Treatment of water

Water supply and

waste disposal
#Lecture 4
 Pre- • Sedimentation
filtration • Coagulation Water treatment

Filtration

Disinfection

Water
softening

• Color odor and

taste removal
• After examining the quality of water, a Misc. • Iron manganese
line of treatment is to be recommended Process removal
for impure water to make it potable or
• Fluoridation
fit for drinking purposes.
 Sedimentation tanks
• Sedimentation tanks are settling tanks or
clarifiers which remove inorganic impurities
and make water fit for next process
• Sedimentation tanks are designed to give
complete rest to the flowing water or water
is allowed to flow at a very slow velocity

 Heavier inorganic impurities settle at the bottom

of the tanks (hydraulic subsidence ) and lighter
inorganic impurities float on the surface of the
liquid level.
 Its estimated that plain sedimentation tanks can
remove about 60% of suspended matter and
about 75% of bacterial load from water.
 Sedimentation tanks are located near filter units
and may also work as storage reservoir
 The treated water from sedimentation tanks
enters filter units for further purification.
 Theory of sedimentation
• The process of settlement depends upon the following three factors-

Size and shape of

Velocity of flow Viscosity of water
particle

• Particle is moved in • Force of gravity • Offers frictional

the horizontal depends on weight of resistance to the
direction by the particle and tends to movement of water
velocity of flow move the particle in
vertical direction.
• Small particles will
settle down very
slowly
 • Depending upon the nature of working, the
types of sedimentation tanks are of following types-

sedimentation tanks •• Fill and draw type

Continuous flow
 Design aspect of continuous type of
sedimentation tanks
Velocity of  Velocity of water should be sufficient. It should remain
flow uniform throughout the tank.

Capacity of  The time taken for the particles to settle

tank

 Arrangements should be properly designed so that the

Inlet and
outlet rate of inflow is equal to the rate of outflow.
arrangement  If two rates are different, eddies or currents will set up
and will affects the settling and overall working of tanks

Shapes of tank

Miscellaneous
considerations
 Design aspect of continuous type of
sedimentation tanks
Velocity of
flow

Capacity of
tank
 Arrangements should be properly designed
so that the rate of inflow is equal to the
Inlet and r a t e o f o u t f l o w.
outlet  If two rates are different, eddies or currents
arrangement will set up and will affects the settling and
overall working of tanks

Shapes of tank

Miscellaneous
considerations
 • Rectangular tanks with horizontal flow.
types of sedimentation• Circular tanks with radial or spiral flow.
tanks

 Rectangular tanks
 Flow of water in rectangular tanks from inlet to outlet is in horizontal
plane
 These types of tanks are preferred in India.
 Long and narrow tanks are preferred as compared to square geometry.
 Ratio of length to breadth is kept 2 to 3
 • Rectangular tanks with horizontal flow.
types of sedimentation
• Circular tanks with radial or spiral flow.
tanks
 Circular tanks with radial or spiral flow .
1. The circular tanks have a radial or spiral flow.
2. In this type of tank water is admitted from the center of the tank, and it is taken out at
the circumference through drawoff channel.
3. Circular baffle box is put up to reduce the velocity of incoming water.
4. Impurities settle at the bottom of tank.
5. The raking arms are slowly rotated and
6. blades of raking arm lead the mass of impurities to the sludge discharge pipe.
 Design aspect of continuous type of
sedimentation tanks
Velocity of  Construction of tanks - the tanks should be water tight
flow and should be provided with roofs.
 Control valves- all the control valves should be situated
outside the water.
Capacity of
tank  Floor- floor should be given necessary slope
 Overflow and washout - in addition to inlet and outlet
arrangements and provisions should me made for
Inlet and
overflow and washout
outlet
arrangement  Sludge capacity - depends upon the quantity of water.
 Sludge removal- generally tanks are cleaned at an
interval of 1 -3 months.
Shapes of tank

