALLIOUCHE
MILOUD SEBAIS
OUAHIBA HALIMI

The present work consists on the fabrication and the characterization of Al and
Cu, Sb co-doped ZnO thin films in order to improve structural, optical and electrical
properties of ZnO. To prepare the thin films of ZnO, sol-gel method was used.
The films were deposited on glass, ITO and Si substrate by spin and dip-coating
techniques. The characterization of Sb doped ZnO thin films shows that these
materials are able to modify optical properties of ZnO films by increasing the band
gap. Following this results, we have deposited Al doped and Sb co-doped ZnO thin
films on Si substrate in order to realize photovoltaic structures. Courant-voltage
measurements revels that when the films are illuminated the current increases.
Electrical response of ZnO doped Al co-doped Sb is modified by gas H2 injection. So
this film is suitable to be use in both photovoltaic and gas sensors.

37
ENTECH ‘19

38
 ENTECH ‘19

FABRICATION OF PURE AND RARE EARTH DOPED ZINC

SULFIDE THIN FILMS
BOUBEKEUR BOUDINE
HAYETTE ALLIOUCHE
KHAOULA GHEZALI
MILOUD SEBAIS
OUAHIBA HALIMI

Semiconductors thin films have attracted a huge interest due to their application
in lot of area such as photovoltaic devices. The physical properties of semiconductors
change considerably when the size approach their free exciton size’s. The present
work consists on the fabrication and characterization of Zinc sulfide (ZnS) thin
films using electrochemical method. The deposit solution is composed of zinc
sulfate and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) as sources of Zn and S, respectively.
XRD characterization shows that the obtained films exhibit a zinc blend structure.
The preferential orientation is strongly related to the experimental parameters.
The optical results show a lower transmittance. The doping of ZnS nanostructures
by rare earths (Er, Sm) present an improvement of optical properties with the
increasing of the dopants concentration and the optical band gap increases after
doping from 3.54 to 3.8 eV for both dopants.

39
ENTECH ‘19

40
 ENTECH ‘19

HAZARDS AND CONSEQUENCES IDENTIFICATION IN

NATURAL GAS TRANPORTATION BY PIEPELINE
MOUNIRA ROUAINIA

The hazardous materials transportation by pipelines is the most used mean of

transport for long distance links for liquid and gas. This mode of transport is not
without risk and accidents, which can be due to internal origin as the corrosion of
the pipeline, or of external origin such as an activity close to the pipeline (public
works ...). Our study is done on a natural gas pipeline, this pipeline is part of a
pipeline network of the EST Pipeline transportation (TRC) in Skikda region, with a
terminal of 5 pipelines (3 of natural gas, 1 of crude oil, 1 of condensate) which is
located close to urban areas and makes the impact of a leak on a pipeline of gas
or oil significant. In this study, our objective is to assess all risks related to natural
gas transportation by pipeline and their possible consequences. In addition, we will
determine critical events related to different type of leaks to show the possible
impacts and damages that a breach on natural gas pipelinecan have in the presence
of a source of ignition.

41
ENTECH ‘19

42
 ENTECH ‘19

HYDRODYNAMIC AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A

LAMINAR FLOW IN A SQUARE CAVITY WITH A PERIODIC
CONDITION BY THE MRT METHOD
HIRECHE ZOUHIRA
AMEZIANI DJAMEL EDDINE
LYES NASSERI

In this work we present the hydrodynamic thermal characteristics of the heat

transfer by convection in a ventilated open square cavity of a Newtonian fluid, in
laminar and steady flow. The governing equations of the phenomena are resolved
using the Lattice Boltzmann Method with multiple relaxation times (MRT). The flow
is modeled using the Boussinesq approximation. The ventilation in the cavity is
created by a air flux trough the openings. The thermal periodic boundary condition
is adopted on the active wall of the cavity. So the results are presented in terms
of Nusselt number (rate of heat transfert), the velocities and the streamlines. The
intervals of the control parameters are: [50-500] for Reynolds number, [10-10E+6]
for Rayleigh number and [0.1-0.9] for temperature amplitude.

43
ENTECH ‘19

44
 ENTECH ‘19

HYDRODYNAMIC INVESTIGATION OF SLUG FLOW IN

MICRO-CHANNEL
LYNDA BOUBENDIR
LOUNES TADRIST
SALAH CHIKH

In this study, a numerical approach is followed to investigate the hydrodynamics

of slug flow in millimeter size tube or lower. The numerical simulations are
conducted using air and water as the working fluids. The continuous liquid phase is
flowing in a tube of 200 µm external diameter, and the gas phase is axially injected
through a nozzle of 100 µm inner diameter. The model is based on a computational
fluid dynamics (CFD) approach and is constructed with an open-source toolbox
OpenFOAM, which utilizes a finite volume method to solve the Navier-Stokes
equations along the volume of fluid (VOF) methodology to capture the liquid-gas
interface. A single-fluid model is used to determine the flow field. The flow patterns
numerically visualized are bubbly, slug and annular flow. The flow regimes and
flow pattern maps are showed and discussed. Further, the effect of hydrodynamics
flow on slug flow characteristics has discussed in detail. The numerical predictions
obtained with this model are validated by experimental results of Bretherton (1960)
and Aussillous and Quere (2000).

45
ENTECH ‘19

46
 ENTECH ‘19

HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF BARIUM-DOPED MNO2

NANOPARTICLES: STRUCTURAL AND PHOTOCATALYTIC
INVESTIGATIONS
SABAH MAMMERI
BOUBEKEUR BOUDINE
MILOUD SEBAIS
OUAHIBA HALIMI

In this work, Ba-doped ?-MnO2 nanoparticles with different concentrations of

Ba have been synthesized using a simple hydrothermal process. KMnO4, MnSO4.
H2O and BaCl2 were used as chemical reagents. The obtained nanopowders have
been systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.
The results demonstrate that the synthesized materials correspond to the ?-MnO2
phase with crystallites of nanometric size. The efficiency of the photocatalytic
activity of the synthesized nanopowders was tested on the degradation of the
Methylene blue (MB) organic dye. It was found that the ?-MnO2 nanopowder has
a large catalytic and photocatalytic activity. Moreover, the Ba-doped ?-MnO2 has
enhanced the photodegradation of the Methylene blue and the degradation rate
has reached more than 100%, improving dramatically the photocatalytic activity.

