THE CONSTRUCTION OF EROTIC EXPERIENCE IN THE ANCIENT GREEK WORLD David M. Halperin, John J. Winkler, and Froma I. Zeitlin, Editors PRINCETON, NEW JERSEYoe LAYING DOWN THE LAW: THE OVERSIGHT OF MEN'S SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN CLASSICAL ATHENS 7 John J. Winkler FOR "NATURE," READ “CULTURE” [RSE ree simpy natura fc, we could never write history And then one of our favorite modern projects—to describe the deve ‘opment and periodization and dale nteraciton of the 4exgendes systems ofthe varied societies we know—would have tobe abandoned ‘But sexs not, except ina evil and uninteresting sense, + natal et, Anthropologists, historians, and other students of culture eather than of acre) are sharply aware that almost any imaginable configuration of pleasure can be insitutonalized ae conventional and perceived by ite Dotiipans as natural Indeed what “natural” means in many such com texts is precisely “conventional” and “proper,”"The word “uneatarl” contents of human behavior quite reglaly means “serioualy conver, ‘onal," and suse like 2 Thin Ie sign to matk ofthe teritory where itis dangerous to go. Such warnings may be couched in sbsolte ern, butall such claims have been eroded by timelike the geological changes in the carts surface ver allen, the moral landmases ted “nie boundates canbe shown t have undergone radia shits There certainly was atime when the contast-of nature and convention, of physis and nomas, 38 applied to serual activity tnd 1 ‘everything ele, was not exploited, atime before that pasticula contest was developed a8 a linguistic or Sdologial turn. In our reco the os oh ye adh a in CJ 28 sets Gren St Nove 287A cbr veo pens ey bas aio Do The dtp Se Gr hss Ee ee Yorks or hat ae peti nd nine he negrs fe recy Supe” ap 3V2 Winkler contrast sms to bea product of the sophistic enterprise of the 6h fentury #.c.€* Before that cme there were no doubt olker ways of condoning and condemning sexual behivion° but the use of “hat ppeats not have been among them. eis important 1 unerine that ‘the contrast of pyr and nomen of matore and ele isl alee item, a habie of thought once discovered, promoted, and eventually adopted 362 convention. Overtime it has become an automat diché, group by the touchy ns peton whe could Gow thir ight around of Snidte mess saves ge Athi, 143, and Demosthenes, 25.57 {Gzes bullying meds), and Askkine, i195 Ot Athenians who ae Dorner he non fei ne, a Soy wil not be ire by beng delsedm ros) “Se coue, insulting behave between cten occured aplenty, p= sy he conpisiow eho of ain wean Tnvioubty of the pewon say have Ben the rule, olnce a nt Infequely the peat Lyi 9, domiment wo set fights with Sone vowing and broken hes, betes eval lovers of 3 Plan Boy The reglaons for sol clubs (oon contin long pangs ea eli Oi. 2 A ich mye nl pi soe thse yw ear oe SESS le [Dem 1]. ing ot he lee a ee segue tan Ostore 155 8h "Sichuan pra lt once hn (Scant fr hang bo ue ep ems AS) te orton ss le ‘op Rsyspos cha on Buide, Phin), On a ase bon whi (Shon tte MocDawel(970 Fer 996 199), ioe acd tn ‘Clr 0985, fs Pee Glen ends + on sb kyo re Laying Down the Law 181 dealing with fights, assaues, and disturbances.” Petheps the mot re ‘esling such incident leftin the records is a grudge fight nthe agora oe evening in which Konon and his sons not only knocked down their ‘opponent but held him upside down in 4 mud paddle while Konon pot hs hands under his armpits, Sapp is ars lke a vcorious roost 4 cockfight, and crowed (Dem 547-8). lt would be wrong to over, ‘emphasize the ines ofension among itizens. Dally ie in Athens fo he sverag cizen was surely nota perpetal, near-vilen squabble Bt fo {he conspicuously weakhy che Speakers of Lysis, 3, and Demosthene, 54, belong to theargical dass and for young mea (Konon's sons ere th principal actors), thse for whom honor i 3 leading conecry life could certainly belived by hairtrgger rules of contenaonsnes, The enemy was ago within. Plato's Lavs opens with «general chat scceriaton of social fein terms of seroma comperton, “according to ‘ate ua pysin) there ia perpetual wr between