Miscellaneous
considerations
 Turbidity
• Turbidity is a measurement of the clarity of water
run.
• Clouded water is caused by suspended particles
scattering or absorbing the light.
• Turbidity is an indirect measurement of the amount
of suspended matter in the water
• However, since solids of different sizes, shapes, and
surfaces reflect light differently, turbidity and
suspended solids do not correlate well.
• Turbidity is normally gauged with an instrument
that measures the amount of light scattered at an
angle of 90°from a source beam.
• The units of turbidity are usually in Nephelometric
Turbidity Units (NTU).
 Coagulation of water
Purpose-
• Due to high turbidity of water it
is not possible to detain water in
plain sedimentation tanks unless
the detention period is
enhanced.
• The purpose of coagulation is to
make the particles bigger in size
by adding chemicals called Principle of coagulation
coagulants to the water.
1. Floc formation - when coagulants are dissolved in
• The coagulants react with the water and mixed, they produce a thick gelatinous
impurities in water and convert
precipitate known as floc. This floc has the
them in settleable size.
property of arresting the suspended impurities in
water during its downward travel towards the
bottom of the tank.
2. Electric charges - the ions of floc are positively
charged. They attract negatively charged colloidal
particles of clay and remove it from water.
 • The term flocculation is used to denote the process of
floc formation. The floc produced by action of
flocculation coagulants is heavy and starts to settle at the bottom
of the tank.
ITS EFFICIENCY DEPENDS ON THE
FOLLOWING FACTORS
Coagulation is, the neutralization of
the electrical charges of the
Dosage of Should be such that the turbidity of water is particles, allowing the formation of
coagulant brought down to 10-25ppm larger particles (flocs) and thus
enhancing settling.
Most common coagulants are:
Ferrous sulphate, aluminium sulfate
feeding Should be in powder or liquid form (alum), lime, etc.
Flocculation enhancers are long -
chain polyelectrolytes that "catch"
small particles into big ones
Mixing Coagulants should be mixed uniformly to
form a uniform mass

Velocity Floc should be allowed to move gently after

the initial quick mixing
Gentle movement of floc results In collision
of particles and ultimately the floc grows in
size and settles down
 Filtration of water
• Settling does not remove all flocs – further treatment is required
• Filtration provides the additional opportunity for separation of small flocs or
particles
• The water is filtered through beds of fine granular materials like sand, the
process of passing water through the beds of granular materials is known as
filtration.

Filters

Gravity Pressure
filters filters

Rapid
Slow sand
sand
filters
filters
 Filter media

• Filter media should be:

• coarse enough to retain large
quantities of floc
• sufficiently fine to prevent passage of
suspended solids
• deep enough to allow relative long
filter runs
• Granular-medium filters (Rapid Sand
Filters)
• Anthracite on the very top (least
dense), Sand to be used for filter should be
• fine sand on top of supporting coarse free from clay and organic
sand(less dense), which lays on top impurities.
of Should be uniform in nature and
• gravel layer (highest density). size,
  Slow sand filters
Types of filters  Rapid sand filters
 Pressure filters

• Slow Sand Filters-

• The water is allowed to pass slowly through a layer of sand placed above the
base material.
• It is very well suited for rural areas in developing countries because of simple
operation and maintenance.
• It provides safe drinking water at low cost.
  Slow sand filters
Types of filters  Rapid sand filters
• Essential Parts-  Pressure filters

• Water tight tank of stone/brick

masonry
• Sides and floor are coated with
water proof material.
Enclosure tank • Bed slope is 1 in 100-200
• Depth of tank- 2.5- 3.5
• Surface area may vary from
30sq.m- 2000sq.m

• Consists of a central drain &

lateral drain.
• Lateral drains are placed @ dist.
Of 2.5m to 3.5m up to the
Underdrainage height of about 500mm-
system 800mm from walls of the tank.
• Drains may be of pipe which are
laid with open joints or they
may consist of drain deices.
  Slow sand filters
Types of filters  Rapid sand filters
• Essential Parts-  Pressure filters

• Base material is gravel and its

placed on the top of
underdrainage system.
• Depth varies from 300mm –
750mm.
Base material • Laid in layers of 150mm.
• Topmost layer- 3mm-6mm
• Intermediate layer- 6mm-
20mm
• Lowest layer-40 mm- 65mm
• A layer of sand is placed above
gravel
Filter media • Depth of layer varies from
of sand 600mm-900mm
• Finer the sand better the
efficiency of the filter, but output
from the filter is lowered
• Devices installed for efficient
Appurtenances functioning of filters.
  Slow sand filters
Types of filters  Rapid sand filters
 Pressure filters