47
ENTECH ‘19

48
 ENTECH ‘19

INDUSTRIAL ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS PREDICTION

BASED ON STATIC AND DYNAMIC ARTIFICIAL NEURAL
NETWORKS
MOUNIRA ROUAINIA

In This work we proceed to a comparative study between two neural networks

based approaches applied to air pollution prediction in industrial site. First
approach uses a static neural network and is based on multi-layer perceptron
(MLP) type of back-propagation neural network, while the other one is based on a
dynamic Nonlinear Auto Regressive model with eXogeneous (NARX) type of back-
propagation neural network with feedback from output to input. Database used
to train the neural network corresponds to historical time series of meteorological
variables (wind speed, wind. The performances estimation of these two models
through the calculation of the performance indices by MATLAB software, coupled
to the results will show the improvement of the dynamic neural network based
model performances. Hans the results of MLP & NARX models proved that the
NARX ability of obtaining more accurate predictions and this model performance
was more efficient in the forecasts of CO and NOx.

49
ENTECH ‘19

50
 ENTECH ‘19

KINETIC STUDY OF THE REMOVAL OF AN INDUSTRIAL

DYE (SBL) BY CHARCOAL FROM ORGANIC WASTE
IDDOU ABDELKADER
FATIMA SEBIANE
HAKIM AGUEDAL
ILYES TOUIL
SAMIA BENHAMMADI

The control of water pollution is one of the major areas of scientific activity. The
actions undertaken are carried out through global effluent management, with priority
given to pollution reduction actions, in particular through the implementation of
appropriate techniques, which has become the major focus of current research,
and is geared towards low-cost treatment processes, by using charcoal derived from
organic wastes. This can be a good alternative for the removal of dyes and organic
additives. In this work, we used charcoal, synthetized from organic waste (biologic
sludge and algae), in the removal of an industrial dye (SBL). We were particularly
interested in studying the adsorption kinetics. The results obtained allowed us to
say that, the charcoal used has a good performance by recording faster times and
thus faster kinetics. Kinetic modeling has shown that the adsorption of the SBL dye
is not governed by intraparticular diffusion, the behavior of the dye obeys a second
order.

51
ENTECH ‘19

52
 ENTECH ‘19

MAGNETIC CIRCUIT MODELLING OF SURFACE

PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
TUNAHAN SAPMAZ
YASEMIN ÖNER

Permanent magnet synchronous machine is widely used in industry such as

automotive and energy sector. Permanent magnet synchronous machine has two
disadvantages in general: torque fluctuation and magnet cost. The development
of design technology in permanent magnet synchronous machines increases the
importance of these machines. Since the permanent magnet synchronous motor
has too many variables to be optimized, it poses problems in the design stage.
Conventional design models are often used in permanent magnet synchronous
machine design, but this method is not completely accurate. Therefore, it can cause
errors in sizing and measuring machine performance in the early design stage.
Furthermore, although finite element design can give better results than other
design methods, it takes a lot of time in terms of design time compared to other
methods. In this study, the magnetic equivalent circuit which is a numerical method
was used to analyze the permanent magnet synchronous motor both in order to
reduce the working time and to find the pre-design criteria correctly.

53
ENTECH ‘19

54
 ENTECH ‘19

MODULAR SIMULATION OF A FLUIDIZED BED

MEMBRANE REACTOR FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS
MOHAMMAD KHODABANDEHLOO
RAHMAT SOTUDEH-GHAREBAGH

Recent decade has witnessed an alerting energy crisis fully affecting the energy
sector including oil and gas processing units, refineries, power plants, transportation,
and household consumption. The quest for finding reliable and novel energy
production facilities has yielded numerous types of reactors, such as packed,
trickle, fluidized beds, and fluidized bed membrane reactors to accommodate
energy and mass transfer/conversion for optimum fuel processing. Fluidized bed
membrane reactors would be able to play a key role in energy processing units,
owing to their enhanced heat and mass transfer, and facile control if the operational
issues are addressed carefully for the ease of their operation through mathematical
simulation and experimentation. Industrial process simulators (IPS) provide a user-
friendly interface attracting process engineers for their utilization with minimal
mathematical background for these units. While IPS are used for the simulation of
standard unit operations such as ideal reactors, distillation columns, boilers, pumps,
and piping, etc., they fail to provide sophisticated results on the performance of non-
ideal systems like a fluidized bed membrane reactor (FBMR) suitable for hydrogen
production in energy industries. The main challenge here is the lack of analytical
correlations to describe the physical, chemical and separation evolutions. However,
the non-ideality of FBMR may be addressed by integrating ideal unit operations
in the frame of process simulators by benefiting from sequences of units instead
of entangled equations by adding some routines to simulators. This approach,
which is called the sequential modular simulation (SMS), offers the user-friendly
infrastructure in which a multiphase membrane reactor can be segmented into
logically connected standard unit operations described through built-in routines.
In this study, FBMR was simulated with industrial process simulators and MATLAB.
In order to predict the performance of the reactor, the hydrodynamic sub-model
should be integrated with the reaction sub-model. The dynamic two-phase model
describes the physical phenomena in the hydrodynamic sub-model, and a set of
reaction kinetic models derived from literature provides the reaction sub-model

55
 ENTECH ‘19

in the steam methane reforming process. For the simulation purpose, the whole
bed, consisting of dense bed and freeboard regions, is axially segmented into n
elements and each element may be made of a) a CSTR rector to represent the
emulsion phase in the dense bed, b) a plug flow reactor to consider the gas passage
through the bubbles in the dense bed or the movement of gas-solid mixture in the
freeboard, c) a separator to represent the membrane in both regions. The separator
simulates the perm-selective membrane that removes hydrogen produced in the
FBMR. The simulation results were compared with experimental data and close
agreements were obtained. Furthermore, the effect of temperature, pressure, and
steam to carbon ratio (S/C) on methane conversion was investigated in detail. The
results showed that SMS simulation is fully capable of predicting the performance
reforming process. The proposed model can be applied for the simulation of
nonideal fluidized-bed membrane reactors inside of industrial process simulators.