evaent units all Ieveloty versus «ty, village veut village, household vers howschold, male versus male, and person versus slf (250-626) That lis item is not 2 Platonic peculiarity But fitful reflection ofthe common moral language which prastd a good man as “stronger than himsei rein hewn), that i ale to manage™ and contel is vate ious appetites, and condemped a bad man ae "weaker than himselt™ (hen hecuon) "The tempeations in question ate food, dn, sen and sleep. Atal levels of practical moray and advice giving we find the undisciplined person described as someone mastered or congueted by something over which he should exert contol, usually coneived ot fonccvable as part of himself: Whether choosing a general to save te ‘ity Xen, Mem. 1.5.1) of a ballf to manage the farm (Ken, Bom 1213), one wanes a man who i the honorable master of hs plessutr, 26. 14,136, aa 9, SCighing enn nd ig hp Asis 159 al de olin We Zt S.C w= ‘eer omen ni prt om op ope (10, Notion 7, oe TRUS, Dy 4 Fr ean i ii, Dv A) ought sound nthe ciel pid ie, 2173 Xen Mew 9.2), Pach aps toed Cero fr softs [multe be repnd your tonsa ome whe taal Ee tt uae car182 Winkler not (by the logic of zero-sum competition the shamefil slave of them (tis hédonss doles sists, Nem Mem. 15.5), The poled expres sions strike us ss od, pascululy whet the ransformaion from self mastery to hse-slavery is sad be nstantancout "Miserable wretch, Said Sokates, ‘ae you reckoning what will happen fo you if You Kiss + besufil yout: instantly [aus mala] to bea save instead of a fee pessoa." (Ken, Man. 13.1). Sch cautionary attention t behavior is premised on the bli that male life is warlre, that masculinity duty and a hard-won achieve- ‘ment, and thatthe tempeaton to desert one's sie i very great. This odd bebe the reversibility ofthe male peston, always in pet of sipping ito the servile or the feminine, has been noted by Greenblatt (1985), ‘who observes at forthe ancient world he two sexes are not simply ‘opposite bar stand at poles ofa continoum which canbe averse, Thu “woman” isnot only the opposite of a man, she ial 2 potentially Brestening “internal émigee” of masculine identity. The contast be. tsteenhoplite and kinder ssa contart between manly male and woo aly male, and therefore rests ona more Fundamental polarity between ‘men and women. The cultural polanty between the genders is made Iteral to one gender, eating rt of infemascline polarities be- tween hoples and kad ‘One cas fn rat instances in which the class of women is similarly Alivde into the feminine and the manly. Aratote refers to drkkaad ‘women a8 mascalne and lightakined women at feminine (Aristo, Ga 7283-5). The author of the Hippokratc treatise on Dieses of omen notes thatthe healthiest srt of wosan is mascline, but ks given over to maternity and conception (I). But che vas peeponder= nce of anous attention and thought n our surviving texts wa dered to men. One axis along which masculinity could be meatured was harde eslsoiness. "Tell me, Kharmides, #3 man is capable of wining & {rownat contests and this being honoted i his ow person and making his fitherand more renowned sn Greece but doesnot wish to compete ‘what kind of person do you think this man would be "Obviously saft [maaks) and cowardly one’ (Ken., Mem. 37.1) Nae il conde ed erga he ee by phys ad cer pal non en ht ih de orf ‘cnc in Pr dua complies “we an nuda” (2 te ee Laying Down the Law 18 In dill the contrast of hard men and sot women wat more ofen assumed thin expressed hence we find most of our proof tents in the ‘more speculative and editorial forms of composition, induding «comedy. For instance, the approprite socal rations between he Hard and the soft are iustrated on unique redfgure snore oF 465-460. 