• Rapid Sand Filters-

• In rapid sand filtration
much higher application
velocities are used
• Filtration occurs through
the depth of the filter.
• Essential parts-
• Enclosure tank
• Underdrainage system
• Base material
• Filter media of sand
• Appurtenances
  Slow sand filters
Types of filters  Rapid sand filters
 Essential Parts-  Pressure filters

 Water tight tank of masonry or concrete

Enclosure  Sides and floor are coated with water proof
tank material.
 Depth of tank- 2.5- 3.5m
 Surface area may vary from 10sq.m- 50sq.m
 The units are arranged in series
Underdrainage  Two types of system-
system  Perforated pipe system
 Pipe and strainer system
  Slow sand filters
Types of filters  Rapid sand filters
 Essential Parts-  Pressure filters

Underdrainage
Perforated pipe system  There is a central drain and various
system lateral drains attached to it
 Drains are made of cast iron
 Lateral drains are placed at a
distance of 150mm - 300mm
 Lateral drains are provided with
holes at the bottom as shown in
figure.
 The diameter of holes is about
10mm and are drilled at center to
center distance of 75mm -200mm.
 It requires around 700l of water
per minute per square meter of
filter area for cleaning of tank.
 Wash water is obtained from wash
tank.
  Slow sand filters
Types of filters  Rapid sand filters
 Essential Parts-  Pressure filters

Underdrainage
Pipe and strainer system  There is a central drain with lateral
system drains attached on either side.
 Strainers are placed on lateral
drains
 A strainer is a small pipe of
brass
 It is closed at top and contains
holes on its surface
 Strainers are placed at a
distance of 150mm - 300mm.
 When pipe strainer system is
adopted compressed air is use for
the purpose of washing the filter
  Slow sand filters
Types of filters  Rapid sand filters
 Essential Parts-  Pressure filters

• Base material is gravel and is placed on top of

underdrainage system
• Gravels particle should be durable, round, strong and
Base material without clay, silt and dust.
• Laid in layers of 150mm.
• Topmost layer- 3mm-6mm
• Intermediate layer- 6mm- 20mm
• Lowest layer-20 mm- 40mm

Filter media of sand • A layer of sand is placed above gravel

• Depth of layer varies from 600mm-900mm

Appurtenances • Devices installed for efficient functioning of filters.

  Slow sand filters
Types of filters  Rapid sand filters
 Pressure filters
Working

 Valve 1 is opened
and water from
coagulated
sedimentation
tank enters the
filter.
 Valve 2 is opened
to take filtered
water to the
filtered water
storage tank.
 When filtration is
going on all the
other valves are
kept in closed
position
  Slow sand filters
Types of filters  Rapid sand filters
 Pressure filters
cleaning
 Va l ves 1 & 2 a re c l o s ed
 4 & 6 a re o p e n e d o u t a n d
wa s h wate r a n d
co m p re ss e d a i r i s fo rc e d
i n u pwa rd d i re c t i on.
 Va l ve 6 i s c l o s e d a n d
va l ve 3 i s o p e n e d to
re m ove d i r t y wate r
t h ro ugh i n l et c h a m be r to
t h e wa s h wate r d ra i n.

 W h e n wa s h i ng i s ove r
va l ve s 3 a n d 4 a re c l o s e d
a n d va l ve s 1 a n d 5 a re
o p e n e d.
 Fi l te re d wate r j u st af te r
wa s h i ng t h e f i l te r i s l e d  Va l ve 5 i s c l o s e d a n d va l ve 2 i s o p en ed
d i re c t l y to wa s h wate r o u t to p u t f i l te r i n n o r m al wo r k i n g
d ra i n t h ro ugh m a i n d ra i n. co n d i tio n
  Slow sand filters
Types of filters  Rapid sand filters
 Pressure filters

• Water is allowed to pass under pressure

through filter media.
• Meaning of pressure filter- filter is enclosed
in space and water passes under pressure
greater than atmospheric pressure. The
pressure can be developed by pumping and
it may vary from 0.3 to 0.7 N/sq. mm
• Construction-
• Pressure filters are closed steel cylinders
either riveted or welded.
• They may be of horizontal or vertical
type.
• Diameters vary from 1.5m to 3m and
their length or height varies from 3.5 m
to 8m.
• Manholes are provided at top for
inspection.
  Slow sand filters
Types of filters  Rapid sand filters
 Pressure filters

