TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

College of Engineering and Architecture

Environmental and Sanitary Engineering Department

POST LABO RATO RY REPORT

Laboratory Experiment No. 3

Chemical Reactions

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course

CHEM 001 – Chemistry

Presented by
Group 2
CALIBOSO, Joshua O.
CARLOS, Daniel John P.
CELESTE, Angellica B.
CERVANTES, Kestrel Kellner G.
CERVANTES, Qay
BS Information Technology

Presented to
Engr. Ronald Angelo L. Lopez

January 14, 2019

Introduction (Carlos)

Measurement is the gathering of quantitative data. It invariably involves

uncertainties and errors and so, the proper usage and interpretation of measurements
are vital in the pursuit of any scientific endeavor. Accuracy and precision goes
complementarily but are entirely different. Accuracy refers to how close it is likely to be
to the true value, whilst, precision is the closeness of results that have been obtained in
exactly the same way (Young, et al., 2012; Skoog, et al., 2014).

As we all know, Chemistry as a quantitative science that requires knowledge of

measurement. Two systems of measurements are often used in scientific studies – the
Metric system and the English system. The Metric system or International system of
measurement is now popularly being used. In system of measurement, it is important to
distinguish between the physical quantities and the units of measurement.

Now, this experiment mainly aims to introduce the use of standard measuring
devices for length, mass, and volume in the laboratory. Specifically, it aims the students
to: measure the area, volume, and density of solids and liquids using laboratory
apparatuses; apply Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) of a substance in the handling
and disposal of waste; and, prepare a laboratory report that includes data and
observations, data analysis, data validation, Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), valid
conclusions, and safe waste disposal.

Given the abovementioned expectancy and to abide with the purpose of this
experiment, it was done by obtaining the (1) dimensions of milk carton, (2) volume of
liquid in Erlenmeyer flask and volumetric flask, (3) mass of the coins minted in two
different years, (4) density of a liquid using a graduated cylinder and triple beam
balance, (5) density of a solution, particularly a soda and lastly, (6) density of an
irregular solid.
Methodology (Celeste)

This laboratory experiment is divided into three different tasks. Each task has its
own set of materials, tools and equipments. It also encompasses a step-by-step
procedure in order to obtain the necessary measurement for every activity.

(a) Synthesis
In this experiment, we wanted to get the dimensions and volume of a chocolate
drink carton. Materials that we used are ruler and of course the 200 ml Cloud 9
chocolate drink carton. First, using the ruler, we measured the dimension of the 200 ml
chocolate drink carton by getting its length (l), width (w), and height (h). After that, we
proceeded with solving the volume (V) of the chocolate drink carton using the formula
for volume of a rectangular prism which is lwh. Then, we converted the volume that we
obtained in cm3 into L and quart. Lastly, we compared if the calculated volume we got,
agreed with the printed value of volume on the chocolate drink carton.

(b) Single Displacement

Our task in this section is to find out if the volume of both the Erlenmeyer flask
and volumetric flask agree with its capacity. Laboratory apparatuses that we used are a
250 ml Erlenmeyer flask, 250 ml volumetric flask, and a 50 ml graduated cylinder. To
begin with, we fill in the 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask with water up to its 250 ml mark. We
measured the volume of the water in the flask by carefully filling in the cylinder only up
to its capacity of 50ml, until the whole 250ml water from the Erlenmeyer flask is empty.
In between the said transfers, we made sure to read the volume at the bottom of the
meniscus and record the volume. On the other, as for the volumetric flask, we did the
exact same procedure with the Erlenmeyer flask. Once done, we compared if the
volume of the Erlenmeyer flask and volumetric flask agree with its capacity. We also
look at and compared the accuracy of the two laboratory apparatuses.
(c) Double Displacement
For this activity, we wanted to determine if there is any significant difference
between the total masses, averages, and standard deviations of the 25 centavo coins
minted in two different years. Materials used are four old 25 centavo coins, four new 25
centavo coins, and as for the equipment, an electronic balance. The first that we did is
to measure one by one and together the four old 25 centavo coins in the electronic
balance, read it to the nearest milligram, and then record it. We also did the same with
the four new 25 centavo coins. Afterwards, we compute for the average mass and
standard deviation of the coins. Lastly, we looked at the results and identified if there is
any significant difference between the total masses, calculated averages, and standard
deviations of the two sets of coins.