2.C#., which shows a young, shore- bearded Greck man, wearing only» ‘ape and holding his cee penis inhi righthand, approaching Pesan soldice in fll usiori who is bending over away ftom the Greek and looks outa the viewer with his hands ried in hoot. The insertion ents the aboutto-be-buggered soldier as 3 representative of the losing side inthe Athenian victory over the Persians the bate of Enrymedon (465 8.c): "I am Burymedon, [am stasoned bending forward." Outside of sich cartoon, the hant-maleophnesote ‘emale-knids polarity does not Fequetly surface inoue extant doc sments, but the pressure it could exet om realty was sutely ft when Pesistatos’ som ‘Thessalos, having filed to win Harmodioy" spec fiends, need him as malas ‘But, having described this broudly shared sclimage of the righteous ‘tigen as hopite rather than kina, we have only assembled presrp tive utterances, uteraneer which didnot have the foes of lw Flow een ‘we specify thie force? When Fosse (185) 12) announces tthe wil deal with prescriptive texts, he means "as opposed to theoreti ones but we need to take a fureher rep to comprehend the limite of such prescriptive ext as publi fictions. Beyond such images and recommen. ations we need ro know whether they were obeyed ike homicide ws (almost universally), ike wate regulations (when the police ae watch Ing) o ike Vatican pronouncement i eal, not at al) Soleus ow notice some ways in which they might be Gkcurvented, ignored, ot tensed First, pir of snapshors ftom Plato's Republi, The opening gives vs Sokrates walking home from Person. A group of riens come up ber ‘id non, some smn eh th to eins pat a oe Il yom, See Mama (58), 0 1 hepa Aono Cid cna sh mal dine welt ec we ey pW Cha 3 rs ‘aed pe espns masa esol) ad eager, ‘erent ee) coy pragome ti tay fhe Fett chan nd emi sty sed Mala Snes) Sc Te 1 Sener (3) Stata oh 123 Lae 198,184 Winkler hind im and ask him to stay the night 2 cheir house Buta clase look ste style and toe in which the invitation is delivered shows that we ate not desing with imple hospital, bur with s mock-idnapping. Fis, {slave catches up sith Soktates and makes his wait for Polematkhos tnd his fiends to ssunter along. When Polemaskhos aves, he sy, "You se how many men Ihave with me? You have to choose Between showing yours stronger than we at butik or eee semining fete Sokrates plays slong withthe joke, saying meekly, “Dut itt {here another option? I might persuade you to let ws go.” “How could you persuade us if we chose noe to sen?" in culture where issues of stengd are continuously at stake, the dueat of violence doesnot he very fr beneath the surface. But the interesting fc that Polemarkhos playing, not uttering el thes. [Ac least among intimates certain skating ner thin ee & not only pos ‘Sblebut likely, forse isa way of sharing the preste of constants Thus itis possible for Sokrates, among friends, to allude to what wat most Unspeatable for any man, nama, somes (malo) n face of 4 tery dict argument, Sokrates begs tobe allowed to rela, to fantasize» Bt tout bis dere as mien do when they're on holiday or just walking Blone along the road: Ie is eeprehensible, of course, but Sokrater says ralghizers (succumb tothe ofimes,” 4580). Again, ice only 4 Dayfal touch co che argument, bu significant fr all hat, ‘As mectings of fiends and the private symposium were occasions at ‘which ten might play and esse cach oer about the rules of decorum so dhe City Dionysia was in rome respecte like «symposium forthe ‘ie polit Although we do find inthe comedies ofthat festival some [ERumpy ric of contemporary youth and their effeminate art fore 4 degeneration fiom the miliary rigor ofthe Good Old Day, sich ‘huneiation sre amsing rather han editorial serous. Atleast. they ase ‘bo more serious than an equally typical gxgin which the actual members of the audience are surveyed and dedated to be eurprstio (telly, “widesnused”) to dhe last man (Cloud 1083-1108) In sessing the image of personal discipline held up for themselves by Athenian citizens, we should never underestimate the home eh that “mos men ey Joking around and teasing move than is proper.”"" The City Dionysia Fo he npn a we mnie dng ts one ened he whereas apd xs se ls Laying Down the Law 185 was surely not the only occasion on which soliiers grumbled about joing tothe field (Peace 1127-90) or enertsined the fantasy of peace for ‘one's own ois while the generals weston patrol and came back bteted (Aiheians 