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#4#water Supply #Water Treatment PDF
#4#water Supply #Water Treatment PDF
Filtration
Disinfection
Water
softening
Shapes of tank
Miscellaneous
considerations
Design aspect of continuous type of
sedimentation tanks
Velocity of
flow
Capacity of
tank
Arrangements should be properly designed
so that the rate of inflow is equal to the
Inlet and r a t e o f o u t f l o w.
outlet If two rates are different, eddies or currents
arrangement will set up and will affects the settling and
overall working of tanks
Shapes of tank
Miscellaneous
considerations
• Rectangular tanks with horizontal flow.
types of sedimentation• Circular tanks with radial or spiral flow.
tanks
Rectangular tanks
Flow of water in rectangular tanks from inlet to outlet is in horizontal
plane
These types of tanks are preferred in India.
Long and narrow tanks are preferred as compared to square geometry.
Ratio of length to breadth is kept 2 to 3
• Rectangular tanks with horizontal flow.
types of sedimentation
• Circular tanks with radial or spiral flow.
tanks
Circular tanks with radial or spiral flow .
1. The circular tanks have a radial or spiral flow.
2. In this type of tank water is admitted from the center of the tank, and it is taken out at
the circumference through drawoff channel.
3. Circular baffle box is put up to reduce the velocity of incoming water.
4. Impurities settle at the bottom of tank.
5. The raking arms are slowly rotated and
6. blades of raking arm lead the mass of impurities to the sludge discharge pipe.
Design aspect of continuous type of
sedimentation tanks
Velocity of Construction of tanks - the tanks should be water tight
flow and should be provided with roofs.
Control valves- all the control valves should be situated
outside the water.
Capacity of
tank Floor- floor should be given necessary slope
Overflow and washout - in addition to inlet and outlet
arrangements and provisions should me made for
Inlet and
overflow and washout
outlet
arrangement Sludge capacity - depends upon the quantity of water.
Sludge removal- generally tanks are cleaned at an
interval of 1 -3 months.
Shapes of tank
Miscellaneous
considerations
Turbidity
• Turbidity is a measurement of the clarity of water
run.
• Clouded water is caused by suspended particles
scattering or absorbing the light.
• Turbidity is an indirect measurement of the amount
of suspended matter in the water
• However, since solids of different sizes, shapes, and
surfaces reflect light differently, turbidity and
suspended solids do not correlate well.
• Turbidity is normally gauged with an instrument
that measures the amount of light scattered at an
angle of 90°from a source beam.
• The units of turbidity are usually in Nephelometric
Turbidity Units (NTU).
Coagulation of water
Purpose-
• Due to high turbidity of water it
is not possible to detain water in
plain sedimentation tanks unless
the detention period is
enhanced.
• The purpose of coagulation is to
make the particles bigger in size
by adding chemicals called Principle of coagulation
coagulants to the water.
1. Floc formation - when coagulants are dissolved in
• The coagulants react with the water and mixed, they produce a thick gelatinous
impurities in water and convert
precipitate known as floc. This floc has the
them in settleable size.
property of arresting the suspended impurities in
water during its downward travel towards the
bottom of the tank.
2. Electric charges - the ions of floc are positively
charged. They attract negatively charged colloidal
particles of clay and remove it from water.
• The term flocculation is used to denote the process of
floc formation. The floc produced by action of
flocculation coagulants is heavy and starts to settle at the bottom
of the tank.
ITS EFFICIENCY DEPENDS ON THE
FOLLOWING FACTORS
Coagulation is, the neutralization of
the electrical charges of the
Dosage of Should be such that the turbidity of water is particles, allowing the formation of
coagulant brought down to 10-25ppm larger particles (flocs) and thus
enhancing settling.
Most common coagulants are:
Ferrous sulphate, aluminium sulfate
feeding Should be in powder or liquid form (alum), lime, etc.
Flocculation enhancers are long -
chain polyelectrolytes that "catch"
small particles into big ones
Mixing Coagulants should be mixed uniformly to
form a uniform mass
Filters
Gravity Pressure
filters filters
Rapid
Slow sand
sand
filters
filters
Filter media
Underdrainage
Perforated pipe system There is a central drain and various
system lateral drains attached to it
Drains are made of cast iron
Lateral drains are placed at a
distance of 150mm - 300mm
Lateral drains are provided with
holes at the bottom as shown in
figure.