56
 ENTECH ‘19

NEW APPROACH TO PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL DESIGN

BASED ON CIRCULAR METAMATERIALS (SRRS) FOR
OPTIMIZATION OF ABSORPTION QUALITIES
MOHAMMED BERKA
ZOUBIR MAHDJOUB

For photovoltaic cells, the conversion of light differs from one system to another.
Several parameters can influence the performance of these systems because of the
significant efficiency losses created; these losses are physical and technological.
The performance of the photovoltaic cells is obtained according to the physical
characteristics of the materials constituting these cells. In this work, we propose
a new design approach inspired by split ring metamaterial resonators (SRRs). The
proposed structure comprises a network of (4×4) of (SRRs) for circular shape and for
the same size, each (SRR) has a magnetic activity due to its negative permeability
(µ <0) will be etched on the upper face of Rogers dielectric substrate (RO4003)
for physical characteristics (?_r=3.55, tg?=0.0027) and thickness (h = 0.8 mm). The
assembly (SRRs) and substrate will be deposited on a thin layer of silicon to optimize
the absorption qualities of the photovoltaic cells. Our study concerns the oblique
incidence of electromagnetic waves in Transverse Electric modes (TE) on our global
structure for different values of incidence angle (?_1= 300, ?_2= 450 and ?_3= 600).
The transmission, reflection and absorption coefficients will be represented as a
function of the frequencies for the different values of (?). To simulate our structure
which is quite complicated, we will use Ansoft HFSS commercial software.

57
ENTECH ‘19

58
 ENTECH ‘19

NOVEL STRATEGY FOR PREPARATION OF

NANOCOMPOSITES ELECTRODES BASED ON GRAPHENE
TARIK BORDJIBA
1 Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Guelma (LGEG), Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, B.P.
401, 24000 Guelma, Algeria.
2 Department of Process Engineering, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, B.P 401, 24000
Guelma, Algeria

ZINEB NABTI
1 Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Guelma (LGEG), Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, B.P.
401, 24000 Guelma, Algeria.
2 Department of Process Engineering, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, B.P 401, 24000
Guelma, Algeria

SAMIA BOUAKKAZ
1 Department of Process Engineering, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, B.P 401, 24000
Guelma, Algeria

ALI BENAYAHOUM
3 Center of Scientific and Technical Research in Physicochemical Analyzes (CRAPC), Siège
ex-Pasna Zone Industrielle, Bou-Ismail, BP 384, CP 42004 Tipaza, Algeria

AHCENE LEMZADMI
Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Guelma (LGEG), Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, B.P. 401,
24000 Guelma, Algeria.

Corresponding authors *: bordjiba.tarik@univ-guelma.dz , bordjiba_tarik@yahoo.ca,

Abstract
Graphene is a single layer of graphite comprises carbon atoms packed into a 2D
(structure like honeycomb), each carbon atom is sp2 hybridized and it is bound to
its three neigbors. graphene is the strongest, thinnest, lightest and most conductive
material known to man. This material has many unique and amazing properties that
make it an ideal material for fundamental studies as well as for potential device
applications. graphene was first isolated in the lab by Andre Geim with former
student Konstantin Novoselov in 2004 (scotch tape method).
Different promising approaches have been explored for the synthesis of three-
dimensional nanocomposites based on graphene to build new light and very efficient

59
 ENTECH ‘19

electrodes for energy storage, conversion devices, optoelectronics, catalysts and

sensors. The conventional methods for preparing these nanocomposites include
the formation of a graphene film with a binder followed by the assembly of this
film on a current collector. It is well known that the adhesion of graphene to the
substrate presents considerable challenges. therefore, the formation of a graphene
film is not always straightforward and usually requires several trial-and-error steps
to obtain the good film. Finally, experimental conditions should be found to obtain
a low contact resistance between the graphene and the current collector.
In this work, we develop a new type of lightweight and binder-free electrode
based on microfibrous carbon paper MFC decorated by graphene sheets. This
process is much simpler than that used for the formation of composite electrode.
Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray
analysis confirm the graphene presence on carbon paper.
The results of the electrochemical characterization (cyclic voltammetry CV,
galvanostatic charge–discharge GCD) have been confirmed that the manufacture
of MFC-G electrode, the incorporation of graphene in microfibrous carbon paper
not only improves the electrical conductivity and mechanical resistance of carbon
paper, but also increases its surface roughness, improving charge transfer and the
electroactive surface. The resulting material can be used as binderless electrode for
energy storage, conversion devices, optoelectronics, catalysts and sensors

Key words: nanocomposites, graphene, storage energy, catalysts, sensors,

renewable energy, binder-free electrode

60
 ENTECH ‘19

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN

BUILDINGS WITH LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD
ZOUHIRA HIRECHE
ALI CHERIF
DJAMEL-EDDINE AMEZIANI
LYES NASSERI

Convective heat transfer coefficients are often arbitrarily fixed in building energy
simulations. This study aims to determine the convective heat transfer coefficients
on the floor, the walls and the ceiling of a room with underfloor heating. To conduct
this study, natural convection induced by the temperature gradient between the
bottom and upper walls within square enclosure has been studied. The upper wall is
brought to a sinusoidal temperature to represent its daily change. Different Rayleigh
number values are considered here. The study has been carried out by solving
numerically momentum and energy equations with the Boussinesq approximation.
The governing equations have been solved using the Lattice Boltzmann Method. The
study has been carried out for Rayleigh numbers in the range 10 ? Ra ? 106, while
Prandtl number and aspect ratio are kept constant at 0.71 and 1, respectively. The
numerical results in the form of streamlines, isotherms, average Nusselt number
and gain of the time-mean Nusselt number, are presented in this study.

61
ENTECH ‘19

62
 ENTECH ‘19

NUMERICAL STUDY OF INTERNAL VENTILATION IN

CLOSED CAVITY
LYES NASSERI
ZOUHIRA HIRECHE
ALI CHERIF
DJAMEL-EDDINE AMEZIANI

The forced convection characteristics inside a square closed cavity with an

axial fan have been investigated numerically. The fan is oriented to the horizontal
direction operates from the cold wall towards the hot right wall. The horizontal walls
are considered to be adiabatic. In order to investigate the effect of fan position,
three different placement of fan are considered. The study has been carried out
by solving numerically momentum and energy equations with the Boussinesq
approximation. The governing equations have been solved using the ?nite volume
approach, using Lattice Boltzmann Method with multi relaxation time (MRT-LBM).
The behavior of the fluid in the ranges of dimensionless fan position from 0.2 to 0.8,
Reynolds number range from 50 to 103, and Rayleigh number range between 10 and
106 is described in detail. The medium considered is air with a Prandtl number of
0.71. The results are presented in the form of streamlines, isotherms, and average
Nusselt number. The average Nusselt number increases with increasing in Reynolds
number, and the distance between fan and hot wall increase the Nusselt number
essentially with high Reynolds number values.

