Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 3
Current Affairs
A compulsory subject
Marks 100
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 4
Current Affairs Syllabus 2016
I. Pakistan's Domestic Affairs (20 marks)
i. Political
ii. Economic
iii. Social
II. Pakistan's External Affairs (40 marks)
i. Pakistan’s relations with its Neighbors (India, China,
Afghanistan)
ii. Pakistan’s relations with the Muslim World (Iran, Saudi
Arabia, Indonesia, Turkey)
iii. Pakistan’s relations with the United States
iv. Pakistan’s relations with Regional and International
Organizations (UN, SAARC, ECO, OIC, WTO, CW)
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 6
Current Affairs Syllabus 2016
III. Global Issues (40 marks)
i. International Security
ii. International Political Economy
iii. Human Rights
iv. Environment: Global Warming, Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen Accord
v. Population: world population trends, world population policies
vi. Terrorism and Counter Terrorism
vii. Global Energy Politics
viii. Nuclear Proliferation and Nuclear Security
ix. Nuclear Politics in South Asia
x. International Trade (Doha Development Round and Bali Package)
xi. Cooperation and Competition in Arabian Sea, Indian and Pacific
Oceans.
xii. Millennium Development Goals, Current Status,
xiii. Globalization
xiv. Middle East Crisis
xv. Kashmir Issue
xvi. Palestine Issue
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 7
Energy Crisis
An energy crisis is defined as:
resources.
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 9
Energy Consumption in Pakistan
Energy Consumption Pattern
Productive: Non-Productive
Energy Mix
Renewable : Non-Renewable
RE: NRE
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 10
Energy Consumption in Pakistan
Energy consumption 2016-2017
Salesstreet lights
1%
Agriculture
13%
Domestic
Industrial 50%
29%
commercial
7%
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 11
Supply and Demand
The total power production capacity in country is around
20,500 MW (2017)
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 12
YEAR EXPECTED AVAILABLE DEMAND (SUMMER PEAK) SURPLUS/DEFICIT
GENERATION
2008 13146 16848 -3338
2009 16110 17868 -1758
2010 18503 19352 -849
2011 20814 20874 -60
2012 21167 22460 -1293
2013 23368 24126 -758
2014 23538 25919 -2381
2015 24408 28029 -3621
2016 25630 30223 -4593
2017 27481 35504 -8023
2018 27481 34918 -7437
2019 27481 37907 -10426
2020 27481 41132 -13651
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 13
Historical Evolution of Energy Crisis in
Pakistan
i. In the 1960s, a large civilian energy input and
infrastructure was built by the Pakistan military, with the
financial funds provided by various countries and
international monetary sources.
ii. In the 1960s, much of the energy was produced by the
hydroelectric dams and thermal power stations. In the
1970s, Pakistan's energy consumption expanded to
nuclear power sources with the establishment and
commissioning of first nuclear power station in Karachi.
iii. In the 1980s, the dependence on nuclear sources further
grew and the military continued engineering and
building the nuclear power infrastructure.
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 14
Historical Evolution of Energy Crisis in
Pakistan
iv. In 1994, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan Peoples Party
(PPP) launched the country's first ever and largest energy
conservation program to produce 13,000MW and issued 70
Memorandum of Understandings (MOUs) and Letters of Intent
(LOIs) to Independent Power Producers (IPPs).
v. This 1994 energy policy brought a decisive shift in Pakistan's diverse
energy sources. In 1994, out of the total installed capacity of
11000MW, ~60% of energy was produced from the hydroelectric
power sources while nearly ~40% was produced from the thermal
and nuclear sources.
vi. According to the economic statistics provided by economists, this
mix was reversed from 60:40 to 30:70 in favor of thermal capacity
based on imported fuel.
vii. Every year, this ratio went down further to 20:80 in winter months as
hydropower generation was reduced due to lower water flows in the
rivers.
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 15
Historical Evolution of Energy Crisis in
Pakistan
viii. Controversially, the energy policy depended less on renewable
energy sources and dependence on imported oil increased that
created a permanent fault in country's energy conservation
system.
ix. By 1995, only 27 IPPs were able to generate ~6,335MW of
electricity.
x. By 1998, the ratio was stabilized by the policies enforced by
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
xi. In 2001, the military government led by President Pervez
Musharraf and Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, while
contributing to the growth of domestic demand for electricity
through large-scale provision of bank loans for the purchase of
air-conditioners and home appliances (share of domestic
energy consumption had jumped to 46% of the total by 2008),
did not add any new capacity to the energy system.