The diameter of holes is about
10mm and are drilled at center to
center distance of 75mm -200mm.
It requires around 700l of water
per minute per square meter of
filter area for cleaning of tank.
Wash water is obtained from wash
tank.
Slow sand filters
Types of filters Rapid sand filters
Essential Parts- Pressure filters
Underdrainage
Pipe and strainer system There is a central drain with lateral
system drains attached on either side.
Strainers are placed on lateral
drains
A strainer is a small pipe of
brass
It is closed at top and contains
holes on its surface
Strainers are placed at a
distance of 150mm - 300mm.
When pipe strainer system is
adopted compressed air is use for
the purpose of washing the filter
Slow sand filters
Types of filters Rapid sand filters
Essential Parts- Pressure filters
Valve 1 is opened
and water from
coagulated
sedimentation
tank enters the
filter.
Valve 2 is opened
to take filtered
water to the
filtered water
storage tank.
When filtration is
going on all the
other valves are
kept in closed
position
Slow sand filters
Types of filters Rapid sand filters
Pressure filters
cleaning
Va l ves 1 & 2 a re c l o s ed
4 & 6 a re o p e n e d o u t a n d
wa s h wate r a n d
co m p re ss e d a i r i s fo rc e d
i n u pwa rd d i re c t i on.
Va l ve 6 i s c l o s e d a n d
va l ve 3 i s o p e n e d to
re m ove d i r t y wate r
t h ro ugh i n l et c h a m be r to
t h e wa s h wate r d ra i n.
W h e n wa s h i ng i s ove r
va l ve s 3 a n d 4 a re c l o s e d
a n d va l ve s 1 a n d 5 a re
o p e n e d.
Fi l te re d wate r j u st af te r
wa s h i ng t h e f i l te r i s l e d Va l ve 5 i s c l o s e d a n d va l ve 2 i s o p en ed
d i re c t l y to wa s h wate r o u t to p u t f i l te r i n n o r m al wo r k i n g
d ra i n t h ro ugh m a i n d ra i n. co n d i tio n
Slow sand filters
Types of filters Rapid sand filters
Pressure filters
• Working
• Water mixed with coagulant is admitted
directly
• Flocculation takes place inside the filter
• In normal working condition all valves are
closed except for raw and filtered water.
• Water is admitted through inlet, and after it is
filtered it is collected in central drain and
conveyed to the filtered water storage tank
• Cleaning
• Compressed air is used to agitate sand
grains.
• Valves of raw water and filtered water
are in closed position and those for wash
water and wash drain are in open
position.
Differences
assignment
• BOILING
• Boiling kills vegetative bacterial cells, but spores, viruses, and some
protozoa may survive long periods of boiling.
• Most harmful bacteria are destroyed when the water attains a
temperature of 80 degree Celsius.
• Boiling is an effective method for small batches of water during
water emergencies.
• Boiling is expensive for large quantities of water.
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
▪ Ultraviolet radiation is an effective and
relatively safe disinfection method, but is
relatively expensive and not widely used.
▪ UV light disrupts DNA of microbial cells,
preventing reproduction.
▪ Specific wavelengths, intensities, distances,
flow rates, and retention times are required .
Chemical disinfection:
• Ozone (O3) is an effective, relatively harmless disinfection method, but is expensive (and
therefore less popular than chlorine).
• Ozone is a strong oxidant, that produces hydroxyl free radicals that react with organic and
inorganic molecules in water to kill microbes.
• The advantage of ozone is unstable and it does not remain in water when it reaches the
consumer.
• The equipment is called ozonizer
• Disinfecting efficiency depends upon the product of the ozone residual concentration and
its contact time.
Water softening Methods to
remove
permanent
• Permanent hardness cannot be removed easily from water.
hardness
• Special treatment known as water softening treatment is to be
given to water for removal of permanent hardness from it.
Lime soda
• Softening is the chemical processes in which hardness causing ions ( process
Ca 2+ , Mg2+ ) are removed from water either completely or
partially.
Zeolite
process
ASSIGNMENT
1. What is hard water? How is permanent hardness removed from
Demineralizat
water?
ion process
2. What are various methods adopted in lime soda process?
3. Describe in detail what is zeolite process.
4. Write short note on
a. Demineralization Reverse
osmosis
b. Reverse osmosis