63
ENTECH ‘19

64
 ENTECH ‘19

OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM USING FIBER BRAGG

GRATING
BOUREGAA MOUWEFFEQ
HICHEM CHIKH-BLED
MOHAMMED DEBBAL
MOHAMMED CHAMSE EDDINE OUADAH
MOHAMMED EL KEBIR CHIKH-BLED

Several researchers have proposed an optical transmission system as a reliable

technique for exploiting the enormous bandwidth offered by optical fibers
and thus realizing high-bit optical communication links or high-capacity optical
communication networks in the long term. The performance of this system suffers
because of the correlation properties that contribute to a high level of Multiple
Access Interference (MAI), low system capacity (users), and lower transmission bit
rate. In this paper, our research is based on how we can design an error free gigabit
point to multipoint communication network with the help of fiber Bragg’s grating
(FBG) technique which reduce the effect of intersymbol interference and for the
high speed data rate.

65
ENTECH ‘19

66
 ENTECH ‘19

OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

RESOURCES IN HYBRID
BELHOUR SOUAD

In this paper, Hybrid renewable energy systems are based on the integration
and combination of different sources of renewable energy. They are a good solution
for the installation of autonomous energetic systems and have the advantage of
reducing the storage means and to respect the environment. For the design and
operation of hybrid energy systems, the problem is, given an estimate of the (RE)
resources potential of the site, to determine the optimal allocation to install for
each of these resources. This Work aims to the optimization and determine the
best combination of resources of renewable energy resources in the hybrid energy
systems in a sustainable hybrid energy system to meet energy demand for a specific
region The problem can be formulated as a problem of optimal allocation with
limited resources to meet a specified demand. The linear programming method
was adopted to solve this problem. Typical examples are discussed by applying this
technique to optimize the allocation of various given regions.

67
ENTECH ‘19

68
 ENTECH ‘19

PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF WIND TURBINE BLADES

REINFORCED BY ADHESIVELY BONDED REPAIRS
FAYCAL MILI
TOUFIK ACHOUR

During its service life, a wind turbine blade is subjected to several accidental
impacts of foreign objects like a bird or a hailstone on the body of a blade for
example. These impulsive loads can cause damage and become even more
difficult in the case of repeated impacts or cyclic loadings. The restoration of
structural efficacy by repair or reinforcement of the damaged part to assure the
durability and high lifetime of wind turbine. Adhesively bonded repairs, such as
carbon–fiber reinforced epoxy resin, are the most common type of repair carried
out with composite materials. To achieve this goal, the wind blade materials must
have very high stiffness, strength and environmental loading resistance as well
as weight. In order to restore the maximum performances of the structure, this
technology provides an alternative to mechanically fastened repairs, which often
introduce undesirable shear stresses in the medium and the ends of the joint. The
adhesively bonded repairs method is one of the techniques of reinforcement of
the most reliable structures. It consists thus of the analysis of shear stresses in the
adhesive part of a damaged structure subjected to a biaxial tensile loading. The
impacted laminates were repaired by reinforcing the damage area with a chopped
short carbon/epoxy patch with double covering. The obtained numerical results
showed that this method presents a good candidate during the choice of a patch
composite material with regard to geometry both as-designed and as shear loading
deformation behaviors of wind turbine blades. Shearing of the adhesive causes a
load transfer from the wind blade structure to the composite patch. It thus induces
relief structure in the damaged area and allows the extension of its lifetime.

69
ENTECH ‘19

70
 ENTECH ‘19

RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL OF DUHOK: A

FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR MICRO-HYBRID POWER
STATIONS
SERHAN HAKGUDENER
SINISA PRVANOV

Global power demand is rising and it creates challenges for the developing
countries to provide the dedicated energy supply. It is assumed that the world
total energy consumption will increase by 56% between 2010 and 2040. This will
create major issues for the oil and gas energy sector. Thus, the city of Duhok in the
northeastern Iraqi region is one of the examples that already face this global hurdle.
The regions limited national electric grid cannot fulfill the power requirement
and this situation pushes the residents to use diesel generators that also foster
significant air and noise pollution. Fortunately, the region has the full potential
of solar and wind power. On-site energy production might be a way of resolving
these issues. Moreover, the solution could be a vital transformation into renewable
energy sources such as Micro-Hybrid Power Stations. It would not just improve the
current situation but also open new economic opportunities by transferring new
technologies. Achieving that purpose is only requires a will of change and proper
planning. Therefore, the study has been divided into two phases. The first phase
aims to address the need for this transformation and provide theoretical feasibility
data by using solar and wind data models. In addition to doing that, further studies,
the second phase, are also planned to execute on-site surveys and data collection
to assure the feasibility of the first phase of the study.

71
ENTECH ‘19

72
 ENTECH ‘19

SINGLE CRYSTAL ELABORATION OF CU2ZNSNSE4

COMPOUND FOR SOLAR CELLS APPLICATION
SAFIA KEROUR
ABDESLAM BOULOUFA

Recently, Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 (CZTSSe) quaternary compounds have drawn more

attention as being a promising candidate for the absorber layer in solar cells because
of their non toxicity and abandonment in addition to their photovoltaic proprieties
[1-3]. The main purpose of this work is to growth the Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) alloy
by a simple melt growth technique. For this, the Cu (6N), Zn (4N), Sn (5N) and Se
(2N) elements were charged with stoichiometric proportions into a 200 mm length
and 14 mm diameter quartz tube sealed off under 5x10-6 torr, then placed in a
horizontal furnace and heated up gradually. The tube was kept at 300 °C for 8 h
to ensure the formation of secondary phases between Cu, Zn and Sn with Se to
decrease the vapor pressure in the tube to avoid any explosion in high temperature.
To ensure homogeneous mixing of the melt, the tube was kept at 1100 °C for 24 h,
the furnace was then cooled down reaching room temperature. The ingot chemical
composition analyses determined by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) were
found to be nearly stoichiometric. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the
CZTSe bulk crystal showed preferred orientations of (112), (220) and (312) planes,
confirming the Kesterite structure. The diffraction peaks indicate a remarkable
crystalline nature. The lattice constant of a- and c-axes were calculated from the
XRD pattern and were found to be 5.66 Å and 11.34 Å, respectively. These values
correspond well to reported ones [4].