1071-1258) Since Ihave suggested chat men could adopt an insoucan tide to the ideology of selemastry, le me aso underscore the rel horror that could be fet especially in compeciive contexcs, a the possibilty of ‘being assimilated co Rind The scene isin Pao's Gogis (94-2), Kale ha urged thatthe good Ife sone in which man sega Ait estes as allimportant and does not try to check them. Sokeatsteftes him widh an argument about itches, "Well sds my good fiends now 0 ‘ona you began and se that you dont give int shame. Ito will have to face down my shame. Now ifs man felt ery itchy and had unlimited ‘opportunities for scratching himvelt, happiness for him would be» life ‘of perpetually sratching his itches, yes?” "You're ridiculous, Soke" “Well I managed to shame olor and Gorgas, but dont you give into shame. Be a rel man snd give me your answer” “OK. Tame that ‘the scratching man would haves pessnt if.” "And Wits pleasant i's ako happy?” "Yes." "Now if he were to scratch ony his head 1 Inne take the questions any further? You se what your answers will be Kalbe, when {lead yor slong the entice sere tht starts hese? The ‘nd point co which such questions ate diected, the ie ofthe Kinaid, {Sn' thats terble and shameful and swfil thing? Or would you dae to say that such people are happy when they have unlimited aces to what they wand” "Arent you ashamed of yourel, Sokrates, taking the argument in that pated thier ing ating non king to ened gre Laying Down the Law 187 sd pt sop to the forsee! Tat i, you were envio nd would spurting ope Gm ny Spohen thsonne Rags 877-80) . - The procedare by which Kleon succesfully booted “Gryton” and thers ‘out ofthe citizen body was probably that known as dokimaa ("esting or “srutiny”). There wete tWo types of regular cession when the corporation of Athenian men aiid thls community self-deoison by spplying it to indvideae: enty into the group (aew ctizens, epcbe) and emergence ito the lnelight of publi adminiseaton (amen loted tothe anal magisraces and tothe Councl),© The incrrgation wat ~olilly conducted by two groups tepeentaive of the cusen body fat th Comm they bt myc oma whe commen “enity was fiqed and conemed they were also pent the pubes ‘were atended by citzens a ge The numbers involved seal five hundred prospective Counel members, seve hundred pic OE fees, and probably that many epehes™—must have peeved soy deze inspection of private lve, but the sppeatn Wer coal I lace and seems to ost observer fo have come down fom eae Sines The impression of antgity based on te quasons pat coms cerning ancestry. tray col (pla Patoos and Zeus Herken tombs, nd care of parents. Candhstes were also asked wheter they a made thei proper conerbuion tothe defense and ella th, pols ‘Brough aes aed mltary campigning.” At the dlimun petuncory 2stcrmast often have been sny candidat could be challenged by anh. zen: the formula was "Does anyone wish o acne the mat?” Ar, ‘ote. Ath, Pol 554. Since vary and enmity were the ceesic a Thayer hei etme or renin) wiht {U9 «8-1, and Gey han ey een ord om els sagt ba might um to be oo equa, tower teas of ceseagtee wees ‘pte of eh Taos doc gin ens De Bh ohne ‘hie 29, Tbs id an wn” Fl sil a eg ae coca gers ae 7 tarp “ites (8) 3. ton i ii ets co seth fatal (tap byw stdin nts se pa ei) 0 tes (i (972, 18 taneous nt eing i108 Winkler that scl machine, parc at op eve, challenge loca Sos at any Atenen hy cold eval expand fom ingle ee ins review of te opponents cei Generals and Speakers (are), according to Deinahos (171, of. 2.35, could be helo even hgh sana they mst om Ida ‘Aes nd have legate ciden These ete men who "manage the citizen body (prohestanai tou démou, Deinarkhos, 1.71), and must therfore be sea ore ise depressive way tha there {olive managed th own, fo have ned the oe of pradent prc Sd dy waonste syibol esd inthe peviow ion ‘Aihoogh he role of peat (hoy was novan ctor formal fice, the mer who ey poke nt cen Ase nd were, hence {Seamed ere ready fecogiale ("the cntomary and enabled Speake” Dem. 2239 by sn componer svi te oy proposing lptn® and delving major ape fo te A temp Seales dents ch conte socal ceprythcy ae Simpl Ge men wid pola ners and experince he veply {ite the Anenbly.