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 16
Historical Evolution of Energy Crisis in
Pakistan
xii. In 2005, Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz announced the
long-term energy security program which was aimed to
the development of the power infrastructure from all
energy sources.
xiii. This policy relied on privatizing the energy sector by
international mega energy corporations.
xiv. Controversially, this program was aimed to raise
dependence on imported oil from the Arab countries for
power generation to be increased by 50.1% by 2013.
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 17
Historical Evolution of Energy Crisis in
Pakistan
xv. In 2006, Prime Minister Aziz held conversation with the
officials of the Saudi Ministry of Petroleum and invited
Saudi Arabia to invest in country's energy sector.
xvi. In 2007, Prime Minister Aziz allocated ₨. 12.5 billion for
power production-related projects which remained
unutilized.
xvii. In his last policy statement, Prime Minister Aziz further
called for banning the Neon lights, Neon signs, and to
close the market places by 9PM; such policy enforcement
was harshly resisted by the left-wing parties, such as
Pakistan Peoples Party and the labour unions.
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 18
Historical Evolution of Energy Crisis in
Pakistan
xviii.After the general elections held in 2008, the
mismanagement and weak policies led to an intense
repetitive cycle of load-shedding in the country.
xix. Responding to a massive demonstration against the load-
shedding and the growing power shortages in the country,
Prime Minister, Yousaf Gilani announced the "energy
policy" on 22 April 2010.
xx. The policy was announced after the Prime Minister, Gilani
had held a three-day national energy conference in
Islamabad with energy experts that discussed the causes
of the power crisis in Pakistan and possible steps to relieve
it.
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 19
Historical Evolution of Energy Crisis in
Pakistan
xxi. After much criticism and public demonstration in 2012,
the PPP government decided to nationalized the energy
sector and issued clear directives to regulate the energy
corporations to produce the power generations.
xxii. In 2012, rental power plants were imported with
expensive production of electricity.
xxiii.The circular debt has risen from Rs. 530 billion (2013) to
Rs. 600 billion (2017)
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 20
Components of Power Sector
Three main components of power system in Pakistan:
i. The Generation
ii. The Transmission
iii. The Distribution
Each component has inherent system losses i.e. 5-8%, 10-
15% and 10-15% respectively.
In case of Pakistan, these losses are 10-15%, 20-35% and
35-50% respectively (2017).
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 21
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 22
Circular Debt –
A vicious cycle of unpaid bills
Circular debt arises when one party not having adequate
cash flows to discharge its obligations to its suppliers
withholds payments.
When it does so, the problem affects other entities in the
supply chain, each of which withholds its payments,
resulting in operational difficulties for all service providers
in the sector, none of whom are then able to function at full
capacity, causing unnecessary load-shedding.
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 23
Circular Debt –
A vicious cycle of unpaid bills
The circular debt numbers that get reported in the
press tend to be the sum of the receivables of each
organization which ends up exaggerating the amount,
simply because of double counting.
After all, one party’s payables are the other party’s
receivables, and logically these should cancel out when
we subtract one from the other.
At worst the net amount should be much smaller.
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 24
Circular Debt –
Causes
Next, three components, and the most critical ones, which raise
costs, and feed the circular debt, are the following:
i. The inefficiencies of government-owned generation and
distribution companies, that includes
i. Overstaffing,
ii. Free provision of electricity to Wapda employees (this costs other
consumers Rs.10 crore a day),
iii. Poor maintenance of plant equipment,
iv. Obsolete technologies (resulting in technical losses),
v. Corruption,
All of which simply add to the cost of electricity that
consumers are being constrained to bear with equanimity
through tariff increases.
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 25
Circular Debt –
Causes
ii. The massive issue of electricity theft — the cases of
DISCOs in Hyderabad, Peshawar, Quetta and FATA are
now well known; with literally no one paying in FATA.
iii. Poor collection of electricity bills. Rs.90bn alone is due
from provincial governments. Powerful private
individuals and companies are also defaulters as are those
who in collusion with Wapda employees do not pay
without being disconnected — Rs120bn is due from
private consumers!