73
ENTECH ‘19

74
 ENTECH ‘19

STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PURE AND

DOPED ZNO THIN FILMS
HAYETTE ALLIOUCHE
BOUBEKEUR BOUDINE
MILOUD SEBAIS
OUAHIBA HALIMI

Semiconductor thin-film oxides are intensively studied due to their extraordinary

properties especially in nanometric form. The major advantage of their use lies
in the modification of their original properties by quantum confinement effects.
In the last decade, a huge research has been developed for the use of nanoscale
semiconductors. In thin layers form, the latter allowed the integration of thousands
of components, leading to the miniaturization of devices used in technological
applications, such as light emitting diodes, laser devices and photovoltaic cells. This
work reports the effects of doping concentrations on the structural, morphological,
and optical ZnO thin films prepared by sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD)
analysis indicated that all ZnO thin films have the polycrystalline nature with
hexagonal wurtzite phase and (002) preferential orientation. XRD results
demonstrated that particle size of pure and doped ZnO decreased with increase
of doping concentrations. Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the films exhibit
defects related visible emission peaks, with different intensities, which is due to
difference in concentration of zinc vacancies. UV–Vis spectrometer results showed
that all the films are highly transparent in the visible region and the band gap energy
shift to the high energies

75
ENTECH ‘19

76
 ENTECH ‘19

STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

OF CUINSE2 LAYER FOR SOLAR CELLS APPLICATIONS
MERYEM LASLADJ
ABDESLAM BOULOUFA

Polycrystalline thin film solar cell based on CuInSe2 is becoming increasingly

important in modern photovoltaic application [1-3]. In this work, we report the
structural, optical and electrical properties of CuInSe2 thin film grown on glass
substrate by close spaced vapor transport (CSVT) at a substrate temperature of
500 °C during 25 minutes. This film is characterized using the variety of techniques
such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV visible spectrophotometer and Hall Effect
Measurement for its structural, electrical and optical properties. XRD analysis
revealed that layer exhibited highly crystalline chalcopyrite structure, with a
preferential orientation in the (112) direction. From optical transmittance data, the
absorption coefficient was calculated and it was found that the film exhibited an
optical absorption coefficient of >104 cm-1 and an optical band gap of 0.98 eV. The
carrier concentration, resistivity and mobility carried out from Hall measurement
are 6, 55x1016 cm-3, 1, 1x102 ?cm and 4, 36 cm2/Vs, respectively. The conduction
is p-type. Those properties are suitable for thin film solar cell fabrication.

77
ENTECH ‘19

78
 ENTECH ‘19

STUDY BY DSC AND MICROHARDNESS MEASUREMENTS

OF THE MICRO-CONSTITUENTS EFFECT ON THE
PRECIPITATION OF NANOMETRIC PHASES IN THE AL-
ZN-MG ALLOYS
BOUMAZA LEILA
ASSIA AZIZI
BELAMRI ZEHIRA
HADJADJ LAKHDAR

Generally the calorimetric study is used to determine the kinetic parameters

of precipitation and dissolution in metallic alloys like the Al-Zn-Mg-(Cu) alloys. The
aim of this work is to present the results of a calorimetric study of the effect of
the addition of micro-constituents (magnesium and essentially the zinc) on solid
state reaction in Al-Zn-Mg alloy. The precipitation phenomena and the related
hardening were studied by calorimetry and microhardness measurements. The
detailed calorimetric analyses have permitted the determination of the different
temperatures of formation and dissolution of each phase which exists in this type
of alloy. The results show that the main calorimetric peaks were identified to be
due to GP zones, ?' and ? phases precipitation. The aging at room temperature is
used to study the pre-precipitation by the formation of the GP zones. This study has
given some information concerning the conditions of formation and dissolution of
the GPI zones and there transformation in intermediary ?' phase. The evolution of
the mechanical properties during natural aging has been explained to be due to GP
zones and or VRC formation. It has been noticed that the addition of zinc modifies
the number and the amount of nanometric phases that precipitate in this alloy. In
addition the effect of heat treatment on the formation and the redissolution of the
GP zones, during the early-stage of precipitation, and the stability of the phases
after naturally ageing, seem to be dependent of the zinc and magnesium contents.

79
ENTECH ‘19

80
 ENTECH ‘19

STUDY OF PRECIPITATION PROCESS IN TWO AL-MG-SI

ALLOYS
AOUABDIA YOUCEF
BOUBERTHEKH ABDELHAMID
LEILA AMIOUR

The precipitation process in two Al-Mg-Si alloys has been investigated using
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X ray diffraction, scanning electronic
microscopy (SEM) fitted with X ray energy dispersive (EDX) and hardness
measurements. X ray diffraction study of the sheets showed that the intensity of the
reflections bellowing to the formed precipitates is very weak. The results indicate
that the excess of Si accelerate the precipitation reaction. The activation energy of
ß' phase formation is determinate by Ozawa’s method. The obtained values suggest
that the ß' phase formation in the first alloy is easier than that in the second one.
SEM micrographs showed clearly the presence of precipitates embedded randomly
in the ?-aluminum matrix. Two types of precipitate have been identified by EDX
chemical analysis. The contains Fe in addition to the Si and the other one contains
Mn and the in addition o the Si based on previous works, the first type could be
the intermetallic ?-AlFeSi compound and the second one could be the intermetallic
phase ?-Al (Mn, Fe)Si. They mainly contain in additions to Si, two transitions Mn and
Fe. Compared to previous works and literature data, these latest precipitates can be
attributed to the ? –AlFeSi phase and/or the cubic phase ?-Al (Mn, Fe)Si.

81
ENTECH ‘19

82
 ENTECH ‘19

STUDY ON THE STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF AN AL-ZN-

MG-CU ALLOY BY DILATOMETRIC ANALYSIS
BOUMAZA LEILA
ASSIA AZIZI
BELAMRI ZEHIRA
HADJADJ LAKHDAR

The sequence of precipitation phenomena in an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy and the

mechanisms which govern them remain subject of intensive research. The aim of
our study is to follow, on the one hand, the sequence of precipitation in these alloy
and, on the other hand to show the influence of natural ageing in the microstructure
evolution and formation of the different phases. For this, we have used different
experimental techniques such as Differential Dilatometry (DIL), Optical microscopy
(O.M) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The detailed analyses by dilatometry have
determined the different temperatures of formation and dissolution of the different
phases which exist in this type of alloy. The aging at low temperature was make
for isothermal treatments at 60 °C in order to study the pre-precipitation by the
formation of the GP zones. The precipitation sequence for the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys,
which contains a relatively low level of Mg, may be summarized as follows: sss› GPI,
GPII zones › ?' › ?, where sss is the supersaturated solid solution, GPI and GPII are the
Guinier–Preston (GP) zones, and h' and h are the intermediate and the equilibrium
phases respectively. The dilatometric cures have given information concerning the
conditions of formation and dissolution of the GPI zones and the transformation of
the GPII zones in h' phase during the aging at low temperature. The results obtained
in this study are in good agreement with several previous works found in literature.