© Inthe eve ws fone fo ni ‘Eow oimodcr spc lenge know fini en ee Toning he fa of ny ten bo coe ly tnt role The ool Survtiag example of tines tres Aine 1, Agi Tar ion Tne eat wth KJ Dove wed ah bn otis excelone tray, Gtk Hooves Ax we con er om hat see he a overang the stn of Sper coined four gatos for y= ntnto would sds the pope) be meno have aed or feglced hi arn he mast not hae eed iy serve oF Seed the aks (thro say hr sil) ye; 0) Be a ot ‘resol Sime rhe sol pure of aater man erin ase Tsonsip shi) rte mele pes preunenand Be thst not hae “etn hs panony ov ay nena Enc ofthese charges ick ps trent ight vera hough ang pers iuge ote soared cron who cnt sed i> entree hs ry Strand to cond the rear he may el fom spends creustancs or omhivown neds he man nei ston zn Dc daring hi infor Coan meme PRE 6-1 at a 7 tg re, 1 ee ee ple al cate er pa Sole sacs Laying Down the Law 199 ‘sho kisses Alkibide’ beaut son wil nstanly become a slave instead (ofa fice man and will expend vast suns of mony on herd pleseares (Ken, Mam. 1.3.11). Timatkhos, according to Aiskhines, erginaly ontolled property sufficient t© put him sn what we might eal the highest tax Bracket, the liturgical class (1.97, bat n his mania for ert lessor (with the most expensive teil adhesin, 75) and for ll forms ofetindulgence he turned to costing his patna esl ete (05-105) The Key element in chisaccuation isnot that Timaskhor sexual desire itself was wayward or exorbitant bt that his ist for lary ‘became an addiction that destroyed hs sense of earefil accountancy: “He Aidt even sll is pieces of property forth fir marke value: he was unable co wait forthe beter ofr or the advantageous del but sold each for what it would insanely fech-—so imperwously was he driven &© satiny his pleasures” (186). Can sucha man be entrusted with advaing ‘nd managing public affaies? Stability of land and property was 2 seply footed caution: each citizen swore inthe archic oath ofthe spices to “hand down the fitherland (othe next generstion) not diminished bat enhanced and improved corporate idea efleced inthe somewhat trickier but no less fandamentl gos! of keeping one's indvieal pats ‘mony intact ‘Obsessive indulgence inthe wildlife wil obviosly lead one to other fandamental crimes ofthe gravest sore, sich a sighting one's patents oF betraying the state, since sdcs and mania wll violate any fendamese tal ule that we reasonable people observe: "Their impulse boil hss and their insatabiisy—thee are what drive men to mugging, eo piacy ‘on the high seas, these are the Fry thse drives them ost he thet oF fellow-citizns, to enslave themacves to tyrants o subvert the demo ‘atc constitution” (1.191). The point that people ike Timattos 2 Potential ators is made by Aiskhines in is los on the law forbnlding retype eof ica mage mate iene rw det enrey “aes Be. The enemc sf ns ls ony oes pate when oe {hy erent moe forthe poe ary foe for we we ih el ean yen S9P 3 wa cs we sles tat ‘egw pee Dui [the Thoman 197}, 100) "Sto (965, 2. ‘Tima ot “fd dome pty He dhe pe dwt win 156, Tae mph ute tt cpt ess eof piss whe (Sour ter ee lan, Pert alimto, pn Bss SC a pn ges is = aa yop,190 ‘Winkler citizens o be Speakers the person who ins sold himself wil be reay tol out the cominon good the iy Imig seem thatthe scx aie who sls his property ches fo gt rudy money ether Giterene from the esting pica who amass forane by ac exptingconslng fc from fori cents ™ The formes age of treachery through Gael kreaponuby, the later of techery through Cclsitng prof: Betthe poms that Aten cology di not eploy tur more careful tinction betwen sx and pole tend, sumed ‘hac god men were thoe who inthe ease of soc solianiy exec ‘onitl over ther personal implies to Scqusivens. ‘The defends Denar, 2, on tal fy eating a bribe, but the prosecution manages tO mention everything im hs past that might be ‘eld guint hr, ncn brevet py fo is thers feral ed Bie emporry ans oe of ctnemerghe)becise he had inert is fie deb tothe wate teary. Sina, i he surviving foimatia