(d) Density of liquid

In this part we are tasked to get the density of the liquid in 50ml and 25 ml.
Materials used in this experiment are graduated cylinder and a triple beam balance. We
started off by weighing an empty and dry 50ml graduated cylinder using a triple beam
balance. Then, carefully we fill the cylinder with water up to the 50ml mark. We wiped
the sides of the cylinder before weighing in. We did exactly the same procedure again,
but this time with the water up to the 25 ml mark only. After getting the necessary data
measurements that we need, we computed for the density of the liquid in 50 ml and for
the 25 ml, then compared its results.

(e) Density of a solution

Our goal in this task is to simply identify the density of a regular soda drink in
can. Materials utilized in this experiment are soda drink in can (by which in our case we
used Coca-Cola), and a triple beam balance. We first weighed the regular soda drink
and get the mass of its liquid. We also recorded its volume. Afterwards, one from group
drank the soda. We then weighed the empty soda in the triple beam balance. We added
the mass of the liquid and the mass of the empty soda can, in order to obtain the total
mass of the regular soda drink in can. After getting the measurements needed to
calculate for the density of the soda, we now solved for it by dividing the mass of the
liquid by the volume. We got the answer in g/ml and record it.

(f) Density of an irregular solid

The last section of our laboratory experiment aims for us to determine the density
of an irregular solid. Materials that we have utilized in this activity are graduated
cylinder, a small rock, and a triple beam balance. The first thing that we did was to look
for a small rock that could fit inside the graduated cylinder and weighed it to get its
mass. Next, we fill in the graduated cylinder with 25 ml of water and record it as the
initial volume. Carefully, we dropped the small rock inside the cylinder and record its
final volume. In order to get the volume of the solid, we subtracted the initial volume
from the final volume. After getting all the necessary data we need to compute for the
density of the irregular solid, we then proceeded to solving it.

Results and Discussion (Cervantes, Kestrel)

.
This section includes all of the findings in this laboratory experiment. The data
were organized in tabular form, exactly the same with the records in our manuals. The
overall findings will be shown and integrated with the tables presented upon. This part
will provide a brief scientific explanation and support for every experiment done.

(a) Synthesis
Substance Physical State—color, Evidences of reaction if any
state, and if solution color
of the solution
Magnesium ribbon The appearance of the none
magnesium ribbon is that of
a flat and thin metal. Its
color is gray. Basically, its
state is solid.
Magnesium + Oxygen Right after the magnesium The state change as it
ribbon is exposed in heat, it turned into ashes. Basically,
 immediately turned into the presence of heat served
ashes. We can say that the as the catalyst for the said
magnesium ribbon is a high chemical reaction.
conductor of heat, as it is
flammable.

The variety of chocolate drink that we used for this activity is a 180 ml Cloud 9
chocolate drink in a rectangular shaped box. We see to it that the calculated volume
that we got is a bit too far from the printed value on the box. We also concluded that the
volume we solved may pertain to the capacity of the box and not to the actual volume or
amount that is inside the box – by which in this case is only 180 ml.

(b) Single Displacement

Substance Physical State (color and Evidences of reaction if any
state) chemical reaction for the
reaction
Mossy Zinc Its color is gray and the none
state is solid. The shape is
irregular.
Copper sulfate The color is blue and the none
state is liquid. The viscosity
of the low/free flowing.
Copper sulfate + mossy The color changed into The evidences of reaction
zinc black/brown for the mossy are color change and state
zinc. The color of the liquid change as for the mossy
changed from blue to zinc. There was also a
grayish white, while the recorded temperature
mossy zinc was at the change.
bottom of the test tube. The
state of the mossy zinc also
changed into powdery right
after it was emerged into
 the copper sulfate. There
was also an increase in the
temperature.