83
ENTECH ‘19

84
 ENTECH ‘19

STUDY THE EFFECT OF THE HEATING AND / OR COOLING

RATE ON THE PRECIPITATION AND PROPERTIES OF AZ91
ALLOY OF THE MG-AL SYSTEM
ASSIA AZIZI
BOUMAZA LEILA
FOUZIA BENMAHMOUD
MEHDIA TOUBANE
ZEHIRA BELAMRI

Although used and studied since the beginning of the century, the mechanical
properties of magnesium-based structural curing alloys still contain certain secrets
that metallurgists strive to bring to light. In this work, we are interested in the Mg-
Al system and more particularly in the Mg-Al-9% Zn-1% (% by wt.) alloy. The main
objective of our work was is to study the effect of the heating and / or cooling rate on
the precipitation and properties of AZ91 alloy of the Mg-Al system. For this purpose,
we have used several experimental methods adapted to this type of scientific work ;
particularly X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness measurements (Hv), and optical
microscopic (MO) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation. All the
obtained results showed that the influence of reduction of the cooling rate followed
by aging at 150 °C can be summarized in a decrease in the time of the appearance
of the continuous precipitates. The following the evolution mechanical properties
as function of to the cooling rate showed that the studied alloy behaves with
completely different. On the other hand, the continuous precipitation develops at
high temperature (at 250 °C), while the discontinuous precipitation dominates at
intermediate temperatures (150 °C). High temperatures accelerate the relatively
diffusion process. The hardening was observed at all aging temperatures; however
the extension of aging has led to a drop in hardness.

85
ENTECH ‘19

86
 ENTECH ‘19

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISTICS PROPERTIES OF

INORGANIC / ORGANIC NANOCOMPOSITES
OUAHIBA HALIMI
BOUBEKEUR BOUDINE
MILOUD SEBAIS

The ideal optical properties of quantum dots (QDs) offer the possibility of using
them as fluorescent probes in biological staining and diagnostics [1]. Synthesis
of the nanoparticles has made great strides in the field of nanotechnologies
particularly in optoelectronics. From fundamental research, several theories
were proposed to explain the physical properties of this new class of materials
techniques [2]. The combinations of inorganic and organic species generate new
material for the development of new multifunctional devices [3]. Dispersion
of inorganic nanoparticles in the polymer matrix is a novel route to synthesize
hybrid inorganic–organic nanocomposites. Zinc sulphide (ZnS), a wide band gap
II–VI compound semiconductor is very promising material for its wide applications
in electroluminescence and optoelectronic devices. In the present work, we
investigated the structural and optical properties of polystyrene (PS) in the
presence of ZnS nanoparticles. Zinc sulfide nanocrystals embedded in polystyrene
matrix were successfully prepared by using spin coating method. The structural
characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction. The ZnS nanocrystals are single
crystals of wurtzite phase. The average diameter of the ZnS nanocrystals embedded
in polystyrene is 10.47 nm. The room temperature UV-visible absorption spectra
show a displacement towards of higher energies of the absorption edge. The
spectroscopic and photoluminescence studies were also carried out and the results
are discussed.

87
ENTECH ‘19

88
 ENTECH ‘19

THE EFFECT OF ABSORBER LAYER THICKNESS ON THE

PERFORMANCE OF PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS
SECKIN AKIN
Dr, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey
University, 70100, Karaman, Turkey

Abstract
Over the past decade, organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs)
have witnessed a great interest owing to their intriguing opto-electronic properties,
resulting in excellent photovoltaic performance. However, these current properties
including high absorption coefficient with long carrier diffusion lengths strictly bound
to the thickness of the perovskite layer due to the trade-off between recombination
rate and absorbing ability. In this study, the impact of perovskite layer thickness on the
photovoltaic performance of triple-cation perovskite employing devices was investigated
in the planar perovskite architecture of FTO/c-TiO2/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au.
Consequently, a breakthrough efficiency exceeding 21% with JSC of 24.4 mA.cm-2, VOC of
1.11 V and FF of 0.77 has been achieved by optimizing the thickness of the perovskite
layer. The optimum perovskite thickness has been obtained to be 550 ± 20 nm for the
corresponding device configuration by changing the solution concentration. This work
provides a remarkable insight to gain further understanding of the relationship between
recombination behavior and absorbing ability of the perovskite layer.

Introduction
Organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received
tremendous attention due to their high certified power conversion efficiency (PCE)
exceeding 25% (NREL, 2019). Such a high performance of perovskite devices is closely
related to the fascinating optical and electronic properties of absorber material in the
architecture. In addition to direct and tunable band gap, perovskite-based materials
provide long charge carrier diffusion lengths and high absorption coefficient, facilitating
a remarkable photovoltaic performance (Stranks et al., 2013, Ju et al., 2018). A typical
perovskite composition is formed in ABX3 structure (A = organic cation, B = metal
cation, and X = halide anion). The overall efficiency and stability of PSCs are strongly
dependent on the composition of the perovskite materials. Although CH3NH3PbI3
(MAPbI3) composition has been used for the first time as the light absorber material,
mixed cation and/or mixed halide compositions have become more popular recently

89
 ENTECH ‘19

due to their improved PCE and better long-term stability (Kim et al., 2012, Akin et al.,
2018, Vidal et al., 2019, Xiang et al., 2019).
Besides the perovskite composition, thickness parameter of perovskite layer
is also important in PSCs under operational conditions. In case of a very thin
perovskite film, the number of absorbed photons will be low, which results in low
photocurrents in the device. On the other hand, the charge recombination will
become a major issue in case of very thick perovskite films due to the low charge
carrier extraction (Liu et al., 2014b, Xi et al., 2015, Cho et al., 2018).
We report here the dependence of perovskite layer thickness on photovoltaic
performance in PSCs. In this manner, mixed-cation perovskite-based devices were
systematically investigated in the planar architecture of FTO/c-TiO2/perovskite/spiro-
OMeTAD/Au. The optimum perovskite thickness has been obtained to be 550 ± 20 nm
for the corresponding device configuration.