for Counc-membership and sight, ten ar stacked fra range of baie Gul oben supported only by eamor or imeendo Pie ‘stats is mother and wa cowardly solder (Lyi 3, Manithcos ‘eso defend his mary serie nd is management ois estas, nd $leges hs dstnce fom the Young men who gamble and drink, Eom which we may infer tht he war acmised ofthe sme rovedines hat Common kavedge held apatite (Lyi, 10) Thee pero: Seances ae not so uch is in he moder sea at they ae showcases foc einng or defending an enti carer, snclaing ll the rumor and tp tht cheaate throng uch a coment. They ace peciyi- ay ofthe acc of tngendo tha may be employed in any meng Et public opinion agains» pli enemy Sune equ xpi bout the ole of ramor of common knowl cdg ph, 139), Hees cakes vie of nee by ding at thy ante eon ope enoyed ni a you uve one's hs at whe oe “Tian pnuclMo comme wih ie yi, 142-2, 4, "i Thnd pve m nl sou oho weeny ad a ee ‘ictal hry esa ein ot ‘Mates vng wipe ats econ tu when gly to boo (Dew 100—in est ‘Paes cepe om Epo). Moma tue acd wen heat Youre unk woud be wy woubme eae” (yaa 0) Dem ISP Laying Dowa the Law 191 ‘Timarkhos is so wellknown and has sue a reputation a a sty ly that «common knowledge isel dispenses him ftom the need for witnesses ot proof (#4). The notoriety of Timarklow’ companions and ther open isplay of syrpotc lau have only one posible meaning (73-70) "The defacto certaingy isa great as when one ses a male prostate front of his brothel ake s cent inside and close the door “Now if Someone were to atk you when you sete right thereon the sce wht, that prostate was doing now, without seeing it happen and without Knowing who the client was but only knowing the prostiute’s chosen profession, you would Lnow fora fact what he was doing” (74. Gossip, mor, and common knowledge ate very intense tn com rmumity lke chat of ancient Athens, even though ie was 4 compacatively Inuge poli. But Timarkhos wae wcll known to the audience for other reasons. He belonged to that small circle of pubic Speakers who were Cleat dstint, in numbers, in prominence, nd ofen in wealth, om the “private cizens (at.°! Demontienes contrast "dhe speakers” (bot tones) wath "abe majority” tor pl) wha ace ids (Dem. 22.30, Hypereides answers prosecutor: "You treat Euxenippos who {mesa he were inthe rank of hei” (4.3). Those who eater 2 Speakers into the poltal arena toto a cockfghting ring, at play Ing shigh-seikes game: "theif of private zens [ite sae an fee fom care and danger, while dat of de pial active [polsmers] SS subject to cenmure and risky and fll of confrontations and problems very day” (Dem, 10.70. Though Speakers derive honor and gain from ehee activities, they also are consinsously exposed to risk (Hyp. 4£3}—mot last from the wate gare oftheir ena, wh wil jer at hem and try to expose their every ule. "Mr. X—1 won't mention his tame since I don't want to rake him an enemy—was not » private ‘dizen but dne who attended co che city's Business and [therefore] subject. ‘o abusive remats [lori (Aiskhines, 1.165). Personal enemies, hat ‘ljensll wh my be pomp y any name o etc See “Pian nis sn Tiny poe Dem 19 Sh Teton ahd wt den gn lo eo Senin, Hes) (0, ah he et ee em ‘"Stueeul ds who stove Yo be a he ys sn he hese weniger mney “Toe pra thoes pal si {pel omnes ea of eo wa oo at ng So1 Winkler 's, competing Speakers, are aways sanding nearby nd watching every move a political player makes (eb speathon, Askhines, 1.108) This could be touted a vitae ofthe system: "What commonly sa ‘of public eral i no le~many publi allie ate rectified by private ‘umicies."