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 26
Circular Debt –
Effects
i. Inflation
ii. Load-shedding
iv. Corruption
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 27
Root Causes of Current Energy Crisis
i. Over-Consumption
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 29
Dreadful Social & Economic Impacts
i. Socio-Economic decline
ii. Unemployment and street crimes
iii. Psychological complexes
iv. Decrease in manufacturing
v. Deterioration of normal life & business
vi. Increase in transport costs
vii. The prevailing energy crisis in Pakistan is taking away 2 percent (or
Rs380 billion) of the economy, despite the government has spent
Rs1.1 trillion as subsidies on the sector in the last four-year which
accounts for 2.5 percent of the total volume of economy
viii. Reduction in the banks' workweek to 5 days will result in revenue
losses
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 30
Mitigation of Energy Crisis
i. Crisis Management (Strategies + M&E)
ii. Public awareness
iii. Review energy policies
iv. Exploit alternative energy recourses
v. Construction of new dams
vi. Political stability
vii. LNG’s potential is 3000 MW
viii. Better utilization of natural resources
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 31
Mitigation of Energy Crisis
ix. Govt. must pay circular debts
x. Govt. must invest to cover up line losses
xi. Energy conservation:
i. Industries must apply Energy Conservation Systems and
Management measures
ii. They can start producing their own energy with their own
investment without depending upon the national grid
iii. Industrialists and new investors must consider the Energy Sector
as good an investment as any other. Needs image building
iv. Govt. must convert from inefficient gas plants to efficient ones in
order to conserve electric energy
xii. Govt. must consider investing in Solar Energy plants to
produce Electricity as they provide free energy, and are less
mechanical than Wind Energy Plants
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 32
Mitigation of Energy Crisis
xiii. In the Thar area, Pakistan has the 2nd largest coal
reserve in the world and yet Pakistan only produces
0.2% of its electricity from coal.
xiv. If all the oil reserves of Saudi Arabia & Iran are put
together, these are approximately 375 billion
barrels. But a single Thar Coal Reserve of Sind is
about 850 trillion cubic feet, which is more than oil
reserves of Saudi Arabia & Iran.
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 33
Mitigation of Energy Crisis
I. Short Term Plan
Increase the number of IPPs (independent Power Producers)
Reactivate the closed power generating units
Overhaul the existing poor distribution system
Govt should have strict check over losses
Import electricity
II. Medium Term Plan
Transformation of existing system
Installing solar, wind projects in villages
III. Long Term Plan
Installing coal based power houses
Initiate agreements for mega projects
Exploration of more oil, gas and coal reserves
Provide incentive for up gradation and training to the engineers for
new technology
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 34
Coal is one of the cheapest ways
i.
to produce electricity; globally,
Distribution of Coal the share of coal in power
generation is 41 percent,
Province Resources
Sindh 184,623 compared to 0.2 percent in
Balochistan 217 Pakistan.
Punjab 235
KPK 91 ii. In fact, countries like Australia
AJK 9 and China produce 77% to 80%
Total 185,175 bt
of their electricity from coal.
iii. Pakistan could generate 20,000
MW from coal alone.
iv. About 184.5 billion tones of coal
in Thar area of Sindh is present
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 35
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 36
INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy is abundant in nature
Renewable energy needs no replenishment
Human dependence on renewable energy only in state of nature
Discovery of fire 4000 BC
Renewable resources that are technologically viable and have
prospects to be exploited commercially in Pakistan include the
following types of energies:
i. Hydel
ii. Solar
iii. Wind
iv. Tidal
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 38
INSTALLED ENERGY GENERATION CAPACITY
Wapda Thermal…………6706 MW
Hydel……………………..…6555 MW
Nuclear…………….……….787 MW
IPPs (Thermal)………….8911 MW
Rental (Thermal)…….453 MW
Total………………………..23412 MW
Source:
Saturday, Malik,
October 21,Afia,
2017 PakistanCurrent
Institute of Development
Affairs Economics,
by SSP Asmatullah Islamabad
Junejo, PSP 39
CURRENT DEMAND AND SUPPLY
Total Capacity….. 23412 MW
Total Generation….16000 MW
Note: If run on the full capacity, only load shedding can be done
away without any economic growth as 1% GDP growth needs 1.25
% more energy.