Exerimental details
In this study, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates were used after patterning
by chemical etching using zinc powder and HCl acid. The etched substrates were then
thoroughly cleaned by ultrasonication in detergent solution and rinsed by de-ionized
water, ethanol, and acetone. A ∼30 nm-thick compact layer of TiO2 (c-TiO2) was
deposited on FTO by spray pyrolysis at 450 °C from a precursor solution of titanium
diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (75% in 2-propanol) diluted in ethanol (1:9,
v:v) with sintering at 450°C for 30 min. The triple-cation perovskite films of Cs0.05(M
A0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 in different concentrations (1.2 to 1.6 M) were deposited
using a single-step deposition method from the precursor solution containing FAI,
PbI2, MABr and PbBr2 in anhydrous dimethylformamide/ dimethylsulphoxide (4:1
(v:v)). Thereafter, CsI (5% volume in DMSO) was poured to the above solution. After
that, the spin-coating procedure was performed on the c-TiO2 layers in a two-step
program at 1000 and 4000 rpm for 10 and 20 s, respectively. At the 10th second of
the last step, 200 μL of anti-solvent (chlorobenzene) was poured onto the spinning
film. The obtained films were then annealed at 100 °C for 1 h in the glove box.
Subsequently, a spiro-OMeTAD solution, prepared by dissolving 73 mM spiro-
OMeTAD in 1 mL of chlorobenzene and doped with 200 mM tert-butylpyridine and
30 mM of lithium bis(triuoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) from a stock solution
in acetonitrile, was deposited on the top of perovskite film by spin-coating at
4000 rpm for 20 s. Finally, ~60 nm of gold top electrode was deposited by thermal
evaporation under high vacuum.
The absorbance spectra of the perovskite film as a function of thickness was
performed by Cary 500 spectrophotometer while the photoluminesence (PL)
spectra collected by Horiba photoluminescence system. The thickness of the
corresponding perovskite layers was determined by Horiba ellipsometry system.
The thickness of perovskite layer was further assigned by cross-sectional scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) images. The current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics
of the perovskite devices were recorded with a digital source meter (Keithley
model 2400). A 450 W xenon lamp (Oriel) was used as the light source. Before
each measurement, the exact light intensity was determined using a calibrated Si
reference diode equipped with an infrared cut-off filter. The voltage scan rate was
20 mV s-1 while photo-active area of 0.09 cm2 was defined using a dark-colored

90
 ENTECH ‘19

metal mask.

Results and discussion

The thickness of Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 perovskite layer was
controlled by changing the solution concentration in device architecture (Figure 1a).
The change in film thickness obtained by ellipsometry as a function of concentration was
given in Figure 1b. The obtained values were evaluated by taking the average values of
five different points over the corresponding films. The thickness was obtained to be 310
±10 nm for perovskite film prepared by 1.2 M solution and such value reached to 660
±10 nm in the presence of 1.6 M solution.

(a) Au (b) 700

Thickness (nm)
Spiro-OMeTAD
550 ±20 nm
500
Perovskite

c-TiO2
Glass/FTO 300
200 nm
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Concentration (M)
Figure 1. The change in film thickness as a function of solution concentration

The effect of layer thickness of perovskite film on the photovoltaic performance was
evaluated by J-V measurements. Figure 2 shows the J-V curves of the best-performing
PSCs based on different thickness of perovskite layer with a scan rate of 20 V.s-
1
under 100 mW cm-2 illumination. The corresponding PV parameters of these
devices are summed up in Table 1. As clearly seen in Figure 2, the best efficiency
was achieved in the presence of 1.4 M concentration of perovskite film with a film
thickness of 550 ± 20 nm (Figure 1a). Such device exhibited a short-circuit current
density (JSC) of 24.4 mA.cm-2, an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.11 V and a fill factor
(FF) of 0.77, yielding a PCE of 21.06% (under reverse scan). The PCE histogram chart
of 10 devices for each case is given in the Figure 3. The obtained average parameters
follow the same trend of champion devices (Table 1).

25
Current density (mA/cm2)

20

15
1.2 M
10 1.3 M
1.4 M
5 1.5 M
1.6 M
0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2
Voltage (V)
Figure 2. The J-V characteristics of the best-performing perovskite devices in the
presence of perovskite film of different thickness

91
 ENTECH ‘19

It is clearly seen in Table 1 that when the perovskite concentration increases

from 1.2 M to 1.6 M, the value of VOC dramatically decreased from 1.17 V to 1.08
V, whereas the value of FF changed in a wide range of 0.66-0.77. The decrease
in Voc can be ascribed to the inferior contact between electron transport layer
(ETL) and thick perovskite film, resulting a limited carrier diffusion length, a poor
charge extraction, a high charge recombination rate (Noh et al., 2018). In case of
Jsc, a significant increase from 14.9 mA.cm-2 to 25.4 mA.cm-2 with the increasing
film thickness was obtained. The quite low Jsc value in 1.2 M concentration can be
explained on the basis of superior current leakage, implying higher recombination
rate in the bulk structure. Although the increase in perovskite thickness is regarded
as an advantage for enhancing the optical absorption, it is still a major challenge in
preventing of efficiency reduction for the very high film thickness (Momblona et al.,
2014, Yue et al., 2016).

22

18
PCE (%)

14

10
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Concentration (M)
Figure 3. Statistic distribution of efficiency for perovskite devices as a function of
perovskite concentration

In order to further investigate the relation between the thickness and

photovoltaic parameters, absorbance curves and PL spectra were collected. A
thicker absorber film tends to elongate not only the charge transport length but
also the transition time. This most probably induces more imbalanced charge
extraction with wider space charge region. This can be shown as an origin for charge
recombination in the device (Liu et al., 2014a). This phenomenon is confirmed by
the steady-state PL spectra in Figure 4a. On the other hand, as shown in Figure 4b,
elevating the perovskite concentration from 1.2 M to 1.6 M is beneficial for the
improvement of light absorption owing to reduction in the grain boundary along
the vertical direction associated by the increase in film thickness. This phenomenon
provides a better light-harvesting ability in the device, indicating a higher JSC values
(Castro-Mendez et al., 2019, Chu et al., 2017).

92
 ENTECH ‘19

Concentration VOC (V) JSC (mA.cm−2) FF PCE (%)

(M) Best Average Best Average Best Average Best Average
1.2 1.17 1.16±0.02 14.89 14.56±0.19 0.66 0.65±0.03 11.65 11.06±0.35
1.3 1.14 1.14±0.01 20.79 20.59±0.11 0.73 0.72±0.01 17.26 16.96±0.22
1.4 1.11 1.10±0.01 24.44 24.33±0.05 0.77 0.77±0.01 21.06 20.80±0.28
1.5 1.10 1.08±0.01 25.22 25.16±0.07 0.74 0.74±0.02 20.69 20.18±0.40
1.6 1.08 1.06±0.01 25.44 25.26±0.15 0.72 0.70±0.02 19.81 18.92±0.52
Table 1. Best-performing and average (10 devices) photovoltaic parameters in the
presence of different perovskite concentration

(a) (b)
1.2 M 1.2 M
1.3 M

Absorbance (a.u.)
1.3 M
PL intensity (a.u.)