• Working
• Water mixed with coagulant is admitted
directly
• Flocculation takes place inside the filter
• In normal working condition all valves are
closed except for raw and filtered water.
• Water is admitted through inlet, and after it is
filtered it is collected in central drain and
conveyed to the filtered water storage tank
• Cleaning
• Compressed air is used to agitate sand
grains.
• Valves of raw water and filtered water
are in closed position and those for wash
water and wash drain are in open
position.
Differences
assignment

1. Write down the difference between slow

sand filters and rapid sand filters.
2. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of
1. Slow sand filters
2. Rapid sand filters
3. Pressure filters.
 Disinfection of water
• When water leaves the filter plant, it is still found to contain some
impurities. Such as- bacteria and dissolved inorganic salts.
• Disinfection and sterilization-
• Disinfection is restricted only to removal of harmful bacteria
• Sterilization aims at removal of all bacteria, harmless or harmful.
• Disinfection is the destruction of microorganisms in drinking water to safe
levels.
• Physical disinfection techniques include boiling and radiation with ultraviolet
light.
• Chemical disinfection techniques include adding chlorine, bromine, iodine,
and ozone to water.
• Substances used for disinfection are called disinfectants-
• Should be effective in killing all harmful pathogens
• Should be harmless, unobjectionable, economical and easily available.
 Physical disinfection

• BOILING
• Boiling kills vegetative bacterial cells, but spores, viruses, and some
protozoa may survive long periods of boiling.
• Most harmful bacteria are destroyed when the water attains a
temperature of 80 degree Celsius.
• Boiling is an effective method for small batches of water during
water emergencies.
• Boiling is expensive for large quantities of water.

 ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
▪ Ultraviolet radiation is an effective and
relatively safe disinfection method, but is
relatively expensive and not widely used.
▪ UV light disrupts DNA of microbial cells,
preventing reproduction.
▪ Specific wavelengths, intensities, distances,
flow rates, and retention times are required .
 Chemical disinfection:

• Chemicals added to water for disinfection include chlorine,

bromine, and iodine.
• Bromine is not recommended for drinking water disinfection, but
may be used for pool water.
• Iodine is sometimes used for drinking water disinfection, but causes
a bad aftertaste.
 Chlorine is added as
Chlorine disinfection: a gas or hypochlorite
solution.

Hypochlorous acid and

• Chlorination is a cheap, effective, relatively harmless (and hypochlorite ions form
therefore most popular) disinfection method. in solution, which are
strong chemical
• It is easy to apply due to high solubility oxidants, and kill
• Available as gas, liquid or water. microbes.

• It is toxic to most of the micro-organisms and thus metabolic Combined chlorine is

activities are stopped. the proportion that
combines with
• Leaves harmless residue in solution. organic matter.
• Treatment by chlorination is cheap and reliable.
Free chlorine is the
amount that remains
Application of chlorine to kill microbes in the
distribution system (0.5
As bleaching Free chlorine ppm, 10 min.)
As chloramines
powder gas
Total chlorine is the
combined
concentration of
combined and free
chlorine.
 Ozonation

• Ozone (O3) is an effective, relatively harmless disinfection method, but is expensive (and
therefore less popular than chlorine).
• Ozone is a strong oxidant, that produces hydroxyl free radicals that react with organic and
inorganic molecules in water to kill microbes.
• The advantage of ozone is unstable and it does not remain in water when it reaches the
consumer.
• The equipment is called ozonizer
• Disinfecting efficiency depends upon the product of the ozone residual concentration and
its contact time.
 Water softening Methods to
remove
permanent
• Permanent hardness cannot be removed easily from water.
hardness
• Special treatment known as water softening treatment is to be
given to water for removal of permanent hardness from it.
Lime soda
• Softening is the chemical processes in which hardness causing ions ( process
Ca 2+ , Mg2+ ) are removed from water either completely or
partially.
Zeolite
process
ASSIGNMENT
1. What is hard water? How is permanent hardness removed from
Demineralizat
water?
ion process
2. What are various methods adopted in lime soda process?
3. Describe in detail what is zeolite process.
4. Write short note on
a. Demineralization Reverse
osmosis
b. Reverse osmosis