In this experiment, although both flasks were not able to get the exact volume of
250 ml, we can still say that the volumetric flask obtained a more accurate volume than
that of the Erlenmeyer flask.

The result that we got may be supported with the fact that a volumetric flask is
one of the laboratory apparatuses that is calibrated to a high level of accuracy. The
accuracy is usually measured in terms of the tolerance, which is the uncertainty in a
measurement made with the glassware. Also, volumetric flasks are important when
precision is a factor in the outcome of the experimentation. On the hand, according to
Florida State University, Erlenmeyer flasks are used for mixing, transporting, reacting,
and filtration but not for accurate measurements. The volumes stamped on the sides
are approximate and accurate to within about 5%.

(c) Double Displacement

Substance Physical State—color, state and if solution
color of the solution before reaction
Sodium sulfate, Na2SO4 The color is transparent. It is clear. The
state is liquid and it is free flowing.
Barium chloride, BaCl2 The color is transparent and it is clear, but
the meniscus is somewhat has this very
light yellow color. The state is liquid and
free flowing.

Substance Physical State—color, state Evidences of reaction if any

and if solution, color of the write the chemical equation
solution after reaction for the reaction
Sodium sulfate + Barium The color changed from The color change and
chloride transparent to milky white. minimal change of the
The viscosity of the liquid solutions’ viscosity are
 also increased a little. recorded as the evidences
of reaction.
Lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2 The color is transparent none
and clear. The state is liquid
and it is free flowing.
Potassium iodide, KI The color is light yellow. none
The state is liquid and it is
free flowing.
Lead nitrate + Potassium The color is the most The color change, minimal
iodide evident change. It became increase in viscosity, and
dark yellow. There was also state change are
a powdery residue that may considered as the
be seen at the bottom of evidences of the reaction.
the test tube. This caused a Right after the two liquids
minimal increase in the were mixed, it formed a
viscosity of the mixed powdery residue at the
solution. bottom.

Looking at the data gathered, we can say that there is a minimal significant
difference between the masses, calculated averages, and standard deviations between
the 25 centavo coins minted in two different years.

The significant difference on the total mass of the coins may be supported by a
study conducted by the Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Laboratory in the University of
the Philippines Visayas, entitled “Using Analytical Balance and Piso Statistics.” The
focus of this laboratory report is mainly on the correct usage of analytical balance and
concept of precision using statistical analysis. The mass of the Philippine 1-Peso coin,
also locally called as Piso, was determined. Using 95% confidence level, it has been
found out that there is a significant difference between the masses of coins minted in
two different years. Nonetheless, there is no significant difference between the means
and variances of the masses of coins using two weighing methods. Generally, Piso
coins from two different years don’t have the same mass.
(d) Density of liquid
For this laboratory experiment, we can notice that despite the big difference in
the volume and mass of the liquid, the calculated density is almost just the same. The
density is truly close enough that there is merely a 0.01 difference between the 50ml
and 25 ml liquid samples.

The results we have garnered may be supported by an activity done by the

American Chemical Society (ACS). It also proved that no matter what size sample of
water you measure, the relationship between the mass and volume will always be the
same because the density is the same for any amount of water. Water molecules are
said to be always moving. But on the average they are packed the same throughout.
Therefore, the ratio between the mass and volume is the same, making the density the
same as well.

(e) Density of a solution

Originally, this experiment aims to compare and contrast the density of a regular
soda drink from that of a diet soda drink. But for this one, we only focused on obtaining
the total mass of a regular soda drink and an empty soda can, mass of the liquid inside
the soda can, its volume, and of course its density. We used a regular Coca-cola for this
activity and see to it that we were able to come up with the exact same density as to
experiment done by University of California - Sta. Barbara (UCSB) with 1.045 g/ml
density for Coke.