* The roe played by gossip and common knowledge inthe shinai ht is 2 gest becase Speakers are not just zens, they are featured players in the pub spotlight-star performers onthe por Tica sage ‘We have an incresting paradox here. On the ene hand, he regula okimasish were an appatatas of puble serving apis to all cen which provided an apportnity for challenges 10 the moral hiness ef sen and officials. The hoplte ws. kina deology Could have bea brought to bear agains any indvidualehe appara ws in Place doing s. Bat, onthe other hand, appears that no signicant applic tion of thar ealtural image mas mide tothe cizen body as a whee b only 10 the conspicuous representatives of i who managed publ ire Aiskhines employs afene 2 the beginning of his spech agnnst Ti smaros, promising 0 ct rus af decorum tht will apply “not oly Private cizens but also to Speakers (7,8). But when i comes me redeem tht promise, all he ean ete ae las concerning eke (* ‘Seay conduct" athe Assembly, such se speaking n oder of senoe (22-24), He does this to give himself an opportnicy to seer to Ti ‘Bos Bamaboyant and undignified speaking ye (26). Askhines ims is our best wines to the gap between ordinaty dokinatia and the py Tal weapon of dlinasia ror "The law srainnes not those ws mind thei own private busines [ibnonts) but the policy set Ipalitemeno” (15), “The same distinction is made in a specch agains andther Speak Laying Down the Law 193 cha wane o punish such ple cul ave imposed much her law. Bute didnot yay ses ont [thence cierronste) tater inthe meres of you and your poll onder be spect bade them tobe Speakers fre ke, yes he knew ha men howe esse shamefl canoe fours in «pli cde in-whch anyone ay opel ite thie vies. What poll order i hat? A derocaey™ (Dem 2-3) ‘This isa remarkable passage, fort iat once ajstifation of applying 4 gorous scrutiny tothe sexual behavior ofthe politcal ative, with ‘implied endorsement of dhe mechanisn for dong so though witha enemies, and 2 statement that lisser-fire about the private ives of "pr ‘vate citizens” was a long-standing (Solonia) radon. The eral poet seems to be not sexual behavior in fue but rather some notion of preserving the poltial order by restrictions placed on its directors the top. Demosthenes goes on to argue that if sulicent number of such “shameful” Speakes wete to be sve a he same time. they woul pot only be bad administrators ofthe commonveel but they would over tum the democracy Gm which they canbe crtiied) and st up an Of stchy (in which they would bere to do as they pleated without Singers ff shame pointing st them) Ie begins to look asf the ctireprocedare ha vey litle odo with sex and everything to do with police ambitions and alliances in the highs sakes game of city leadership according to the rales of honot shame ‘competion. This impression is confirmed by the face that Askin prosecution took place many years fer the evens in question, and wat ‘unabashedly motivated by a dsite vo remove Timatkhos from the ranks ofthe prosecutors who had indicnd Aishins for treason The aie was not brought forward as asexual charge on it own met jst happened that Aiskhines, looking for 4 way to disqualify one of his ‘opponents, found a potenal weak spot in Timarkhor” public reputation an attacked it with all is might. general appears that all spect of 2 Speakers private life were open eo scrutiny and that is erotic sale management was nota special locus of danger “That sach charges were both restricted to politicians and were politi cally motivated makes sense of the enlist reference we have to sich a0 2etion, that of Kleon against Grytos in 424 refered to inthe epanaph accused, among other things, of prostation (hari) [Salon's lw) frbsde een prosacs to spk inthe Asemy © 3 rope dees. Fore sa that most of You, though you ave he igh ‘pet donot pesk—so the this aw, he feckone wane burdensome I su tage raga eon wn mo thao feb ay decree i taugh someae meen ‘ieee sd eid an ering on ay af be paces oe Bit yee whe ssf fm pronation Pane Dower (7, 3 sey ot lied th hr eon ck 2). "Dem, 128, 3 Smt, Heysuon wpm gel pes pr ‘gn nd wi "waging "raps ie Aopen, heen a ‘yg Hapeandis ac of y treating cle hn mea eng Seton caver (as,194 Winkler eon bosts of having removed 2 Bnoumenas ("ached male") fiom the ‘tiren soll, The saucy hero ofthe ply, an wonamed itr whore trade {sseling ssages, replies that Kleon was in fat envious (pond) and tants to get sid of competitor, tery, “to stop chem becoming Speakers," The chafing of merpretations that occurs between Klcon abd the Sausage Seller neatly Games the paradox of sexsal surveillance. On the oe hand; the Speaker who