1.4 M 1.4 M
1.5 M 1.5 M
1.6 M 1.6 M

680 720 760 800 840 500 600 700 800

Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)
Figure 4. (a) Steady-state PL spectra of perovskite films on FTO/Al2O3 substrates,
(b) The absorbance curves of perovskite films on FTO substrates

Conclusions
In this study, concentration dependent thickness optimization was carried out
for Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 perovskite layer in planar architecture. Among
the different concentrations, 1.4 M of perovskite solution was obtained as the best
value for corresponding perovskite composition. The optimization results revealed
a significant trade-off between recombination rate and absorbing ability. As a result,
an efficiency over 21% was achieved in the presence of perovskite film with 550
± 20 nm thickness. The obtained results also showed that although a significant
breakthrough has been achieved in perovskite-based cells, in‐depth understanding
of the effect of perovskite thickness is tremendously essential for exhibiting more
efficient devices to realize the industrialization development of such technology.

References
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY (NREL) [Online]. https://www.
nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html. 2019].
AKIN, S., LIU, Y., DAR, M. I., ZAKEERUDDIN, S. M., GRATZEL, M., TURAN, S. &
SONMEZOGLU, S. 2018. Hydrothermally Processed CuCrO2 Nanoparticles as an
Inorganic Hole Transporting Material for Low-Cost Perovskite Solar Cells wIth
Superior Stability. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6, 20327-20337.
CASTRO-MENDEZ, A. F., HIDALGO, J. & CORREA-BAENA, J. P. 2019. The Role of
Grain Boundaries in Perovskite Solar Cells. Advanced Energy Materials, 1901489.

93
 ENTECH ‘19

CHO, A. N., JANG, I. H., SEO, J. Y. & PARK, N. G. 2018. Dependence of hysteresis
on the perovskite film thickness: inverse behavior between TiO2 and PCBM in a
normal planar structure. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6, 18206-18215.
CHU, Z. D., YANG, M. J., SCHULZ, P., WU, D., MA, X., SEIFERT, E., SUN, L. Y., LI, X.
Q., ZHU, K. & LAI, K. J. 2017. Impact of grain boundaries on efficiency and stability of
organic-inorganic trihalide perovskites. Nature Communications, 8, 2230.
JU, D. X., DANG, Y. Y., ZHU, Z. L., LIU, H. B., CHUEH, C. C., LI, X. S., WANG, L., HU, X.
B., JEN, A. K. Y. & TAO, X. T. 2018. Tunable Band Gap and Long Carrier Recombination
Lifetime of Stable Mixed CH3NH3PbxSn1-xBr3 Single Crystals. Chemistry of
Materials, 30, 1556-1565.
KIM, H. S., LEE, C. R., IM, J. H., LEE, K. B., MOEHL, T., MARCHIORO, A., MOON, S.
J., HUMPHRY-BAKER, R., YUM, J. H., MOSER, J. E., GRATZEL, M. & PARK, N. G. 2012.
Lead Iodide Perovskite Sensitized All-Solid-State Submicron Thin Film Mesoscopic
Solar Cell with Efficiency Exceeding 9%. Scientific Reports, 2.
LIU, B., PNG, R. Q., TAN, J. K. & HO, P. K. H. 2014a. Evaluation of Built-In
Potential and Loss Mechanisms at Contacts in Organic Solar Cells: Device Model
Parameterization, Validation, and Prediction. Advanced Energy Materials, 4, 1321–
1328.
LIU, D. Y., GANGISHETTY, M. K. & KELLY, T. L. 2014b. Effect of CH3NH3PbI3
thickness on device efficiency in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells.
Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2, 19873-19881.
MOMBLONA, C., MALINKIEWICZ, O., ROLDAN-CARMONA, C., SORIANO, A., GIL-
ESCRIG, L., BANDIELLO, E., SCHEEPERS, M., EDRI, E. & BOLINK, H. J. 2014. Efficient
methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells with active layers from 300 to
900 nm. Apl Materials, 2.
NOH, M. F. M., TEH, C. H., DAIK, R., LIM, E. L., YAP, C. C., IBRAHIM, M. A., LUDIN,
N. A., YUSOFF, A. B., JANG, J. & TERID, M. A. M. 2018. The architecture of the
electron transport layer for a perovskite solar cell. Journal of Materials Chemistry
C, 6, 682-712.
STRANKS, S. D., EPERON, G. E., GRANCINI, G., MENELAOU, C., ALCOCER, M.
J. P., LEIJTENS, T., HERZ, L. M., PETROZZA, A. & SNAITH, H. J. 2013. Electron-Hole
Diffusion Lengths Exceeding 1 Micrometer in an Organometal Trihalide Perovskite
Absorber. Science, 342, 341-344.
VIDAL, S., IZQUIERDO, M., FILIPPONE, S., FERNANDEZ, I., AKIN, S., SEO, J. Y.,
ZAKEERUDDIN, S. M., GRATZEL, M. & MARTIN, N. 2019. Site-Selective Synthesis
of -[70]PCBM-like Fullerenes: Efficient Application in Perovskite Solar Cells.
Chemistry-A European Journal, 25, 3224-3228.
XI, J., WU, Z. X., DONG, H., XIA, B., YUAN, F., JIAO, B., XIAO, L. X., GONG, Q. H.
& HOU, X. 2015. Controlled thickness and morphology for highly efficient inverted
planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Nanoscale, 7, 10699-10707.
XIANG, W. C., WANG, Z. W., KUBICKI, D. J., TRESS, W., LUO, J. S., PROCHOWICZ,
D., AKIN, S., EMSLEY, L., ZHOU, J. T., DIETLER, G., GRATZEL, M. & HAGFELDT, A. 2019.
Europium-doped CsPbI2Br for Stable and Highly Efficient Inorganic Perovskite Solar
Cells. Joule, 3, 205-214.
YUE, L. Y., YAN, B., ATTRIDGE, M. & WANG, Z. B. 2016. Light absorption in
perovskite solar cell: Fundamentals and plasmonic enhancement of infrared band
absorption. Solar Energy, 124, 143-152.

94