(f) Density of an irregular solid

In this laboratory experiment, we simply solved for the density of an irregular
solid. We divided the mass of the solid by its volume to get its density. The method that
was used to obtain the density of the irregular solid (small rock) was through water
displacement method.
 This activity was also done and supported by Bright Hub Education for Middle
School. They measured the volume of water displaced by an object to come with the
volume of the object itself. They also made use of a triple beam balance to determine its
mass, and then calculate the density by dividing the mass by the volume.

Answers to Questions (Caliboso)

The following were the answers gathered upon conducting the laboratory
experiment:
1. Are all combustion reactions a chemical reaction? Why?
Yes. We can say that the presence of heat serves as a catalyst to the chemical
reaction. Heat, which is a vital part of the combustion reactions, are considered to form
or stimulate a chemical reaction.

2. Enumerate all the evidences of chemical reactions observed in this experiment?

Color change and state change are the most evident aspects observed which
may be considered as evidences of the reactions. There were also temperature change
and increase in the viscosity of the mixtures that were recorded.

Conclusions (Cervantes, Qay)

To sum it up, the Bunsen Burner and Laboratory Measurements experiment was
a success as it was properly accomplished. We were able to become knowledgeable of
the use of standard measuring devices for length, mass, and volume in the laboratory.
Specifically, we were also able to measure the area, volume, and density of solids and
liquids using laboratory apparatuses; apply Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) of a
substance in the handling and disposal of waste; and, prepare this laboratory report that
includes data and observations, data analysis, data validation, Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS), valid conclusions, and safe waste disposal.

In the experiment, it appeared that the calculated volume of the chocolate drink
carton is not equivalent to the printed volume. The printed volume is less since it
measures the amount of the liquid inside the carton, while the calculated volume is
greater since it pertains to the capacity of the box itself.

As for the volume of liquid, the volumetric flask obtained a more accurate
volume than that of the Erlenmeyer flask due to its higher calibration of accuracy.

We also found out that there is a minimal significant difference between the
masses, calculated averages, and standard deviations between the 25 centavo coins
minted in two different years.

Then, as for the experiment done on the density of liquid, it showed that no
matter what size sample of water one measures, the relationship between the mass and
volume will always be the same because the density is the same for any amount of
water.

Lastly, we were also able to obtain the density of a solution using a regular diet
coke, as well as the density of an irregular solid through water displacement method.

Overall, the findings, integrated with tables and supported by brief scientific
studies and explanations for every experiment done, shows that this whole laboratory
experiement was properly done and executed with utmost comprehension.

References

1. Amilbahar, S. V., & Lerona, P. G. (2014, September 19). Using Analytical Balance
and Piso Statsictics. Retrieved December 5, 2019, from
Academia:https://www.academia.edu/9012227/Using_Analytical_Balance_and_
Piso_Statistics
2. Brennan, J. (n.d). Differences in Lab Glassware. Retrieved December 5, 2019, from
https://sciencing.com/differences-lab-glassware-8091302.html

3. Brent, S. (n.d). Volumetric Flask: Uses and Calibration. Retrieved December 5,

2019 from https://study.com/academy/lesson/volumetric-flask-uses-
calibration-quiz.html

4. (n.d). Retrieved December 5, 2019, from FSU General Chemistry Glassware and
Techniques: https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/glassware/flasks.html

5. (n.d). Retrieved December 5, 2019, from University of California – Sta Barbara

Physics:http://web.physics.ucsb.edu/~lecturedemonstrations/Composer/Page
s/36.34.html

6. (n.d).Retrieved December 5, 2019, from American Chemical Society:

https://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/lessonplans/chapter3/lesson3

7. Schultz, T. (n.d). Finding the Density of Irregular Objects: A Simple Physical Science
Lab for Middle Schoo. Retrieved December 6, 2019 from
https://www.brighthubeducation.com/middle-school-science-lessons/53612-
finding-the-density-of-irregular-objects-physical-science-lab/