tres foment public indignation against mother Speaker dovs soon the bss of fundamental” values, the con- fest of hoplite and hinds, Although the technical charge would ave bbown that Grytos had confied che oes af prostitute and citizen, cling Fim a Rumen shove that the force ofthe charge resides i the api cation ofthe hopielhinaiorimagery. On the other nd, as the Sausepe- Seller points ou the prosecutors indignation is agey 2 con. Is not realy concerned with ether sex or sarvellnce ay such buts simply 2 ‘mangaver to attack «palisel opponent in auch stick, prosecutors no doube tied to master the audience's mora indignation im the grandes terns agsnet the defendant. A fase tment of Hyperids (215) als Natoe Rereelf o witness that Kine tan has forfeited his very manlinss, bocomting in effec + woman "What then i we were conducting thi ese wath Nature as Jodge— [Nature who hae dicingushed male and female so that each performs hisvher own proper duty and offce—and what ft wereto show ha this ‘man has missed his ow body na Feminine way? Surely Narre woul bbe shocked and astonished that any man would not thnk it most bled git for him to have born 4 man and that he had spoiled Notare’s kindnes to him, hastening to waasform himseifinco 2 woman?”™ What the preceding soil analysis revels hat such fulinatons were heard ‘na context that gave them avery diferent force from identically worded fandamentalist appeals in more recent soe. At dhe moment of Ue ta gene" ind eye wo en aed a(n psn) who Sebel pit fll nr Hany 9, SP Peter Ne Cele sy er npn led ew we i lee mugs es dope Oo) 5-5, "Eaten he a a me et i (en ‘Zac tol: el tee pon em ous ne (Rien Sree merece monn comers propane aun mr ‘mia Rann Lap 30) Bain 95, Laying Down the Law 195, rerance, of course, the Athenian audience would have temporay mis. ‘ecogaized that fore, led by the therorc to think ely in tems of ‘iver lw. Bt ehey ako knew tht “lw” to opertedifeentaly sx socal pracie. “The SavsageSeller had eal alluded to the possibilty of his own youthful prostitution. Fis wick as 4 boy we to dstae the butcher, Eon ples of mest and idee beeween his buttock, swering that he teas innocent. "One of the Speaker who siw me doin this sat, “Ute ‘lutedly this boy will grove up 0 govern the people” To which the (Choris replies: "A good guess and its car how he reached that com ‘sion you swore fle cath fer emberrling, and your ans eld onto the meat” (Krighs 425-28). The series of jokes in Old Comedy charse- testing both Speskers and the lspci ls in such erade terms has been imerprced asthe average Athenians cic of practices he does tot sharethe plain man’s ser athe styles ofthe ih nd famous.” BB the oratory referers tothe limitaons on sexual surveillance and the interchange berween Kleon and the Saussge-Seller support 2 some- ‘wht efferent reading Its noe that active players inthe alta game 1 class chat considerably overlaps that ofthe weslehy—thave a dierent Iiseyle but eather tha, because they move inthe mebight, they are subject to more intense viewing and to aiore widespread talk, both favorable snd unfavorable. The young in parca, ate watched: they 2s aubjet both othe erotic pate of bing called hal and dhe exe Abuse of being called hatapugin or pomor As potential players inthe fiercely competitive game of Athenian ity management, where fend Ships and allances must be asidaously courted, the young ate partic lary interesting, Because thei futures ae sll uncertain and partcaly vulnerable, becuse convention casts them in the chased-butchaste role ‘There i no secord that anyone was ever prosecuted simpy for pros- siting himsel, nor even that such a legal ation was ever conceived, ‘The cates we know of were ramed not sn terms of sexual behavior but interme of politcal parcpation. Thealleged crime was nt data zen ‘Old his body but that, having eld his body, he then presimed to ac at policy manages forthe poe The ena, sng the rime, sss ofthe ‘She-rights to paricpaten comporate debbertons—in te Assemby, Yenden (979, 209-10 21618 Prion and ase 003, tthe ie hapa ai hagas ar ae: le se hn Fa ob ene pnt sea sen