Source: Medium Term Development Framework, Planning Commission, Govt. of Pakistan
Bernhard, Meyhoefar,GIZ, Pakistan.
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 40
WHY RENEWABLE ENERGY?
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 41
Comparison
Thermal Power Project Hydel Power Project
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 43
HYDRO POWER ENERGY
i. Pakistan has a potential of 60,000 MW of Hydro
Power Energy.
ii. At present 6,595 MW (15 % of available potential)
of Electricity is generated through Hydro Power.
iii. Tarbela Power Plant is the biggest plant with total
capacity of 3478 MW.
iv. The construction work on 4500 MW Bhasha
Hydro Power Plant will start next year.
v. The feasibility study of 4320 MW Dasu Hydro
Power Plant has been completed and
construction work will start with in few years.
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 44
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 45
SHARE OF HYDROPOWER IN PAKISTAN
Year Hydel : Thermal
1960 44:56
1970 50:50
1980 58:42
1985 67:33
1990 45:55
2000 33:67
2005 37:63
2008 33:67
2017 34:66
Source: Prof. Shakir, Sattar, UE Lahore, www.scribd.com
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 46
READY FOR CONSTRUCTION HYDRO
POWER PROJECTS
Project River Location Capacity(MW)
Total 4940
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 47
UNDER STUDIES HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
Project River Location Potential(MW)
Tarbela Extension Indus Tarbela 960
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 48
UNDER STUDIES HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
Project River Location Potential (MW)
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 49
WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL
i. Wind energy potential over 350,000 MW
ii. Pakistan has a considerable potential of wind energy in the
coastal belt of Sindh and Balochistan
iii. Pakistan has a 1,046 Km coastline in the South
iv. Average wind speed more than 7.5 m/s in Gharo Wind
Corridor
v. Other sites in Balochistan, Punjab and Northern Areas being
identified
vi. The coastal belt of Pakistan is blessed with a wind corridor
that is 60 km wide (Gharo , Kati Bandar) and 180 km long (up
to Hyderabad)
vii. This corridor has the exploitable potential of 350,000 MW of
electricity generation through wind energy
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 50
Gharo Wind Corridor
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 51
SOLAR ENERGY
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 52
SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL
Solar energy potential…. 6,00,000 MW
Average solar irradiation 5-7Kw/m2/day
Around 90% territory has shiny sun over 360 days
per annum
Strong irradiation can be used for solar water
heaters
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 53
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 54
TIDAL ENERGY
The potential has not been estimated.
There must be huge potential in high tide Arabian
Sea
Tidal energy is very expensive in terms of
generation and distribution
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 55
CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS
Policy Challenges
Lack of competition with conventional energy
Poor Infrastructure
Renewable energy requires distribution system and
replacement of national grid
Institutional Barriers
Lack of coordination between relevant institutions
(NEPRA, MoWP)
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 56
CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS
Technical capacity and information base
Shortage of technical Information like wind speed data, Sunshine
Data
Shortage of technical professionals
Non existence of service companies
Equipment suppliers, contractors
Financial Barriers
Availability of funds
Incentives to RE schemes
Lack of investors confidence due to security reasons
Lack of Social Awareness
The general public unawareness of RE benefits
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 57
CONCLUSION
i. Hydel energy is cheaper than other sources of energy both in terms
of production and transmission
ii. There is great potential of renewable energy in Pakistan and hydel
energy is the viable solution to energy crisis due to its cost
effectiveness
iii. The existing Thermal-hydel Ratio needs to be reversed with more
reliance upon hydel energy
iv. Foreign investors and International Financial Institutions (IFIs)
need to Be convinced for investment
v. Solar and wind energy are ideal for household consumption
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 58
RECOMMENDATIONS
i. The Govt should focus upon renewable energy
instead of thermal energy as a long term solution
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 60
Class Discussion
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 61
Thank
You
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 62
Please contact for Queries
Asmatullah Junejo (PSP)
0300-7064608
asmatullahjunejo@hotmail.com
Saturday, October 21, 2017 Current Affairs by SSP Asmatullah Junejo, PSP 63